Deck 14: Healthy Aging

Question 1

By 2030, the proportion of older adults in the United States will have tripled.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The Healthy People 2020 Initiative sets targets for a healthier population based upon three broad goals. Which of the following is not one of these goals?

A) Increasing the length of healthy life
B) Increasing access to psychological counseling services for all
C) Reducing health disparities among Americans
D) Achieving access to preventive services for all

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Exercise has a positive effect on ______________ , which are closely associated with cognitive functioning.

A) the prefrontal and hippocampal brain areas
B) the brain stem and temporal lobe
C) the cerebellum and occipital lobe
D) the parietal lobe and cerebellum areas

Answer 3

A

Question 4

To be eligible for Medicare, a person must (a) be over age 65, (b) must have permanent kidney failure, or (c) live with dependent children.

Question 5

Over most of the life of Social Security, payments were greater than revenues.

Question 6

Social Security was created to "give some measure of protection to the average citizen and his family against the loss of a job and against poverty-ridden old age."

Question 7

Quality of life is usually divided into environmental, physical, psychological, and social domains of well-being.

Question 8

Inpatient hospital services, home health services, and hospice care are covered under Medicare

A) Part A.
B) Part B.
C) Part C.
D) Part D.

Question 9

If spending patterns do not change, by 2030 expenditures for Social Security and Medicare are expected to consume roughly 50% of the entire gross domestic product (GDP) of the United States.

Question 10

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines healthy weight as having a BMI of

A) less than 15.
B) less than 25.
C) more than 25.
D) more than 35.

Question 11

The ratio of body weight to height is known as the Golden Mean.

Question 12

Guidelines suggest that about 150 minutes of intense anaerobic training weekly, along with some whole body strength training and balance work, is enough to produce positive health benefits in the elderly.

Question 13

High levels of HDLs is considered a protective factor.

Question 14

Both Generation X and the millennials will feel the brunt of the baby boomers. One concern is whether this will cause intragenerational conflict.

Question 15

HDLs cause fatty deposits to accumulate in arteries.

Question 16

The AoA estimates 50 of those with diabetes mellitus are unaware that they have a serious condition.

Question 17

Cognitive interventions to help people with Alzheimer's remember things is an example of a secondary prevention.

Question 18

Physician services, outpatient hospital services, and medical equipment and supplies are covered under Medicare Part C.

Question 19

Millennials represent the largest generation ever to reach older adulthood.

Question 20

Social facilitation of the nonuse of competence in the elderly is the product of

A) compensation.
B) technology.
C) social stereotypes.
D) anxieties about using new technology.

Question 21

The rapid increase in the number of ______________ will force a reconsideration of the issues of discrimination and access to health care, goods, and services.

A) elderly men
B) elderly women
C) ethnic minority older adults
D) older people with chronic illnesses

Question 22

If the ratio of workers to retirees falls from 3:1 to 2:1 as is expected, then to maintain the level of benefits in programs such as Social Security, workers will have to ______________ than workers do now.

A) pay less taxes
B) work longer hours
C) pay significantly higher taxes
D) work further into old age

Question 23

The increase in ______________ that has occurred over the past few decades may result in children feeling a lower sense of obligation to their parents, placing a greater burden for the care of aging adults on society.

A) individualism
B) divorce
C) the average number of children per family
D) poverty

Question 24

______________ , in conjunction with a healthy lifestyle, can slow the physiological aging process.

A) A good outlook on life
B) Immunizations
C) Good relationships with family
D) A program of regular exercise

Question 25

How much energy the body needs is termed

A) body mass index.
B) metabolism.
C) body-energy expenditure.
D) caloric intake.

Question 26

The ratio of body weight to height is known as

A) body fat index.
B) body health.
C) body ratio.
D) body mass index.

Question 27

According to the textbook, we should chose foods that limit the intake of all of the following except

A) saturated fats.
B) sugar.
C) sodium.
D) protein.

Question 28

Healthy living and good aging are promoted most significantly by exercise and

A) having parents who lived to very old age.
B) a healthy diet.
C) not smoking.
D) an optimistic attitude.

Question 29

______________ prevention is any intervention that prevents a disease or condition from occurring.

A) Primary
B) Secondary
C) Tertiary
D) Quaternary

Question 30

______________ involves efforts to avoid the development of secondary chronic conditions and manage the pain of primary chronic conditions.

A) Primary prevention
B) Secondary prevention
C) Tertiary prevention
D) Quaternary prevention

Question 31

According to the Administration on Aging (AoA), 70% of older adults with ______________ are unaware they have a serious health condition.

A) diabetes mellitus
B) hypertension
C) high cholesterol
D) breast cancer

Question 32

______________ represent(s) the largest generation ever to reach adulthood.

A) Generation X
B) The Millennials
C) The baby boomers
D) None of these are correct.

Question 33

In terms of Social Security, since 1940,

A) men collect payments about 3 years longer and women about 5 years longer.
B) taxes on workers have gone up each year to cover the future costs of the program.
C) people increasingly rely on personal savings and not on Social Security as their main form of income.
D) the government has continuously increased the benefits paid from the program to all older adults.

Question 34

The ______________ ratio provides insight as to the number of people who have to provide support for those less able to do so.

A) dependency
B) financial responsibility
C) Social Security
D) quality of life

Question 35

Contrary to popular belief, Social Security is not a(n)

A) entitlement plan.
B) pay-as-you-go plan.
C) savings plan.
D) health insurance plan.

Question 36

Working with an occupational therapist after surgery to improve mobility is an example of

A) primary prevention.
B) secondary prevention.
C) tertiary prevention.
D) quaternary prevention.

Question 37

Social Security began in 1935 as an initiative by President

A) Eisenhower.
B) Roosevelt.
C) Hoover.
D) Coolidge.

Question 38

Because older adults are more prone to injury, exercise programs

A) should be discouraged.
B) should focus on low-impact aerobic approaches.
C) should be high-energy activities.
D) should involve heavy weight lifting.

Question 39

Originally, Social Security was

A) created as a program for the wealthy.
B) intended to provide a supplement to savings and other means of financial support.
C) created as a health insurance program.
D) a food program for the elderly poor.

Question 40

Efforts specifically aimed at improving the functional capacities of people with chronic conditions are called

A) primary prevention.
B) secondary prevention.
C) tertiary prevention.
D) quaternary prevention.

Question 41

A person's subjective assessment or value judgment of his or her own life is known as

A) quality of social support.
B) successful life.
C) successful aging.
D) quality of life.

Question 42

High BMIs and very low BMIs are both related to

A) optimal health.
B) lower rates of CVAs.
C) increased mortality.
D) high cholesterol rates.

Question 43

The dependency ratio reflects which of the following?

A) The number of children under the age of 18 living in the United States
B) The number of people dependent upon others for activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)
C) The number of people under age 15 and over age 64
D) The number of people over age 75

Question 44

Over 55 million U.S. citizens rely on ______________ for their medical insurance.

A) Medicaid
B) Medicare
C) private insurance companies
D) Social Security

Question 45

A cancer screening test is an example of

A) primary prevention.
B) secondary prevention.
C) tertiary prevention.
D) quaternary prevention.

Question 46

Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

A) help keep arteries clear.
B) are a type of neurotransmitter.
C) are tested using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
D) cause fatty deposits to accumulate in arteries.

Question 47

The use of __________________ is one way to enhance the _______________________ of older adults.

A) technology; quality of life
B) technology; competence
C) subjective judgment; competence
D) social stereotypes; quality of life

Question 48

The most popular medications for treating high cholesterol come from a family of drugs called

A) beta blockers.
B) statins.
C) benzodiazepines.
D) SSRIs.

Question 49

By 2030, the ratio of workers to retirees will likely

A) be similar to the current level-3:1.
B) decrease to 2:1.
C) increase to 4:1.
D) be unimportant because Social Security will not exist.

Question 50

The two key areas that are the focus of most research in behavioral change are self-efficacy and

A) self-assessment.
B) self-regulation.
C) self-perception.
D) self-analysis.

Question 51

Salutogenesis is an approach that emphasizes

A) factors that support and promote health.
B) factors that cause disease.
C) allowing genetic factors to heal the body.
D) only eating salads in your diet.

Question 52

Your friend Janelle is interested in calculating her maximum heart rate before she begins her aerobics class. You tell her she can do this by

A) multiplying her age by 2 and adding 100.
B) adding her age to 220 and dividing by 2.
C) adding her age to 220.
D) subtracting her age from 220.

Question 53

Immunizations are an example of

A) primary prevention.
B) secondary prevention.
C) tertiary prevention.
D) quaternary prevention.

Question 54

In terms of cholesterol, which of the following is most important?

A) Having low levels of HDLs
B) Having equal levels of LDLs and HDLs
C) Having a healthy ratio of LDLs to HDLs.
D) Having a high level of LDL (over 160 mg/dL)

Question 55

Conflict between young/middle-aged adults and older adults has not traditionally been a source of serious problems in society because

A) older adults made up a small portion of the overall population.
B) family ties between adult children and their parents worked against conflict.
C) middle-aged people were reluctant to withdraw support from programs for older individuals.
D) All of the above are reasons that intergenerational conflict has remained low.

Question 56

SOC stands for

A) social, occupational, and compensatory.
B) selection, optimization, and compensation.
C) standard, operational, and control.
D) subjective, optimistic, and compensation.

Question 57

In the 1970s, older were adults were portrayed as

A) kind, gentle, and caring.
B) ruthless and unfeeling.
C) politically active, fiscally conservative, and selfish.
D) politically active, liberal, and generous.

Question 58

Between now and 2030, the population of older adults will have

A) doubled.
B) tripled.
C) quadrupled.
D) decreased by 50%.

Question 59

The focus of ______________ prevention programs is avoiding additional medical problems; the focus of ______________ prevention programs is functioning.

A) primary; secondary
B) secondary; tertiary
C) quaternary; tertiary
D) tertiary; quaternary

Question 60

In the 1970s, benefits paid from Social Security

A) went directly into other social programs for the elderly.
B) increased.
C) decreased.
D) were denied to many elderly individuals.

Question 61

One well-known intergenerational conflict is between adolescents and their parents. A lesser known conflict that may have increased potential in the future is between

A) children and their grandparents.
B) children and their adolescent siblings.
C) the young-old and the old-old.
D) young/middle-aged adults and older adults.

Question 62

Experts agree that __________ directly affects one's mental, emotional, and physical functioning.

A) wealth
B) nutrition
C) retirement
D) desire

Question 63

Which of the following most accurately describes Social Security?

A) It is a pay-as-you-go system.
B) It is a savings plan.
C) It is a loan given by younger generations to older generations that must be paid back.
D) It can go up or down dramatically like the stock market.

Question 64

Salutogenesis shifts people's lifestyle emphasis to positive aspect that improve their

A) range of motion.
B) posture.
C) existence.
D) BMI levels.

Question 65

Because of the changing population trends in the United States, the chances of ______________ conflict may increase.

A) cultural
B) familial
C) intergenerational
D) child-retiree

Question 66

Due to slowing metabolism rates, older adults need

A) fewer calories.
B) more vitamins.
C) more carbohydrates.
D) to exercise more slowly.

Question 67

Medicare Part D

A) covers inpatient hospital services, skilled nursing facilities, and hospice care.
B) covers outpatient hospital services and medical equipment and supplies.
C) provides some prescription drug coverage.
D) provides financial reimbursement to partner-caregivers.

Question 68

By 2030, older adults in the United States will be

A) better educated.
B) politically sophisticated.
C) proficient users of computers.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 69

How much of one's wages are provided by Social Security depends upon

A) what level of education one attained.
B) how much one made total across the entire employment career.
C) how much one made on average during one's employment career.
D) at what age one retires.

Question 70

In the 1980s, the U.S. Congress began making substantive changes in the benefits to older adults based on the concept of

A) laissez-faire government.
B) fiscal conservancy.
C) corporal punishment.
D) intergenerational fairness.

Question 71

Between 1959 and 2010, the number of older individuals living below the poverty line in the United States

A) decreased.
B) increased.
C) remained constant.
D) increased for women and decreased for men.

Question 72

Since its inception in 1935, two trends have increased the cost of the Social Security program. One is that the proportion of people who reach age 65 has increased dramatically. What is the other trend?

A) Due to revisions of the original law, Social Security now represents a primary source of income for many.
B) The rate of chronic illnesses has been going up since 1935.
C) People's incomes have been declining since 1935.
D) People are now saving more money for retirement than ever before.

Question 73

Between now and 2030, older adults will come to expect to keep their more affluent lifestyles as well as the benefits they have accrued over their years of working. However, research indicates that

A) they will not, on average, have the financial savings necessary to support these expectations.
B) most will live in poverty.
C) chronic health conditions will significantly reduce their life spans.
D) lack of affordable prescription drugs will mean higher mortality rates at younger ages for older adults.

Question 74

In terms of the main pathway in Verbrugge and Jette's (1994) model, ______________ occurs between pathology and impairments.

A) primary prevention
B) secondary prevention
C) tertiary prevention
D) quaternary prevention

Question 75

The key difference between employee participation plans and traditional pension programs is

A) traditional pension plans did not require employee participation.
B) traditional pension plans require employee participation.
C) retirement payouts begin earlier with employee participation plans.
D) employee participation plans produce larger returns in retirement.

Question 76

The ______________ one's body mass index, the greater the risk of health problems.

A) greater
B) lower
C) more similar body weight is to
D) less similar body weight is to

Question 77

Exercise can ___________ the progression of white matter hypersensitivities.

A) increase
B) reverse
C) prevent
D) None of these are correct.

Question 78

Because resources in a society are never divided equally among groups, there is always the potential for ____________ between generations.

A) conflict
B) mistrust
C) disagreement
D) hostility

Question 79

One goal of low-cost programs aimed at improving the health of older people is to

A) lower the rates of abuse and neglect of older persons.
B) address the lack of awareness many older people have regarding their own chronic health problems.
C) increase rates of aerobic exercise among the elderly.
D) reduce the rates of anxiety and depression in older people.

Question 80

Healthy aging involves all of the following except

A) avoiding disease.
B) being engaged with life.
C) maintaining connection to your hometown.
D) maintaining high cognitive and physical functioning.