Deck 7: Evidence-Based Relationships

Question 1

Based on person-centered theory, congruence is:

A) Less a skill and more an experience.
B) A skill that is best taught via behavior modification
C) Best guided by the clinician's spontaneous intuition
D) Clear and concrete
E) To be avoided at all costs

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is/are offered by the authors as a guideline(s) for using congruence in a clinical interview?

A) Initial spontaneous thoughts and reactions to clients should stimulate personal reflection, not immediate disclosure
B) If you have a negative reaction to a client, try to transform it to your internal experience and find a way to express it in a positive manner
C) Be congruent and express your inner feelings to your clients-even if they're sexual in nature
D) All of the above
E) Only A and B

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Allison is conducting an initial interview. She feels an impulse to act transparent/congruent. What's the most important questions to ask herself?

A) Am I being completely honest?
B) Would my disclosure help facilitate my client's work?
C) What sexual feelings am I having that I should share?
D) What don't I like about this client?
E) Is the time up yet?

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Transference involves:

A) A client responding with actions, thoughts, or feelings that feel inappropriate (e.g., too intense)
B) Inappropriate reactions from the therapist.
C) An outdated, vague, and elusive concept.
D) An interviewing situation that should be ignored and avoided.
E) Gender or cultural based discrimination.

Question 5

Based on their meta-analysis focusing on congruence, Kolden and colleagues (2011) concluded:

A) Minority therapists should avoid using congruence with non-minority clients
B) Congruence is the most statistically robust of all relationship factors
C) Congruence produced a medium positive effect
D) Both A and B
E) Both A and C

Question 6

Which of the following are components of Carl Rogers's definition of empathy?

A) Therapist ability or skill
B) Therapist attitude or willingness
C) Entering the client's frame of reference or perspective-taking
D) Sensing meanings of which the client is barely aware
E) All of the above

Question 7

In their meta-analysis of research on unconditional positive regard, Farber and Doolin (2011) noted that:

A) Non-minority therapists may use unconditional positive regard to help improve trust with minority clients
B) Unconditional positive regard is the most statistically robust of all relationship factors
C) Unconditional positive regard produced a medium positive effect
D) Both A and B
E) Both A and C

Question 8

Unconditional positive regard:

A) Includes a nonjudgmental acceptance of the client.
B) Includes positive feelings toward the client.
C) Should be directly expressed.
D) Both A and B
E) Both A and C

Question 9

Meta-analyses of research on empathy indicate:

A) That empathy contributes only a small influence on treatment outcomes
B) That empathy is a simple and easily measured construct
C) That empathy probably accounts for as much and perhaps more outcome variance than specific interventions
D) That empathy is unknowable and unmeasurable
E) Both A and B

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT one of Carl Rogers's core conditions?

A) Congruence
B) Unconditional positive regard
C) Accurate empathy
D) Expertness
E) These are all Rogerian core conditions

Question 11

As a neuroscientific phenomenon, empathy appears to:

A) Primarily involve the motor cortex
B) Engage many different brain structures, chemicals, and hormones
C) Continue to be completely neglected by neuroscientists
D) Be facilitated by the medulla oblongata
E) None of the above are true

Question 12

"I know how you feel" and "I've been through something just like that" are examples of what?

A) Unconditional positive regard
B) Accurate empathy
C) Misguided empathic statements
D) Empathic understanding
E) Paraphrasing

Question 13

Definitions of empathy can be broken down into multiple core sub-processes; which of the following is NOT one of these sub-processes?

A) Emotional simulation
B) Perspective-taking
C) Cognition matching
D) Emotion regulation
E) All of the above have been identified as sub-processes

Question 14

Supporters of the psychotherapy-as-relationship position in the "Great Psychotherapy Debate" criticize empirical approaches because:

A) They are manualized
B) They are not shown to be effective
C) They are not shown to be efficacious
D) They are based on qualitative research
E) Both B and C are true

Question 15

Empirical research on empathy suggests that it contributes to positive treatment outcomes in four ways. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of these ways?

A) Empathy improves the therapeutic relationship.
B) Empathy directly encourages clients to think and behave in more adaptive ways.
C) Empathy can provide a corrective emotional experience.
D) Empathy facilitates client self-exploration.
E) These are all ways that empathy contributes to positive outcomes.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT true regarding accurate empathy?

A) Empathy requires inference and runs the risk of possible projection.
B) Empathy is both an intellectual and an affective process.
C) Empathy is a relatively simple process that is achieved merely by asking Carkhuff's "empathy question."
D) Empathy should initially be stated in a tentative manner.
E) All of the above are true

Question 17

In 1957, Carl Rogers claimed that which of the following was "necessary and sufficient" for positive change in psychotherapy?

A) A corrective emotional experience
B) Collaborative goal-setting
C) A certain type of relationship
D) An accurate diagnosis
E) Both B and C

Question 18

The "Great Psychotherapy Debate" Refers to:

A) Whether counseling and psychotherapy is efficacious
B) Whether counseling is more effective than psychotherapy
C) Whether empirically validated procedures or therapeutic relationships are more important to positive outcomes
D) Whether randomized control trials or effectiveness studies are more appropriate for establishing a scientific foundation for therapy
E) None of the above

Question 19

Which of the following would NOT be an appropriate way of expressing of positive regard?

A) Showing that you remember parts of a client's life story.
B) Making an effort to accept and respect clients.
C) Telling clients directly that you will like and accept them unconditionally.
D) Giving your clients a hug at the beginning of each session.
E) Both C and D are inappropriate.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT true regarding congruence in the clinical interview?

A) Congruence means that a person's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors match.
B) Congruence should be accompanied by an examination of your motives.
C) Congruence means honestly saying whatever comes to your mind.
D) Congruence should always be combined with good clinical judgment.
E) All of above are true regarding congruence in the clinical interview.

Question 21

Countertransference (CT) management refers to:

A) An unfilled management position for a psychoanalytic therapy outcome researcher
B) Clinicians' efforts to do something about or with their CT reactions
C) Clinicians' efforts to do something or "counter" their clients transference reactions
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 22

Research on the relationship ruptures has shown:

A) Rupture repair can sometimes be achieved
B) Best practice is to not address ruptures or strains and hope they will spontaneously resolve
C) Clinician-client goal consensus has no relationship to treatment outcomes
D) Spontaneous rupture resolution is empirically supported
E) Both B and D

Question 23

Bordin's model of the working alliance consists of which of the following dimensions?

A) Goal consensus or agreement
B) Collaborative engagement in mutual tasks
C) Development of a relational bond
D) All of the above
E) Only A and B

Question 24

Research on countertransference (CT) has shown:

A) Unaddressed CT tends to be associated with slightly poorer treatment outcomes
B) CT reactions can teach therapists about their own important underlying conflicts Transference cannot be reliably and validly measured
C) CT is considered a natural phenomenon and useful source of information that can contribute to therapy process and outcome
D) All of the above are supported
E) Only A and B are supported

Question 25

Therapeutic modeling works through which of the following mechanisms?

A) Feedback processing
B) Feed-forward
C) Self-efficacy
D) No one knows the exact mechanism
E) Both A and C

Question 26

Richard comes to a second interview session and tells you he has failed to complete the homework assignment you gave him. This reminds you of the same trouble you're having with your son. You begin feeling very impatient and disappointed in Richard and scold him. What label is usually given to describe the feelings you feel toward Richard?

A) Transference
B) Countertransference
C) Resistance
D) Reaction formation
E) None of the above

Question 27

Therapeutic modeling might also be considered as involving:

A) Identification
B) Interpersonal mirroring
C) Internalization
D) Interpersonal processing
E) Both A and C

Question 28

Contemporary definitions of countertransference have been divided into categories; which of the following is NOT one of those categories?

A) Classical
B) Totalistic
C) Complementary
D) Relational
E) Interpersonal

Question 29

In addition to Bordin's three dimensions that help create a strong working alliance, which of the following can also contribute to positive outcomes?

A) Physical touch
B) Progress monitoring
C) Humor
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 30

Maria attends her first therapy session and brings drawings for her therapist to view. When the therapist acts neutral she gets angry and demands that the therapist tell her what he thinks. Maria is most likely experiencing:

A) Countertransference.
B) Transference.
C) Corrective emotional experience.
D) Self-disclosure.
E) None of the above

Question 31

Regardless of the theoretical orientation, length of treatment, and type of problem, what does research suggest that all therapists should try to maintain with their clients?

A) Corrective emotional experience
B) A positive perspective
C) A working alliance or positive therapeutic relationship
D) Vague treatment goals
E) None of the above

Question 32

As a beginning therapist dealing with transference the authors suggest you keep in mind which of the following principles?

A) Be aware that repeating inappropriate transference reactions may occur during an interview.
B) Notice repeating patterns internally and then when a pattern is very clear, notice it with an explicit comment.
C) Collaboratively explore repeating patterns that may be significant.
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 33

Research on transference has shown:

A) Transference reactions during sessions can be reliably and validly measured That empathy is a simple and easily measured construct
B) Transference in therapy tends to be highly similar to contemporary relationship patterns observed outside therapy
C) Transference cannot be reliably and validly measured
D) Working directly with transference in therapy provides no positive contribution to therapy outcomes
E) Both A and B are supported

Question 34

Research on the working alliance has shown:

A) Higher alliance ratings were related to better treatment outcomes
B) Clinician-client goal consensus has no relationship to treatment outcomes
C) When clinicians solicit feedback about the clinician-client relationship, they're viewed as weak by their clients
D) None of the above are supported
E) Only B and C are supported

Question 35

Which of the following is true regarding countertransference (CT) management?

A) Countertransference is essentially unmanageable
B) Having a history of meditation practice can lower your reactivity to clients and improve CT management
C) Personal psychotherapy for clinicians has been shown to have no effect on countertransference
D) To be effectively managed, CT should be kept private; DO NOT consult with colleagues or supervisors about it
E) CT reactions are a sign that you're in the wrong profession

Question 36

What are the two types of relationship ruptures?

A) Stress and strain
B) Pressure and input
C) Withdrawal and confrontation
D) Collaborative and mismatch
E) Mental and physical

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT RECOMMENDED as a rupture repair strategy?

A) Gentle questioning
B) Self-disclosure/immediacy
C) Acknowledgement of an empathic failure
D) Counter-confrontation
E) Conceding to the client's experience

Question 38

Everett has a client who is expressing discontent during his initial session. His client has questioned Everett's competence. This may be a rupture that can be classified as:

A) Confrontation
B) Withdrawal
C) Melt down
D) Strain
E) Hostile

Question 39

Which of the following strategies were recommended for developing a positive working alliance?

A) Role induction
B) Clinicians keeping separate goals from clients
C) Collaborative goal-setting
D) All of the above
E) Only A and C

Question 40

Relationship ruptures are defined as:

A) Tensions or breakdowns in the clinician-client collaborative relationship
B) Inadequate role induction
C) A psychoanalytic concept
D) A strain in the clinician-supervisor relationship
E) All of the above

Question 41

Which of the following is/are true of the concepts of identification and internalization?

A) Identification is a precursor to internalization.
B) They are psychoanalytic and object relations theoretical constructs.
C) They are fixed at birth.
D) Both A and B are true.
E) Both B and C are true.

Question 42

Why do therapists with a feminist orientation engage in mutuality?

A) To empower clients
B) To make the therapist-client relationship more egalitarian
C) To demonstrate the fact that they view the client as the expert
D) All of the above
E) Both A and B

Question 43

How is mutual empathy defined?

A) As clients seeing-experiencing-knowing their emotional effect on their therapists within a safe environment
B) As clients being able to see their therapists experiencing empathic resonance
C) As a too-close emotional symbiosis
D) All of the above are true
E) Only A and B are true

Question 44

Which of the following is true about mutuality?

A) It involves a sharing process
B) It means that power, decision making, goal selection, and learning are shared
C) It focuses on having feminist therapists take the lead in interviewing interactions
D) Both A and B are true
E) None of the above is true

Question 45

Leon and his client Murph, hold vastly different worldviews. This might make the likelihood of _____________ occurring difficult.

A) Identification
B) Internal knowing
C) Empowerment
D) Countertransference
E) Empathic understanding