Deck 14: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Question 1

According the Stanley Hall, adolescence is a period of:

A)"calm before the storm."
B)"storm and stress."
C)time known as the genital stage.
D)formal operations.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

When adolescents started moving to cities for job opportunities, groups such as Hull House were formed to provide:

A)further education when teens were not working.
B)apprenticeship opportunities.
C)formal job training.
D)structured activities and organized services to help reduce the number of youths getting into trouble.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In comparison to other primates, humans' speed of growth:

A)continues to decline in a relatively straight line from birth through adulthood.
B)continues to increase in a relatively straight line from birth through adulthood.
C)is fastest throughout childhood.
D)is slowest until the adolescent growth spurt.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, widespread scientific and public interest in adolescence was sparked by two trends stemming from industrialization:

A)migration to rural areas and increased education.
B)migration to rural areas and decreased education.
C)migration to urban areas and increased education.
D)migration to urban areas and decreased education.

Question 5

Ovaries in females and testes in males are known as:

A)hormones.
B)secondary sex characteristics.
C)gonads.
D)menarche.

Question 6

In our species, the onset of puberty and the capacity to reproduce is radically delayed compared to other primates. Evolutionary theories have argued that delayed maturation in humans:

A)contributes to our reproductive problems.
B)means we are evolutionarily behind other primates.
C)diverts energy to disease prevention.
D)allows humans to date.

Question 7

According to G. Stanley Hall, young people:

A)experience adolescence as a time of renewed commitment.
B)repeat earlier stages of development during adolescence.
C)repeat both earlier stages of development and human evolution.
D)repeat the stages of evolution of the species during individual development.

Question 8

In the Freudian view, emotional upheaval during adolescence results from:

A)imitation of the behavior of peers.
B)a hormonal imbalance caused by biological maturation.
C)a psychological imbalance caused by the reawakening of primitive instincts.
D)the failure of sexual urges to reawaken at the same time that biological maturation occurs.

Question 9

The hormone that controls the adolescent growth spurt is produced in the:

A)hypothalamus.
B)adrenal cortex.
C)pituitary gland.
D)ovaries and testes.

Question 10

Adolescence brings about which of the following biological and social changes?

A)changes in interactions with peers and friends
B)transformation in body size and shape
C)changes in the way teens think about themselves
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 11

During the period between 1890 and 1918 high school attendance:

A)went down by 50 percent.
B)stayed the same.
C)went up by 50 percent.
D)went up over 700 percent.

Question 12

A growth spurt following childhood:

A)occurs in all mammals.
B)is unique to Homo sapiens.
C)is unique to primates.
D)does not occur in mammals.

Question 13

Who believed that adolescence is a distinctive stage of development because only then can an individual finally "fulfill the biological imperative to reproduce"?

A)Piaget
B)Arnold Gesell
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Vygotsky

Question 14

"Storm and stress" refers to:

A)weather patterns.
B)the description of adolescence by Freud and Hall.
C)the description of adolescence by Piaget.
D)the name of growth curve patterns in adolescence.

Question 15

Freud believed that adolescence was a distinctive stage because:

A)only then can an individual fully differentiate from his/her parent.
B)of the heightened emotionality of this stage.
C)the id, ego, and superego become balanced after the imbalance of middle childhood.
D)at this time an individual can finally fulfill the drive to reproduce the species.

Question 16

The hypothalamus signals the pituitary to produce greater amounts of growth hormone at the beginning of which of the following?

A)puberty
B)adolescence
C)formal operational thought
D)multiple perspective taking

Question 17

Growth spurt refers to:

A)the rapid change in height and weight that marks the onset of puberty.
B)the rapid change in height that marks the onset of puberty.
C)the rapid change in weight that marks the onset of puberty.
D)sexual maturation.

Question 18

The developmental period of adolescence:

A)has only been identified in recent history.
B)is not found across many cultures.
C)has been associated with heightened instability and emotionality only in modern times.
D)has been described since ancient times.

Question 19

Freud believed the main goal of adolescence was to:

A)reawaken primitive instincts.
B)increase the power of the id.
C)reestablish balance between the id, ego, and superego.
D)recapitulate phylogeny.

Question 20

In males, the adolescent growth spurt:

A)occurs at about the same age for all boys.
B)occurs, on the average, at the same time it does for females.
C)lasts 2 to 3 years and results in as much as 6 to 7 inches of growth.
D)lasts 2 to 3 years and results in as much as about 9 inches of growth.

Question 21

The pattern of growth during the growth spurt would lead to which outcome?

A)A boy would need a bigger jacket before he would need longer pants.
B)A boy would need to buy a bigger jacket and longer pants at the same time.
C)A boy would need longer pants before he would need a bigger jacket.
D)A boy would need a new hat before he would need new trousers.

Question 22

The changes in overall shape that occur during adolescence are:

A)generally the same for boys and girls.
B)a lower ratio of fat to muscle in females.
C)that boys acquire wide shoulders while girls' hips expand.
D)a lengthening trunk before lengthening legs.

Question 23

Which is a correct assessment of physiological differences between males and females?

A)Males are stronger, healthier, and better able to tolerate long­term stress.
B)Females have larger hearts and lower resting heart rates, and can exercise for longer periods.
C)Males have greater capacity for physical exercise, but females are healthier and tolerate stress better.
D)There are no appreciable differences in the capacity of males and females for exercise and athletic performance.

Question 24

Young people reach 98 percent of their adult height:

A)by the end of middle childhood.
B)by the end of the growth spurt of puberty.
C)about the time they graduate from high school.
D)before they show signs of developing sexual maturity.

Question 25

The amount of increase in estrogen and testosterone for males and females during puberty is:

A)the same.
B)greater for testosterone in males.
C)greater for estrogen in females.
D)not a significant contributor to other physical changes.

Question 26

Before puberty, the strength level of girls and boys is:

A)the same.
B)greater for girls.
C)greater for boys.
D)not related to overall size.

Question 27

In general, the aerobic power associated with the cardiovascular and muscular systems:

A)peaks earlier for females, but is of greatest magnitude in males.
B)peaks earlier for males, but is of greatest magnitude in females.
C)peaks earlier and is of greatest magnitude in males.
D)peaks earlier and is of greatest magnitude in females.

Question 28

The hormone estrogen is found in:

A)females only.
B)males only.
C)males and females.
D)females after puberty only.

Question 29

The hormone testosterone is found in:

A)females only.
B)males only.
C)males and females.
D)males after puberty only.

Question 30

Jane and John are twins. Based on what we know about gender differences in puberty, which of the following is most likely?

A)Jane will grow 9 inches taller during the growth spurt.
B)John will grow 6-7 inches taller during the growth spurt.
C)Jane will have an increase in muscle compared to fat.
D)John will have a decrease in body fat.

Question 31

The physiological differences between males and females may explain why:

A)females can exercise for longer periods than males.
B)males are generally healthier than females.
C)females have more difficulty tolerating stress.
D)males have been the hunters and heavy laborers throughout history.

Question 32

The organs directly involved in reproduction are known as:

A)primary sex organs.
B)secondary sex characteristics.
C)semenarche.
D)menarche.

Question 33

During puberty, the level of testosterone in males increases over the level in middle childhood by:

A)2 times.
B)3 times.
C)8 times.
D)18 times.

Question 34

According to Tanner, which body part has its adolescent growth spurt earliest?

A)the legs
B)the arms
C)the trunk
D)the shoulders

Question 35

By the end of puberty:

A)boys will be stronger than girls.
B)girls will be stronger than boys.
C)girls will have a greater capacity for carrying oxygen to their lungs than boys.
D)boys will have a higher resting heart rate than girls.

Question 36

Strength, as measured by hand grip or arm pull, is:

A)considerably greater in boys than in girls throughout development.
B)approximately equal in boys and girls of equal size throughout development.
C)greater in girls than in boys of equal size before puberty, and greater in boys thereafter.
D)nearly equal in boys and girls of equal size before puberty, but greater in boys thereafter.

Question 37

Which of the following is of the Pumé people living in isolation in southwestern Venezuela?

A)Boys and girls exhibit a typical pattern of physical development in middle childhood and early adolescence.
B)Pumé girls continue to grow at a fairly even pace throughout middle childhood and adolescence with no evidence of entering a growth spurt.
C)Pumé boys continue to grow at a fairly even pace throughout middle childhood and adolescence with no evidence of entering a growth spurt.
D)Pumé girls reach their peak height and weight velocities at a considerably later age than their Western counterparts.

Question 38

In general the following are gender differences found among adolescents EXCEPT:

A)females are healthier.
B)females are better able to handle long­term stress.
C)males are stronger.
D)males are better able to handle long­term stress.

Question 39

In females, the adolescent growth spurt:

A)occurs at about the same age for all girls.
B)occurs, on the average, at the same time it does in males.
C)lasts 2 to 3 years and results in as much as 6 to 7 inches of growth.
D)lasts 2 to 3 years and results in about as much as 9 inches of growth.

Question 40

On average Pumé girls begin to bear children at what age?

A)13.5
B)15.5
C)17.5
D)19.5

Question 41

Early pubertal maturation, especially for girls, has been found to be connected with increased:

A)life satisfaction.
B)contraception use.
C)incidence of depression.
D)popularity.

Question 42

Semenarche is:

A)an anatomical sign that outwardly distinguishes males from females.
B)an organ directly involved in reproduction.
C)the first menstrual period.
D)the first ejaculation.

Question 43

During the adolescent growth spurt, the brain:

A)does not grow appreciably.
B)attains 90 percent of its adult weight.
C)recapitulates its early stages of development.
D)begins to myelinate connections between the cognitive areas.

Question 44

Ovulation usually begins:

A)with menarche.
B)at the beginning of puberty.
C)12 to 18 months after the onset of menarche.
D)about the same time as the appearance of breast buds.

Question 45

Development of the pelvic inlet, the bony opening of the birth canal, occurs:

A)at the same time as the ovaries enlarge.
B)when the breast buds appear.
C)with the onset of menstruation.
D)much slower than that of other secondary sex characteristics.

Question 46

In studying twins and pubertal onset, the following was found:

A)pubertal onset is closer for dizygotic twins than for monozygotic twins.
B)pubertal onset is closer for monozygotic twins than for dizygotic twins.
C)pubertal onset is earlier for twins than it is for singletons.
D)pubertal onset is later for twins than it is for singletons.

Question 47

The occurrence of the first menstrual period:

A)is called menarche.
B)marks the beginning of ovulation.
C)is the first event of puberty for girls.
D)comes at about the same age for all girls.

Question 48

What happens to the gray matter of the brain during adolescence?

A)Gray matter continues to increase throughout adolescence.
B)Gray matter starts to decline in early adolescence.
C)Gray matter declines in early adolescence, but increases in late adolescence.
D)Gray matter increases in early adolescence, but decreases in late adolescence.

Question 49

Which is a secondary sexual characteristic?

A)the onset of menarche
B)the production of sperm
C)the production of semen
D)the appearance of pubic and underarm hair

Question 50

A group of brain structures that includes the amygdala, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and hippocampus and are associated more with emotion than with reasoning is called the:

A)limbic system.
B)basal ganglia.
C)cerebral cortex.
D)prefrontal cortex.

Question 51

During puberty, the level of estrogen in females increases over the level in middle childhood by:

A)2 times.
B)3 times.
C)8 times.
D)18 times.

Question 52

The timing of the onset of puberty is:

A)determined by biology.
B)dependent on interactions between biology and the environment.
C)not related to environmental factors.
D)predictive of the length of puberty.

Question 53

The frontal lobe structure that is thought to contribute to abilities that involve controlling and regulating one's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors is called the:

A)basal ganglia.
B)cerebral cortex.
C)prefrontal cortex.
D)hypothalamus.

Question 54

Recent research suggests that adolescent brains:

A)are the same as fully formed adult brains.
B)are undergoing transition and thus may be particularly vulnerable to exposure to drugs and alcohol.
C)show an increase in the proportion of gray matter but not white matter.
D)develop at the same speed in males and females.

Question 55

While the results of studies are mixed, the overall effect of early maturation for girls appears to be:

A)minimal.
B)short­lived.
C)more negative than positive.
D)more positive than negative.

Question 56

Which of the following does NOT usually occur until fairly late in puberty?

A)the growth spurt
B)deepening of the voice
C)the appearance of pubic hair
D)the appearance of the breast bud

Question 57

During adolescence, the brain changes in that:

A)the amount of white matter stays the same, but the amount of gray matter increases.
B)the amount of white matter increases, and the amount of gray matter increases and then decreases.
C)the amount of white matter decreases, while the amount of gray matter increases.
D)the amount of both white matter and gray matter increases.

Question 58

Anatomical and physiological signs that outwardly differentiate males and females are:

A)gonadotrophic hormones.
B)primary sexual characteristics.
C)ovulation and spermatogenesis.
D)secondary sexual characteristics.

Question 59

One of the most significant breakthroughs in pubertal science in the last three decades is the discovery of a small protein produced by cells in the hypothalamus. This protein plays a key role in the activation of the HPG axis and is called:

A)kisspeptin.
B)hugpeptin.
C)lovepeptin.
D)leptin.

Question 60

The circuit that extends from the brain to the sex organs and back again and is responsible for regulating the hormones that affect the body's growth and function is called the:

A)hypothalamus.
B)adrenal glands.
C)basal ganglia.
D)hypothalamtic­pituary­gonadal axis.

Question 61

Nailah, who has never attended school, is asked to complete Piaget's combination­of­liquids problem. What is the likely outcome?

A)She is more likely to fail at the task compared to adolescents who have attended Western­ style schools.
B)She is more likely to succeed at the task compared to adolescents who have attended Western­style schools.
C)She will do as well on the task as adolescents who have attended Western­style schools.
D)She will systematically try all the combinations of liquids until arriving at the answer.

Question 62

Which of the following is likely to happen to adolescents and their sleep patterns as they develop?

A)There is no difference in the amount of time adolescents spend in NREM sleep.
B)There is an increase in the amount of time adolescents spend in NREM sleep.
C)There is a decrease in the amount of time adolescents spend in NREM sleep.
D)The size of delta waves increases sharply during adolescence.

Question 63

The Piagetian stage in which problems are solved systematically by considering all possible combinations is called:

A)formal operations.
B)formal responding.
C)abstract operations.
D)concrete operations.

Question 64

The liquid task designed by Inhelder and Piaget asked children to determine which combination of chemicals would turn yellow when another chemical was added. In performing this task, 7­year­old children:

A)were unsystematic in combining chemicals.
B)could be trained to solve the task correctly.
C)were systematic in combining chemicals from the start of the task.
D)could combine chemicals systematically when given prompts from the experimenter.

Question 65

On average how much sleep does an adolescent get a night?

A)about 4 hours.
B)about 5 hours.
C)about 7 hours.
D)about 12 hours.

Question 66

Vitamins and minerals are important for a healthy diet that is essential to adolescent development. Vitamin A is known to:

A)be vital for gene expression.
B)contribute to the functioning of the immune system.
C)decrease the risks of having a baby with birth defects.
D)be found in large quantities in red meat.

Question 67

Piaget felt that formal operational thinking differed from concrete operational thinking because it allows the individual to finally:

A)mentally combine, separate, and order objects and actions.
B)use logic in his reasoning.
C)realize that certain properties of an object will remain the same even if other superficial ones are altered.
D)systematically solve problems by considering all possible combinations of variables.

Question 68

The combination­of­liquids task, in which children discover how to mix four colorless liquids to make yellow, requires which type of thinking skills for its solution?

A)preoperational
B)formal operational
C)concrete operational
D)post­formal operational

Question 69

The thinking involved in planning a holiday meal, including what to serve, how to serve it, who to invite, and so forth, is an example of:

A)concrete operational thinking.
B)formal operational thinking.
C)social contract reasoning.
D)strategic knowledge.

Question 70

The liquid task by designed Inhelder and Piaget asked children to determine which combination of chemicals would turn yellow when another chemical was added. In performing this task, adolescents:

A)were unsystematic in combining chemicals.
B)could be trained to solve the task correctly.
C)were systematic in combining chemicals from the start of the task.
D)could combine chemicals systematically only when given prompts from the experimenter.

Question 71

The ability to formulate and evaluate the logical implications of a set of premises, even if these premises are imaginary and contradict the real world, is called:

A)assimilation.
B)transductive reasoning.
C)inductive reasoning.
D)hypothetical­deductive reasoning.

Question 72

Another name for formal operations is ____________ because at this stage children can apply operations to operations.

A)second­order operations
B)concrete operations
C)double operations
D)abstract operations

Question 73

Sleep researchers recognize that the sleep­wake shift results from an interaction of biological and environmental influences including all of the following EXCEPT:

A)hormones that affect the brain's biological clock.
B)decreased parental control.
C)increased schoolwork.
D)the growth spurt.

Question 74

Formal operations are sometimes called "second­order" operations because:

A)they are operations applied to the outside world of objects, people, and events.
B)they are operations applied to operations.
C)they are operations applied to abstract qualities.
D)they are mastered in secondary school.

Question 75

Janine is getting married and has decided to assign seating at her reception. She is now working on deciding who will sit at each of the tables in the reception hall. She has to worry about who will sit up front and who will sit toward the rear. She has to think about whom to sit next to Uncle Earl and also consider the need to separate Aunt Thelma from Aunt Zoe. The thinking Janine will have to use to solve this problem is an example of:

A)strategic knowledge.
B)metacognition.
C)formal operational thinking.
D)memory capacity.

Question 76

The key to formal operational performance on the combination­of­chemicals task is to combine the four liquids:

A)all at once.
B)systematically.
C)as quickly as possible.
D)in more than one order.

Question 77

Researchers have found that adolescents from food­ insecure families exhibit the following eating pattern:

A)They are less likely to be obese than adolescents from food­secure families.
B)They are less likely to eat fast food than adolescents from food­secure families.
C)They are more likely to eat meals with their families than adolescents from food­secure families.
D)They are more likely to eat fast food than adolescents from food­secure families.

Question 78

Compared to the thinking of a younger child, an adolescent's thinking is characterized by the:

A)ability to systematically generate and test hypotheses.
B)ability to generate classification systems of more than one level.
C)discovery that objects exist independently of her actions on them.
D)realization that people's identities remain constant despite changes in appearance.

Question 79

The following may help to account for the higher levels of obesity found among African Americans:

A)the lack of adequate grocery stores found in poor, urban communities.
B)the lack of adequate grocery stores found in well­to­ do communities.
C)the lack of fast­food outlets found in poor, urban communities.
D)the lack of fast­food outlets found in well­to­do communities.

Question 80

The systematic consideration of all possible combinations of variables in a problem to be solved shows:

A)formal operational thinking.
B)the mental operation of "logical necessity."
C)the internalization of actions that fit into a logical system.
D)metacognition.