Deck 10: Contexts of Development

Question 1

Child care and protection provided by relatives other than the parents is referred to as:

A)nuclear families.
B)family structure.
C)allocaregiving.
D)supplemental caregiving.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What influence does the help of allocaregivers have on children and families?

A)Mothers who are supported by allocaregivers are likely to have more children.
B)Mothers who are supported by allocaregivers are likely to have fewer children.
C)Children who are cared for by allocaregivers are likely to develop insecure attachment patterns.
D)Children who are cared for by allocaregivers are likely to develop competitive sibling relationships.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Researchers who investigate the contexts children experience directly in their daily lives are focusing on the ____________ of Bronfenbrenner's ecological model.

A)microsystem
B)mesosystem
C)exosystem
D)macrosystem

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Mary Beth is a single mother who lives with her two children. This family would be considered a(n) ____________ family.

A)nuclear
B)extended
C)polygynous
D)multi­parent

Question 5

The environment that has the first impact on a young child's development is the:

A)media.
B)school.
C)family.
D)social environment in which the child plays.

Question 6

Maria Luisa lives with her mother, father, husband, and daughter. Maria Luisa lives in a(n) ____________ family.

A)nuclear
B)extended
C)single parent
D)multi­parent

Question 7

The Whitings' studies of six cultures:

A)showed that parents rarely try to control their children's behavior.
B)found different child­rearing practices among individuals within Kenyan society.
C)concluded that the Gusii of Kenya are prosocial and that U.S.children are self­centered.
D)contributed to our knowledge of how cultural differences shape children's personalities and behavior.

Question 8

The ____________ is a family in which not only parents and their children but other kin-grandparents, cousins, nephews, or more distant family relations- share a household.

A)extended family
B)nuclear family
C)macro family
D)exceptional family

Question 9

Nuclear families are more likely to ____________ than are extended families.

A)develop closer intimate ties between parents and children
B)become sociable
C)include grandparents
D)be less isolated

Question 10

What is the term used to describe a family consisting of two parents and their children?

A)nuclear
B)extended
C)polygynous
D)multi­parent

Question 11

According to the Whitings, having chores that are not clearly related to the family's economic welfare leads children to become less:

A)nurturant­responsible.
B)authoritarian­aggressive.
C)sociable­intimate.
D)dependent­dominant.

Question 12

According to a recent national study, approximately ____________ of all children in the United States live in extended families

A)2 percent
B)12 percent
C)25 percent
D)50 percent

Question 13

The term ____________ refers to how the family unit is socially organized.

A)family structure
B)family dynamics
C)extended family
D)nuclear family

Question 14

Extended family living arrangements are more likely to occur ____________.

A)when the family is experiencing economic success
B)when the mother is older
C)when the mother is single
D)among White families than among Hispanic families

Question 15

If a researcher wanted to focus on the exosystem of children's lives, she would focus on: ____________.

A)family life.
B)the relationship between the child's parents and his teacher.
C)the mother's job.
D)the historical time period the child lives in.

Question 16

When the Whitings compared cultural contexts among six different cultures, they found that within the New England Orchard Town culture, children were:

A)often asked to do chores.
B)encouraged to think of themselves as group members.
C)less likely to engage in prosocial behaviors than were Gusii children.
D)very likely to be found engaged in nurturant­ responsible behaviors.

Question 17

Gusii children are more likely to engage in kinds of behavior that include ____________, while children in the United States are more likely to engage in kinds of behavior that include ____________.

A)offering help and support; reprimanding and insulting
B)reprimanding and insulting; making responsible suggestions
C)offering help and support; acting sociably and engaging in horseplay
D)acting sociably and engaging in horseplay; seeking help and attention

Question 18

Families, child­care settings, and neighborhoods are all examples of aspects of children's ____________.

A)microsystems
B)mesosystems
C)exosystems
D)macrosystems

Question 19

As large numbers of individuals migrated from rural areas to newly industrialized cities, family structure changed from ____________ to ____________, according to historian Philippe Ariès.

A)single­parent families; nuclear families
B)nuclear families; extended families
C)extended families; nuclear families
D)nuclear families; single­parent families

Question 20

Allocaregiving is a term used to refer to child care ____________.

A)provided by parents
B)provided by relatives other than the parents
C)provided by trained professionals
D)that includes both punishment and warmth

Question 21

A style of parenting that includes a mixture of high levels of vigilant control with high levels of support is referred to as:

A)authoritative parenting.
B)authoritarian parenting.
C)permissive parenting.
D)no­nonsense parenting.

Question 22

On the basis of interviews and observations of predominantly white, middle­class preschoolers and their parents, Diana Baumrind and her colleagues found that parenting behaviors in 77 percent of these families fell into the categories of:

A)aggressive, indulgent, and authoritarian.
B)indulgent, authoritative, and egalitarian.
C)permissive, authoritative, and authoritarian.
D)permissive, aggressive, and authoritative.

Question 23

On the basis of interviews and observations of predominantly white, middle­class preschoolers and their parents, Diana Baumrind and her colleagues found that children of authoritative parents:

A)appeared more self­reliant, self­controlled, willing to explore, and content than children of authoritarian and permissive parents.
B)tended to be relatively immature and had difficulty controlling their impulses than children of authoritarian and permissive parents.
C)tended to lack social competence in dealing with other children than children of authoritarian and permissive parents.
D)tended to withdraw from social contact and were less likely to take the initiative than children of authoritarian and permissive parents.

Question 24

No­nonsense parenting is characterized by the following mixture of behaviors:

A)high levels of warmth, little control
B)high levels of control, little warmth
C)a mix of warmth and control
D)low levels of warmth and control

Question 25

According to Diana Baumrind, authoritarian parents:

A)demand less achievement than do permissive parents.
B)favor punitive measures to control children's behavior.
C)accept more immature behavior than do other types of parents.
D)are willing to listen to their children although they do not agree with them.

Question 26

Parents who demonstrate the authoritative pattern control their children by:

A)using physical punishment.
B)explaining their rules or decisions.
C)setting lower standards for their children's behavior.
D)encouraging their children to be dependent.

Question 27

Which parenting style was associated with children's behavior in preschool that was characterized as immature, low in impulse control, and showing difficulty in accepting responsibility for one's actions?

A)permissive
B)authoritarian
C)authoritative
D)Preschool behavior was not found to be linked to parenting style.

Question 28

No­nonsense parenting is used MOST frequently by mothers who:

A)live in urban settings.
B)live in rural areas.
C)have little formal education.
D)are from middle­income, European­American backgrounds.

Question 29

A system found in humans and other species in which networks of support other than parents contriubute resources toward rearing the young is called ____________.

A)allocaregiving
B)nuclear families
C)extended families
D)cooperative breeding

Question 30

Which of the following is a statement about families?

A)There are no universals regarding families and their goals.
B)The scripted routines provided by families for young children do not vary across cultures.
C)The universally most urgent goal for families is helping their children acquire the values of their culture.
D)There are universal goals that families share.

Question 31

Although rare in the animal kingdom, when cooperative breeding occurs, this results in ____________.

A)fewer births
B)premature births
C)prolonged periods of childhood dependency
D)low birth weight

Question 32

Which of the following goals is MOST important to parents whose families are living under conditions of threat?

A)their children's emotional development
B)their children's future economic success
C)their children's intellectual achievement
D)their children's health and safety

Question 33

Children of authoritarian parents:

A)tend to lack social competence.
B)behave with spontaneity and curiosity.
C)often take the initiative in social interactions.
D)are more self­controlled and self­reliant than other children.

Question 34

Parents who demonstrate the ____________ pattern set high standards for their children, but also recognize that their children have needs and rights.

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)permissive
D)indulgent

Question 35

In addition to a "survival goal" and an "economic goal," parents the world over strive to insure that their children acquire the basic values of the group. Robert LeVine refers to this as the:

A)in­group goal.
B)cultural goal.
C)self­esteem goal.
D)safety goal.

Question 36

According to Robert LeVine, which of the following are goals of parents in all cultures?

A)survival, economic, cultural
B)survival, political, economic
C)survival, comfort, self­actualization
D)survival, education, meaningfulness

Question 37

Women in some villages on the islands of Micronesia, on the islands of the Caribbean, and in Gambia have been found to have more births and more surviving children when which of the following conditions is met?

A)the firstborn child is a son
B)the firstborn child is a daughter
C)when the women live in nuclear families
D)when there is no­nonsense parenting

Question 38

On the basis of his study of child­rearing practices in diverse cultures, Robert LeVine has proposed that the MOST urgent goal of parenting is the:

A)survival goal.
B)economic goal.
C)cultural goal.
D)intelligence goal.

Question 39

Parenting that includes a mixture of high parental control, physical restraint, punishment, and warm affection is called:

A)abusive parenting.
B)no­nonsense parenting.
C)permissive parenting.
D)authoritarian parenting.

Question 40

According to Baumrind, permissive parents:

A)are unlikely to consult children about family policies.
B)exert little explicit control over their children's behavior.
C)attempt to control children through explanation and reason.
D)demand achievement and mature behaviors from their children.

Question 41

In a study by Keller and colleagues (2008), the research team found that, in comparison to German mothers, Indian mothers ____________.

A)emphasized the importance of learning independence
B)focused on the child's self­confidence
C)focused on the child's internal states
D)talked more often to their babies about other people's feelings and needs

Question 42

Among mixed­sex sibling pairs, levels of intimacy:

A)increase during middle childhood.
B)decrease during adolescence.
C)are fairly stable over time.
D)vary depending on the age of the children.

Question 43

Fathering practices associated with ____________ parenting seem to be the most beneficial to children.

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)permissive
D)neglectful

Question 44

Baumrind found that children's behavior is:

A)not influenced by personality.
B)independent of parenting style.
C)related to parenting styles.
D)influenced mostly by individual differences among children.

Question 45

Research on the role of fathers in children's development has confirmed the importance of all of the following factors EXCEPT:

A)total amount of time spent with children.
B)time spent talking with children.
C)time spent encouraging children's accomplishments.
D)authoritative parenting.

Question 46

Ruth Chao's study of the typical Chinese American parenting style referred to as "training" included:

A)high demands, high control, and high nuturance.
B)high demands, low control, and high nuturance.
C)low demands, low control, and high nuturance.
D)low demands, low control, and low nuturance.

Question 47

In which of the following settings is the socializing role of siblings likely to have the LEAST amount of influence on a child's development?

A)agricultural societies
B)industrialized societies in which mothers work outside of the home
C)African­American families
D)traditional nuclear families in which the mother does not work outside of the home

Question 48

Amanda comes from a White, middle­class family. Her parents engage in a parenting style that is demanding, controlling while also stressing obedience. Amanda is MOST likely to be:

A)self­reliant.
B)withdrawn.
C)self­controlled.
D)neglectful.

Question 49

In a study of family dynamics of African­American families by Kesner and McKenry, there were no differences between the children of single­parent families and two­parent families on measures of social skills and conflict­management styles. How did the researchers interpret their results?

A)African­Americans generally are more supportive of single­parent families.
B)African­Americans are more likely to have extended families that provide a network of support.
C)A large number of the mothers in their study were never married; therefore, they never experienced the disruptions that accompany divorce.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 50

A study of Palestinian school children in the Gaza Strip found that ____________.

A)children who had witnessed military violence had lower levels of sibling rivalry than children who were exposed to lower levels of trauma
B)children who had witnessed military violence had higher levels of sibling rivalry than children who were exposed to lower levels of trauma
C)lower levels of sibling intimacy provided protection against depression for children exposed to traumatizing conditions
D)sibling intimacy was not related to depression

Question 51

One finding from a large nationwide study of single­ parent and two­parent families in Sweden was:

A)children in single­parent families were better off than children in two­parent families.
B)socioeconomic status was not important when comparing the differences in outcomes for children in these two groups.
C)when socioeconomic status was taken into account, there were no differences between the outcomes for children in these two groups.
D)even when socioeconomic status was taken into account, children from single­parent families were at greater risk for developmental problems.

Question 52

Approximately what percentage of children in the United States has immigrant parents?

A)8
B)15
C)22
D)40

Question 53

Which of the following seems to increase sibling fighting?

A)parental fighting
B)similar treatment by mother
C)two children of the same sex
D)spacing of births close together

Question 54

Children who look to outside authority to decide what is right are likely to have parents who emphasize which of the following parenting patterns?

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)permissive
D)neglectful

Question 55

Angi thinks it is best to be friends with your children. She allows her children to do whatever they want and set their own rules. Angi is using which kind of parenting style?

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)permissive
D)neglectful

Question 56

Thomas expects his children to follow family rules, but he explains these rules to his children so they understand why they are needed. Thomas is using which kind of parenting style?

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)permissive
D)neglectful

Question 57

Sibling intimacy and conflict has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT ____________.

A)emotional understanding
B)sharing in later childhood
C)grades in high school
D)adjustment problems

Question 58

Sam's parents insists that he follows the strict rules that they set up and is punished when he does not follow the rules. Sam's parents are using which parenting style?

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)permissive
D)neglectful

Question 59

Intimacy among siblings is greatest when:

A)both siblings are female.
B)both siblings are male.
C)siblings are of opposite sexes.
D)siblings are more than five years apart in age.

Question 60

As Latino and Asian immigrant children spend more time in the United States, ____________.

A)their overall health gets better.
B)their school achievement declines.
C)their apirations are higher.
D)there is no change in their overall health.

Question 61

Approximately what percentage of children in the United States with employed mothers experience nonparental care by the time they are 4 years of age?

A)23%
B)56%
C)71%
D)86%

Question 62

When comparing the results from studies of single­ parent families across ethnic groups, what conclusions can be drawn?

A)Children in single­parent families are always at risk for developmental problems.
B)Children in single­parent families always experience financial hardship.
C)The social and emotional outcomes are similar for children from single­parent families and from two­ parent families.
D)Both the economic and the cultural context are important determinants of child outcomes in these families.

Question 63

Research has found that compared to children raised in heterosexual families, children raised in gay and lesbian households ____________.

A)are no different in terms of psychological well­being, peer relationships, and behavioral adjustment.
B)have better previous relationships and behavioral adjustment, but show no difference in psychological well­being.
C)have worse psychological well­being, peer relationships, and behavioral adjustment.
D)have better psychological well­being, peer relationships, and behavioral adjustment.

Question 64

The intellectual development of children in child care:

A)has not been studied.
B)may be accelerated for low­income children.
C)is never as good as when children are cared for at home.
D)is normal for middle­class children but below normal for low­income children.

Question 65

A mother under stress is more likely to act in which of the following ways toward her children?

A)punitively
B)neglectfully
C)permissively
D)nurturing

Question 66

Family child care is an arrangement in which:

A)care is provided in the child's own home.
B)care is provided in someone else's home.
C)care is provided by a relative.
D)care is provided in a licensed child­care program.

Question 67

Across the world, studies have shown that parents who live close to subsistence levels adopt controlling parenting patterns for economic and safety reasons. This is support for what basic concept from the text?

A)Authoritative patterns of parenting are key to children's development and adjustment.
B)Poverty has many direct effects on the development of children.
C)Autonomy and independence are essential social competencies.
D)To fully explain developmental outcomes, there is a need to examine development and parenting practices within a broad developmental niche.

Question 68

Economic factors are:

A)independent of family structure.
B)independent of parental behavior.
C)not important in determining children's behavior.
D)an important determinant of many aspects of parenting.

Question 69

Approximately what percentage of children in the United States lives in poverty?

A)5%
B)15%
C)21%
D)40%

Question 70

Tom Luster and his colleagues compared "more successful" and "less successful" children of adolescent mothers. Which of the following characteristics of the mother was NOT associated with successful children?

A)living with a male partner
B)living in more desirable neighborhoods
C)being unemployed
D)having received more years of education

Question 71

Gina's family lives below the poverty level. Which of the following is likely of Gina?

A)she is at elevated risk for mental health issues
B)even if her family rises above the poverty level, she is likely to remain at elevated risk for mental health issues compared to her peers who remained below the poverty level.
C)she is less likely to suffer from asthma.
D)she lives in a family that encourages her curiosity.

Question 72

____________ is a measure that uses information on parents' income level, education level, and occupation to assess economic hardship experience by families.

A)Federal Poverty Level
B)Socioeconomic Status
C)Economic Opportunity Index
D)Household Economic Status

Question 73

The children of unmarried teenage mothers are:

A)found to be more aggressive and less intellectually advanced.
B)not affected in the long run.
C)found to have difficulties that are directly caused by their mother's single status and age.
D)affected more by their mothers' limited vocalizations than by her limited financial resources.

Question 74

Child care provided in the child's own home, usually by a relative, is called ____________.

A)home child care
B)family child care
C)child­care centers
D)informal child care

Question 75

Compared to children who are taken care of at home, children who attend childcare outside the home are ____________.

A)at increased risk for ear infections.
B)at decreased risk for ear infections.
C)the same risk of getting of getting an ear infection.
D)less likely to get upper respiratory infections.

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT a variety of child care?

A)home care
B)family care
C)child­care centers
D)geriatric care centers

Question 77

A recent study by Suniya Luthar and Bronwyn Becker of middle­school students living in one of the most affluent suburban communities in the United States revealed:

A)lower levels of depression, but more so among boys.
B)equally high levels of depression among boys and girls.
C)high levels of depression, especially among girls.
D)relatively low levels of substance abuse.

Question 78

Research conducted in Europe as well as the United States indicates that the intellectual development of children in high­quality child­care centers is:

A)generally not as good as that of children raised at home by their parents.
B)almost always better than that of children raised at home by their parents.
C)at least as good as that of children raised at home by their parents.
D)not as good for children of low­income parents, but is better for children of higher­income parents, compared to that of children raised at home by their parents.

Question 79

Approximately what percent of individuals abused as children grow up to become abusing parents?

A)10%
B)30%
C)50%
D)60%

Question 80

Research investigating rates of child abuse and neglect finds that:

A)children older than 3 years of age are at greater risk than younger children.
B)girls are at greater risk than boys.
C)European American children are at greater risk than African American children.
D)Children from high­income families are at greater risk than children from lower­income families.