Deck 8: Issues in Policing

Question 1

The Miranda warning provides protections under the ______.

A)First Amendment
B)Fourth Amendment
C)Fifth Amendment
D)Eighth Amendment

Answer 1

C

Question 2

______ refers to a legal standard that means that an officer believes that an offense has been or is about to be committed.

A)Search
B)Emergency exception
C)Probable cause
D)Exclusionary rule

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is used to inform people who are under arrest that the 5th Amendment provides protection against self-incrimination during an interrogation?

A)Carroll doctrine
B)Miranda warning
C)Exclusionary rule
D)Good faith exception

Answer 3

B

Question 4

An emergency exception to the warrant requirement may be exercised if ______.

A)consent is not given, but police believe you are acting nervous
B)police illegally stop you, but see drug paraphernalia in your passenger seat
C)police believe someone will be harmed if they wait for a warrant
D)consent is not given, but another person tells an officer that you have something illegal

Question 5

Legal documents that allow officers to complete a search of person's belongings are referred to as ______.

A)cease-and-desist notices
B)warrants
C)subpoenas
D)restraining orders

Question 6

______ is considered to be one of the most powerful tools of the criminal justice system.

A)Duty
B)Honesty
C)Corruption
D)Discretion

Question 7

Which of the following was identified as a way an ethical dilemma can occur?

A)accountability
B)discretion
C)deliberation
D)legitimacy

Question 8

Which of the following was identified as a reason as to why ethical dilemmas occur?

A)when the officer has determined the right path to action
B)when following the right path is easy
C)when the wrong path becomes tempting to the officer
D)when their superiors force them to follow the wrong path

Question 9

Which of the following occurs when an officer is unsure about the right path of action, when following the right path is difficult, or when the wrong path becomes tempting to the officer?

A)discretion
B)ethical dilemma
C)good faith exception
D)rotten apple theory

Question 10

______ allows for officers to determine when to stop an individual, when to issue a citation, and when to initiate an arrest.

A)Discretion
B)Duty
C)Corruption
D)Probable cause

Question 11

Which of the following cases held that while the police could seize an containers found within the car, they could not open them without a warrant?

A)Carroll v.United States
B)United States v.Chadwick
C)United States v.Ross
D)Mapp v.Ohio

Question 12

In what case did the exclusionary rule establish that, if evidence is obtained outside of the context of a warrant, such items must be excluded and cannot be used against someone in a court of law?

A)Mapp v.Ohio
B)United States v.Chadwick
C)California v.Acevedo
D)Terry v.Ohio

Question 13

In which of the following cases did the court consider whether the automobile exception applied to an unaccompanied vehicle parked in a person's driveway?

A)Collins v.Virginia
B)United States v.Chadwick
C)United States v.Ross
D)Birchfield v.North Dakota

Question 14

A type of search that occurs when the individual gives permission to conduct a search is referred to as ______.

A)permission search
B)consent search
C)warranted search
D)unwarranted search

Question 15

The Rhode Island v.Innis case sought to clarify the meaning of the term ______.

A)search
B)warrant
C)interrogation
D)arrest

Question 16

If the police act in accordance with the law, but make an unintended error, then the evidence can still be used.This is referred to as ______.

A)the good faith exception
B)probable cause
C)the exclusionary rule
D)the fruit of the poison tree

Question 17

With regard to automobile searches, if someone is pulled over for a lawful traffic stop and placed under arrest, then the police can search a vehicle without a warrant if they have probable cause to arrest the occupants of the vehicle and if they have probable cause that the car contains illegal items.This is known as the ______.

A)Chadwick doctrine
B)Innis doctrine
C)Acevedo doctrine
D)Carroll doctrine

Question 18

Indirect evidence that is obtained within the context of the exclusionary rule is known as the ______.

A)Carroll doctrine
B)good faith exception
C)probable cause
D)fruit of the poisoned tree doctrine

Question 19

A ______ is when a person's reasonable expectation of privacy is violated.

A)warrant
B)search
C)consent search
D)seizure

Question 20

In which of the following cases was the court faced with the question of whether an individual's refusal to submit to a breathalyzer or blood draw in a suspects DUI case is a crime?

A)Carroll v.United States
B)United States v.Chadwick
C)United States v.Ross
D)Birchfield v.North Dakota

Question 21

The ______ identified two categories of police corruption.

A)Ethical Challenges and Corruption Commission
B)Peel Commission
C)New York Corruption Commission
D)Knapp Commission

Question 22

Which of the following occurs when the race or ethnicity of an individual is used as the sole or primary determinant by the police when making decisions?

A)corruption
B)racial profiling
C)mooching
D)discretion

Question 23

______ is the decision to act, or NOT to act, based on an individual police officer's judgment regarding the best course of action to take in any given situation.

A)Probable cause
B)Police transparency
C)Police discretion
D)Ethical dilemma

Question 24

A form of corruption that involves receiving free items in exchange for favorable treatment is known as ______.

A)perjury
B)shakedown
C)mooching
D)stealing

Question 25

Officers who actively pursue corrupt activities that could result in significant and illegal gains are referred to as ______.

A)meat-eaters
B)grass-eaters
C)moochers
D)good apples

Question 26

An ethical dilemma where officers are faced with challenges based on how they view their role as police officers is referred to as an issue of ______.

A)discretion
B)honesty
C)corruption
D)duty

Question 27

Much of the research on racial profiling is focused on ______.

A)robberies
B)murders
C)traffic stops
D)status offenses

Question 28

Officers who are considered to be involved in corrupt activities in a passive sense are referred to as ______.

A)meat-eaters
B)grass-eaters
C)rotten apples
D)good apples

Question 29

What is one of the two categories of corruption that was identified by the Knapp Commission?

A)grass-eaters
B)plant-eaters
C)animal-eaters
D)leaf-eaters

Question 30

Which of the following occurs when officers fail to make good ethical decisions and the results of their actions lead to personal gain?

A)honesty
B)corruption
C)discretion
D)loyalty

Question 31

In policing, discretion allows for officers to determine ______.

A)when to stop an individual
B)that they can use excessive force
C)specific policies dictating how they should respond
D)when they are allowed to make decisions based on race or ethnicity

Question 32

While the decision in Whren v.United States (1996) permitted the police to stop motorists and search their vehicles if they had probable cause that the drivers were transporting contraband such as illegal drugs or weapons, it also gave officers permission to stop motorists based on their ______.

A)race
B)ethnicity
C)race and ethnicity
D)age

Question 33

What strategy would best prevent officers from engaging in racial profiling as well as protecting them from fabricated claims of discrimination?

A)a witnesses present who could testify that the officer did not engage in racial profiling
B)policies that would prohibit racial profiling
C)police officers wearing a body cam
D)guided procedures that mandate how officers should carry out traffic stops

Question 34

The ______ suggests that the corruption of a select few individuals can in turn shed a negative light on a department.

A)meat-eater theory
B)fruit of the poison tree theory
C)rotten-apple theory
D)grass-eater theory

Question 35

Failures of ______ can impact how the public views police and also lead to corruption.

A)honesty
B)duty
C)discretion
D)loyalty

Question 36

Which of the following individuals are more likely to believe they receive fair treatment?

A)women
B)minorities
C)young adults
D)juveniles

Question 37

According to data from a Gallup Poll, in 2013 24% of ______ surveyed stated that they had been treated poorly by the police during the past month.

A)young black men
B)middle-aged black men
C)young Hispanic men
D)middle-aged Hispanic men

Question 38

Officer Perez is considered to be corrupt.In order to protect himself, he has lied to cover up his wrongdoings.This is known as ______.

A)mooching
B)bribery
C)shakedown
D)perjury

Question 39

Taking items without paying for them is referred to as ______.

A)breakdown
B)mooching
C)bribery
D)shakedown

Question 40

Which of the following cases permitted the police to stop motorists and search their vehicles of they had probable cause that the drivers were transporting contraband?

A)Whren v.United States
B)Mapp v.Ohio
C)Tennessee v.Garner
D)Brown v.City of Oneonta

Question 41

Which of the following statements is consistent with the argument that police discretion is harmful to our criminal justice system?

A)It can manifest as racial profiling.
B)It can be used to mediate disputes, instead or making arrests.
C)It allows police officers to interpret criminal laws that are too vague.
D)It gives police officers the ability or option to handle community-level problems informally.

Question 42

Research has provided support for the idea that police officers have a great deal of discretion in how they deal with extralegal factors, such as ______.

A)gender, race, class, etc.
B)seriousness of the crime, gender, and past criminal history
C)past criminal history, race, class
D)race, seriousness of the crime, and past criminal history

Question 43

Research indicates that ______ can indirectly impact the levels of community satisfaction with the police.

A)race
B)age
C)gender
D)socioeconomic status

Question 44

Which type of force involves the use of restrain techniques such as wrist locks, bodily force, and choke holds?

A)physical force
B)impact force
C)electronic force
D)chemical force

Question 45

Which of the following was identified as an implication of occupational stress for police officers?

A)high job performance
B)enhanced racial profiling
C)physical and mental health problems
D)lack of collegiality

Question 46

Which type of force involves the use of tasers, which can temporarily incapacitate an offender?

A)physical force
B)impact force
C)electronic force
D)chemical force

Question 47

What case did the U.S.Supreme Court hold that deadly force may be used to prevent an escape of a known offender if the officer's life, or the lives of others around them, are at imminent risk?

A)Maryland v.King
B)California v.Acevedo
C)Tennessee v.Garner
D)Berghuis v.Thompkins

Question 48

Which type of force involves the use of restraining substances, such as pepper spray or mace?

A)physical force
B)impact force
C)electronic force
D)chemical force

Question 49

Which of the following was listed as a positive coping strategy for occupational stress?

A)bonuses
B)mentorship
C)drinking
D)partying

Question 50

Which of the following is an example of a police officer being reactive?

A)communicating with citizens
B)working with juveniles
C)responding only to 911 calls
D)working with social services

Question 51

One of the possible consequences of body-worn cameras is that officers may shift to a more ______ style of policing.

A)community-oriented
B)problem-solving
C)legalistic
D)predictive

Question 52

Which of the following was identified as a concern for the use of body-worn cameras?

A)protection of officers
B)greater transparency
C)protection of citizens
D)more bureaucracy

Question 53

______ is defined as the application of amount and/or frequency of force greater than required to compel compliance from a willing or unwilling subject.

A)Racial profiling
B)Excessive force
C)Mooching
D)Impact force

Question 54

Greater transparency can help improve all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A)police-community relations
B)build trust
C)increase discourtesy
D)enhance legitimacy

Question 55

Which of the following was identified as a factor that can influence the use of force decision-making process?

A)the current political climate
B)the culture and administrative policies within a department
C)the personal beliefs of the police officer
D)the education of the police off

Question 56

The legitimacy of the police is dependent on how officers deploy their power and authority is referred to as ______.

A)proper justice
B)procedural justice
C)appropriate justice
D)legitimate justice

Question 57

Research has shown that fatal cases that involved the use of a taser were more likely to involve a suspect who ______.

A)was young
B)was mentally ill
C)was homeless
D)was a smoker

Question 58

Which type of force involves the use of batons, flashlights, and other instruments that deliver force against an individual?

A)physical force
B)impact force
C)electronic force
D)chemical force

Question 59

Which of the following was identified as being a benefit for the use of body cameras by police officers?

A)technological limits
B)privacy issues
C)less proactivity
D)greater transparency

Question 60

Police use of discretion is often associated with ______ policing.

A)predictive
B)problem-oriented
C)community
D)order maintenance

Question 61

Reasonable suspicion means that an officer believes that an offense has been (or is about to be) committed.

Question 62

A legal document that allows an officer to complete a search of a person's belongings is referred to as a warrant.

Question 63

The rotten apply theory suggests that the corruption of a select few individuals can shed negative light on a department.

Question 64

If evidence is obtained outside of the context of a warrant, such items must be excluded and cannot be used against someone in a court of law.

Question 65

Excessive use of force is defined as "the application of amount and/or frequency of force greater than required to compel compliance from a willing or unwilling subject."

Question 66

The practice that allows police to take items and admit them into evidence is referred to as seizure.

Question 67

Changes in technology have also impacted the use of force.

Question 68

The Miranda warning provides rights based on the Fourth Amendment.

Question 69

As a police officer, you are expected to be honest in your interactions with the public as well as fellow officers or other criminal justice professionals.

Question 70

In Mapp v.Ohio, the Court held that the search, given the context of the officer's observations, was reasonable and therefore, the search was committed legally.

Question 71

Officers who actively pursue corrupt activities that could result in significant and illegal gains are referred to as grass-eaters.

Question 72

United States v.Chadwick held that there is the same expectation of privacy in an automobile compared to a residence.

Question 73

Research indicates that race can indirectly impact the levels of community satisfaction with the police.

Question 74

Chemical force involves the use of substances such as pepper spray or mace.

Question 75

A consent search occurs when the individual gives permission to conduct a search.

Question 76

Impact force involves the use of physical restraint techniques such as wrist locks, bodily force, and chokeholds.

Question 77

Of categories of police corruption, identified by the New York City Police Department investigation in the 1970s, meat-eaters were considered more dangerous.

Question 78

In Tennessee v.Garner the U.S.Supreme Court held that deadly force may be used to prevent an escape of a known offender if the officer's life, or the lives of others around them, are at imminent risk.

Question 79

The good-faith exception posits that if evidence is obtained without a warrant as a result of unintended error, then the evidence can still be used.

Question 80

Racial profiling occurs when the race or ethnicity of an individual is used as the sole or primary determinant by the police when making decisions.