Deck 8: Everyday Memory

Question 1

The study by Woike et al. (1999) distinguished between the communal personality type and which other personality type that emphasises independence, achievement and personal power?

A) Agentic
B) Selfish
C) Ego-depleted
D) Ought-self
E) Cognitive self

Answer 1

Agentic

Question 2

What was found by Talarico and Rubin (2003) in their comparison of flashbulb and everyday memories?

A) The vividness of flashbulb memories declined dramatically over the 32-week period
B) People were good at judging the accuracy of their memories
C) Flashbulb memories showed no more consistency over time than everyday memories
D) The vividness of everyday memories increased over the 32-week period
E) The vividness of flashbulb memories increased over the 32-week period

Answer 2

Flashbulb memories showed no more consistency over time than everyday memories

Question 3

Conway (2005) argued that people strive to have their autobiographical memories exhibit which two properties?

A) Abundance and independent
B) Diversity and abstractness
C) Self-actualisation and integration
D) Specificity and contingency
E) Coherence and correspondence

Answer 3

Coherence and correspondence

Question 4

In Valentine et al.'s (2003) study of eyewitness identification from 314 real line-ups, how many eyewitnesses correctly identified the actual suspect?

A) 0.4
B) 0.5
C) 0.6
D) 0.7
E) 0.8

Question 5

Which type of information is most affected by misleading post-event information?

A) Peripheral details
B) Central details
C) Weapon details
D) Core details
E) Self-relevant details

Question 6

The findings of Lindsay et al. (2004) demonstrated how eyewitnesses' memories could be distorted by thematically similar:

A) Post-event information
B) Rehearsal
C) Stereotype information
D) Pre-event information
E) Conformity cues

Question 7

The phenomenon whereby eyewitness memory is influenced by prior expectations is known as:

A) Weapon focus
B) Encoding specificity principle
C) Confirmation bias
D) Observer bias
E) Post-event bias

Question 8

Which brain region associated with memory is generated within the hippocampus early in development?

A) Subiculum
B) Pons
C) Prefrontal cortex
D) Dentate gyrus
E) Anterior cingulate

Question 9

Bartlett (1932) argued that people commonly make use of expectation-shaping packets of knowledge stored in long-term memory, known as:

A) Heuristics
B) Stereotypes
C) Unconscious desires
D) Compulsions
E) Schemas

Question 10

The target was correctly identified more often with same-race faces than other-race ones (Megreya et al.). This is an example of?

A) Out-group
B) Same-race effect
C) In-group
D) Cross-race effect
E) Other-race effect

Question 11

According to social-cultural developmental theory , what is key to autobiographic memory development?

A) Reading and writing
B) Listening and social interaction
C) Reading and culture
D) Language and culture
E) None of the above

Question 12

Brown and Kulik (1977) argued flashbulb memories typically include information about:

A) Informant
B) Place where the news was heard
C) Individual's own emotional state
D) Emotional state of others
E) All of the above

Question 13

According to Conway and Pleydell-Pearce's (2000) self-memory theory, the autobiographical memory knowledge base contains personal memories at how many levels of specificity?

A) Two
B) Three
C) Four
D) Five
E) Six

Question 14

According to Conway and Pleydell-Pearce's (2000) theory, which two methods of retrieval are used to access autobiographical memories?

A) Direct and generative
B) Direct and indirect
C) Proactive and retroactive
D) Retrograde and anterograde
E) Explicit and implicit

Question 15

Freud argued that childhood amnesia is caused by:

A) Repression
B) The emergence of the cognitive self
C) Maternal reminiscing style
D) Damage to the brain
E) Lack of language

Question 16

Compared to participants in an everyday memory study, participants in a traditional memory study are more likely to be driven by:

A) The need for accuracy
B) The need to enhance self-esteem
C) The need for honesty
D) The need for reward
E) The need for ecological validity

Question 17

What are the main functions of autobiographic memory?

A) Social function
B) Directive function
C) Self-function
D) A and C
E) A, B and C

Question 18

The study by Loftus and Palmer (1974) demonstrated how eyewitnesses' memories can be influenced by:

A) Pre-event information
B) Confirmation bias
C) Rehearsal
D) Misleading information
E) Reward

Question 19

According to Howe and Courage (1997), infantile amnesia is most directly related to the emergence of:

A) Short-term memory structures
B) Repression
C) Language
D) The unconscious
E) The cognitive self

Question 20

The phenomenon whereby a surprisingly large number of memories come from the ages 10 to 30 is termed:

A) Infantile amnesia
B) Repression
C) Reminiscence bump
D) Retrospective interference
E) Source amnesia

Question 21

Roy (1991) advised that distractions should be minimised, with pauses between responses and the next question, in their:

A) Cognitive interview
B) Encoding specificity principle
C) Enhanced cognitive interview
D) Simultaneous line-up
E) Sequential line-up

Question 22

Remembering to perform a given action in the appropriate circumstances involves:

A) Event-based retrospective memory
B) Event-based prospective memory
C) Time-based prospective memory
D) Time-based retrospective memory
E) Knowledge-based prospective memory

Question 23

According to Einstein and McDaniel's (2005) multiprocess framework, the detection of cues for response is "automatic" when which following criteria are fulfilled?

A) The ongoing task is focal
B) The cue on the prospective-memory task and the to-be-performed action are highly associated
C) The cue is salient
D) The indended action is simple
E) All of the above

Question 24

In the study by Jenkins et al. (2011), participants showed very poor face recognition. Why?

A) Varability
B) Replicability
C) Similarity
D) Unfamiliarity
E) Typicality

Question 25

Brown et al. (2017) replicated the other-race effect. They found greater activation in which network?

A) Fronto-temporal network
B) Default mode network
C) Fronto-parietal network
D) Salience network
E) Tempo-parietal network

Question 26

McDaniel et al. (2013) argued the monitoring required to perform a non-focal task would involve:

A) Working memory
B) Top-down attentional control
C) Bottom-up attentional control
D) Sustained activity
E) Transient activty

Question 27

According to McDaniel et al. (2013), sustained activity in the ____ would be involved in attentional control?

A) anterior parietal cortex
B) lateral prefrontal cortex
C) anterior prefrontal cortex
D) medial temporal lobe
E) hippocampus