Deck 3: Physical Changes

Question 1

A unified theory of aging would have to account for a wide array of changes relating not only to biological forces but also to other forces.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Somesthesia is the normative age-related loss of the ability to hear high tones.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The main reason why older women do not engage in sexual activity is fear of sexually transmitted diseases.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The vestibular system is the sensory system in the inner ear that allows us to keep our balance.

Question 5

Height loss in later life usually is caused by compression of the long bones in the body.

Question 6

As lower body strength declines, the likelihood of balance problems and falls increases.

Question 7

Cataracts result from a buildup of pressure within the eye, whereas glaucoma is caused by the development of opaque plaques on the lens.

Question 8

Interventions such as removing loose floor rugs, ensuring sufficient light, and reducing glare are important for reducing anxiety in older adults.

Question 9

Macular degeneration is a cause of vision loss in later adulthood due to destruction of receptors in the central region of the retina.

Question 10

Cross linking involves the interaction of different proteins and results in tissue stiffening.

Question 11

Women are especially susceptible to severe bone degeneration.

Question 12

The most serious type of emphysema is COPD, which involves an irreversible destruction of membranes around the air sacs in the lung.

Question 13

Changes in women's reproductive system are generically referred to as the climacteric. The most pronounced of these changes involves the cessation of menstruation and ovulation, which is called menopause.

Question 14

Presbyopia is the normative age-related loss of the ability to focus on nearby objects.

Question 15

The fact that cell life appears limited to about 50 divisions is referred to as telomerase.

Question 16

Sanchi is a degenerative bone disease. It is more common in women than in men. The bone tissue deteriorates severely and takes on a honeycomb-like appearance.

Question 17

Metabolic processes, such as eating less and reducing stress, may be related to living longer.

Question 18

Bisphosphonates slow the bone breakdown process by helping to maintain bone length during menopause.

Question 19

Changes in taste are primarily responsible for reported changes in food preference and enjoyment.

Question 20

There are few changes in the autonomic nervous system as we age. However, two changes that people commonly report are in body temperature regulation and sleep.

Question 21

The leading cause of broken bones in women is

A) osteoarthritis.
B) osteoporosis.
C) vitamin E deficiency.
D) inheriting a predisposition for fragile bones.

Question 22

Substances that prevent oxygen from combining to form free radicals are known as

A) collagens.
B) telomeres.
C) antioxidants.
D) coenzymes.

Question 23

Dalton and colleagues found that people with moderate to severe hearing loss were ___________________ to have functional impairments with tasks of daily life.

A) significantly less likely
B) significantly more likely
C) just as likely as people with severe loss of vision
D) less likely than people with severe loss of vision

Question 24

Both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis have

A) genetic components.
B) no known genetic basis.
C) decreasing effects over time.
D) None of these are correct.

Question 25

Chronic stress may accelerate the changes that occur in _______________ and thereby shorten one's life span.

A) coenzymes
B) free radicals
C) telomeres
D) antioxidants

Question 26

One approach to alleviating the estrogen-related symptoms women experience in later life is to use menopausal hormone therapy (MHT). This involves

A) taking high doses of testosterone.
B) taking low doses of estrogen, sometimes combined with progestin.
C) a strict nutrition and exercise regimen.
D) surgery.

Question 27

Going from inside a dark movie theater back out into the sunshine requires

A) light adaptation.
B) dark adaptation.
C) presbyopia.
D) accommodation.

Question 28

While sensory presbycusis , neural presbycusis .

A) affects the ability to understand speech; has little effect on other hearing abilities
B) produces hearing loss across all pitches; produces hearing loss for high pitches
C) has little effect on other hearing abilities; affects the ability to understand speech
D) produces hearing loss for low pitches; produces hearing loss for high pitches

Question 29

The Pocket Smell Test gives clinicians another indicator for diagnosing suspected cases of

A) perimenopause.
B) osteoporosis.
C) rheumatoid arthritis.
D) Alzheimer's disease.

Question 30

Which of the following is the most serious form of chronic obstructive lung disease?

A) Asthma
B) Bronchitis
C) Emphysema
D) Pneumonia

Question 31

Which of the following is a retinal disease that takes many years to develop and can be accompanied by hemorrhage and aneurysms?

A) Presbyopia
B) Glaucoma
C) Macular degeneration
D) Diabetic retinopathy

Question 32

Which of the following terms is not associated with cellular theories of aging?

A) Hayflick limit
B) Free radicals
C) Cholesterol buildup
D) Cross-linking

Question 33

Reduced sensitivity to high-pitched tones is known as

A) presbyopia.
B) presbycusis.
C) retinopathy.
D) vestibular atrophy.

Question 34

To understand the overall health of a person requires not only understanding their biological functioning but also their

A) psychological functioning.
B) socio-functionality.
C) life-cycle generalizations.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 35

Polku and colleagues noted that physiologic hearing loss, assessed through the audiometric test, is not necessarily a ___________ or ______________ assessment of how people perceive their hearing problems.

A) good; accurate
B) accurate; reliable
C) bad; inaccurate
D) reliable; accurate

Question 36

Older adults have slower vasoconstrictor response. This means

A) they feel hot all the time.
B) they sweat more than younger adults.
C) it takes longer for them to raise their internal body temperature, or warm up.
D) they are especially sensitive to cold and feel cold all the time.

Question 37

Losses in strength and endurance in old age have much the same psychological effects as changes in

A) aggression.
B) appearance.
C) occupation.
D) environment.

Question 38

Which of the following cardiovascular diseases results in pain that is relieved by rest in 5 to 10 minutes and can be treated with nitroglycerine?

A) Myocardial infarction
B) Angina pectoris
C) Ischemia
D) Cardiac arrhythmia

Question 39

According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation, people should do all of the following to combat osteoporosis except

A) taking calcium supplements.
B) increasing exposure to sunlight.
C) to begin taking countermeasures to osteoporosis after the onset of menopause.
D) getting the recommended amounts of vitamin D from dietary sources.

Question 40

is a common and incapacitating respiratory disorder in older adults.

A) Myocardial infarction
B) Atherosclerosis
C) CVA
D) COPD

Question 41

Gradual thinning and graying of the hair occurs naturally with age. Thinning is caused by , whereas graying is caused by .

A) destruction of the hair follicles; cessation of pigment production
B) cessation of pigment production; destruction of the germ centers that produce hair follicles
C) decrease in epidermal cells; changes in collagen content
D) changes in collagen content; decrease in epidermal cells

Question 42

Cross-linking is a process in which certain proteins in human cells interact randomly and produce molecules that are linked in such a way that they make the body stiffer. Which theoretical perspective does cross-linking represent?

A) Programming theories theory
B) Free radical theory
C) Telomerase theory
D) Cellular theory

Question 43

A longitudinal study of Japanese adults revealed that women have more changes in their fundamental frequency and

A) shimmer.
B) motivation to speak in public.
C) voice change based on san qi levels.
D) None of these are correct.

Question 44

The major reason why older women do not engage in sexual relations is

A) the threat of injury due to osteoporosis.
B) loss of interest in their sexuality.
C) the effects of menopause.
D) the lack of a socially sanctioned partner.

Question 45

Which of the following statements is false?

A) The ability of the heart to contract decreases with age.
B) The amount of connective tissue in the heart decreases with age.
C) Blood pressure normally rises somewhat with age.
D) Cardiac output and cardiac reserve both decrease with age.

Question 46

The most noticeable changes in body build are

A) decreased height and fluctuations in weight.
B) increased height and fluctuations in weight.
C) decreased height and stable weight.
D) increased height and stable weight.

Question 47

Dizziness and vertigo occur at greater rates in older adults due to all of the following factors except

A) age-related structural changes in the vestibular system.
B) problems integrating sensory information coming to the brain to control posture.
C) difficulty in sending visual cues to the front of the brain for processing in the occipital cortex.
D) certain medications and illnesses that increase dizziness.

Question 48

All of the following are associated with changes in sleep as we age except

A) moving from a two-phase pattern to a multiphase pattern.
B) difficulty in regulating body temperature, which may account for some sleep difficulties.
C) taking naps during the day results in better sleep at night.
D) decreased learning may result in a decreased need for sleep.

Question 49

Which of the following is a sign of aging that is not readily apparent?

A) Age spots
B) Increased blood pressure
C) Redistribution of body fat
D) Wrinkles

Question 50

The tips of chromosomes are called

A) telomerases.
B) telomeres.
C) free radicals.
D) collagenases.

Question 51

Which of the following is not an additional change the coloring of light-skinned people undergoes with age?

A) The number of pigment-containing cells in the outer layer decreases.
B) The elasticity of the skin increases.
C) Age spots and moles appear more often.
D) Some of the blood vessels in the skin may become dilated and create small, irregular red lines.

Question 52

Older adults have trouble responding to high heat, because

A) they do not sweat as much.
B) their bodies have a lower muscle/water ratio than young adults.
C) the use of multiple medications slows their metabolism.
D) they often lose their motivation to exercise.

Question 53

Osteoarthritis is

A) a "wear and tear" disease.
B) passed down genetically.
C) the same as rheumatoid arthritis.
D) contagious.

Question 54

The most accurate conclusion concerning age-related changes in taste sensitivity is that

A) the changes are extensive for all flavors.
B) the changes begin in young adulthood and accelerate after age 70.
C) detection of sweet and salty tastes declines while detection of sour and bitter tastes increases.
D) the ability to detect certain tastes declines gradually, but this varies greatly from taste to taste and person to person.

Question 55

Broken bones in older people present more serious problems than in younger adults, because they are more likely to be

A) splintered fractures that are more difficult to heal.
B) clean fractures that are difficult to heal.
C) broken in such a way that there are many cracks and harder to heal.
D) broken in such a way that the breaks are more difficult to detect.

Question 56

The greatest concentrations of touch receptors in the human body are in the

A) head and face.
B) lips, tongue, and fingertips.
C) legs and feet.
D) chest and back.

Question 57

If medications for rheumatoid arthritis do not provide relief from the symptoms, surgical interventions such as to totally replace the joint may be considered.

A) arthroplasty
B) musculoskeletal replacement
C) neuroimaging
D) osteoplasty

Question 58

Women are especially susceptible to severe bone degeneration characterized by loss of bone mass and increased bone porosity. This condition is called

A) osteoarthritis.
B) osteoporosis.
C) bone atrophy.
D) dendritic spreading.

Question 59

is the leading cause of functional blindness in the United States.

A) Macular degeneration
B) Presbyopia
C) Diabetic retinopathy
D) Glaucoma

Question 60

Is a person's voice susceptible to the aging process?

A) No, one's voice does not change over time due to aging.
B) No, if one's voice changes as one ages, it is due to the person's overall poor health.
C) Yes, older voices are characterized by lower pitch, less precise pronunciation, and lower volume.
D) Yes, older voices are characterized by higher pitch and higher volume.

Question 61

Which of the following is not a reproductive change in women?

A) Significant decreases in hormonal levels
B) Significant decrease in sexual desire
C) Shrinking and thinning of the vaginal walls
D) Longer time needed to reach orgasm

Question 62

Research indicates that using __________, to slow down the bone breakdown process, for up to five years appears relatively safe.

A) bisphosphonates
B) anti-osteosarthritics
C) caffeine
D) collagen

Question 63

__________ declines steadily starting at the age of 20 and rapidly after the age of 60.

A) Visual acuity
B) Light adaptation
C) Dark adaptation
D) Retinopathy

Question 64

Which of the following is not associated with age differences in the vestibular system?

A) Vertigo
B) Body sway
C) Dizziness
D) Presbyopia

Question 65

Which is true about cardiovascular disease?

A) The incidences of cardiovascular disease decrease dramatically with age.
B) Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in all ethnic groups in the United States.
C) The rates of cardiovascular disease are higher for women until age 75.
D) Testosterone helps protect men from cardiovascular disease.

Question 66

The guidelines for treating rheumatoid arthritis, adopted by the American College of Rheumatology include all of the following except

A) taking aspirin.
B) taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
C) intense range-of-motion exercises.
D) taking glucocorticoids.

Question 67

occurs when blood supply to the heart is severely restricted or cut off.

A) Myocardial infarction
B) Cerebrovascular accident
C) Atherosclerosis
D) Angina pectoris

Question 68

Which of the following statements is the best conclusion regarding the biological theories of aging?

A) Programmed cell death accounts for general aging.
B) Restricting calories leads humans and animals to live longer lives.
C) Organisms only have so much energy to expend across their lifetimes.
D) None of the biological theories can completely explain normative aging.

Question 69

Which biological theory of aging examines the role of diet in the aging process?

A) Wear-and-tear theories
B) Cellular theories
C) Programming theories
D) Metabolic theories

Question 70

Okinawans eat 40% less than the Japanese. Okinawa has 40 times as many people over the age of 100 than Japan. This provides evidence for which biological theory of aging?

A) Metabolic
B) Cellular
C) Programming theories
D) Cross-linking

Question 71

All of the following are causes of wrinkles except

A) thinning of the epidermal layer.
B) collagen fibers losing flexibility.
C) elastin fibers losing their ability to keep the skin more stretched.
D) increases in the underlying layer of fat.

Question 72

Researchers have found that this form of exercise can reduce older adults' chances of falling and can improve their balance.

A) Mental rotation exercises
B) Occipital sensory exercises
C) Tai chi exercises
D) Depth perception exercises

Question 73

Employees for residential roofing companies often complain about their knees after a long day of shingling, and dart throwers often complain about their elbows after a tournament. Based on this description, you would guess they have

A) osteoporosis.
B) rheumatoid arthritis.
C) osteoarthritis.
D) degenerative skeletosis.

Question 74

The Chinese herb __________ shows promise in reducing wrinkles.

A) hoon
B) suja
C) sanchi
D) yashin

Question 75

It is especially easy to cause hearing loss with headphones or earbuds if you

A) wear them while exercising.
B) wear them while riding in a car.
C) wear them during class.
D) wear them while listening to 80s classic rock.

Question 76

If medications for rheumatoid arthritis do not provide relief from the symptoms, surgical interventions such as to totally replace the joint may be considered.

A) arthroplasty
B) musculoskeletal replacement
C) neuroimaging
D) osteoplasty

Question 77

One theory of aging that makes apparent commonsense postulates that organisms have only so much energy to expend in a lifetime. Therefore, the basic idea is that the rate of a creature's metabolism is

A) variable and needs to be increased with exercise.
B) variable and needs to be monitored.
C) is fixed and cannot be changed.
D) related to how long it lives.

Question 78

According to your textbook, careful assessment of _______ is important in understanding the nature and precise source of older adults' problems.

A) balance
B) posture
C) hearing
D) vision

Question 79

One consequence of aging in the cardiovascular system is

A) greater elasticity and flexibility of the arteries.
B) a decrease in overall blood pressure.
C) a reduction in the heart's pumping capacity.
D) decreased calcification of arterial walls.

Question 80

Which of the following is not one of the causes, in part, of osteoporosis?

A) Low bone mass at skeletal maturity
B) Lack of weight bearing exercise
C) Estrogen depletion
D) Excesses of vitamin D