Deck 15: Cognition and Emotion

Question 1

Cognitive processes influence ___ we experience emotional states and _____ emotional state we experience

A) how, when
B) what, how
C) when, what
D) why, what
E) why, how

Answer 1

when, what

Question 2

Eich (1995) argued state has ____ influence when crucial information is presented explicitly at retrieval

A) more
B) similar
C) exaggerated
D) less
E) no difference

Answer 2

less

Question 3

What did Koster et al. (2017) conclude about cognitive control interventions in the treatment of depression?

A) Reduces anxiety
B) Reduces depression
C) Reduces cognitive vulnerability
D) Reduces aggression
E) Inhibits anxiety and depression

Answer 3

Reduces cognitive vulnerability

Question 4

There are substantial ______ in cognitive appraisal of emotional events (Kuppens, 2013):

A) interpretation differences
B) control differences
C) neural differences
D) individual differences
E) physiological differences

Question 5

In the ongoing debate over the structure of emotions, Barrett and Russell (1998) proposed that misery-pleasure and arousal-sleep represented two:

A) Discrete categories of emotion
B) Uncorrelated dimensions of emotion
C) Correlated dimensions of emotion
D) Descriptions of the same underlying, one-dimensional emotion space
E) None of these

Question 6

The Stroop effect indicates that word identification is generally:

A) Controlled
B) Effortful
C) Difficult
D) Automatic
E) Strategic

Question 7

Attentional bias is shown in the emotional Stroop task when participants:

A) Take less time to name the colours of emotion-congruent words than neutral words
B) Take longer to name the colours of emotion-incongruent words than neutral words
C) Take longer to name the colours of emotion-congruent words than neutral words
D) Take longer to name the emotion displayed by the blue happy face than by the yellow happy face
E) Take longer to name the colours of emotion-incongruent words than emotion-congruent words

Question 8

Why does anger impair decision-making?

A) It leads to shallow processing based on heuristics
B) It leads to bottom-up processing
C) It leads to deeper processing based on heuristics
D) It leads to shallow processing based on emotion-regulation strategy
E) It leads to increased regulation and monitoring of emotions

Question 9

"Any short-term evaluative, affective, intentional, psychological state" is the description of:

A) Mood
B) Affect
C) Emotion
D) Valence
E) Appraisal

Question 10

The tendency to exhibit superior performance for negative information on memory tests not involving conscious recollection is what type of bias?

A) Interpretive bias
B) Implicit memory bias
C) Cognitive bias
D) Attentional bias
E) Explicit memory bias

Question 11

The tendency to retrieve most negative or unpleasant rather than positive or neutral information on memory tests involving conscious recollection is known as what type of bias?

A) Interpretive bias
B) Implicit memory bias
C) Cognitive bias
D) Attentional bias
E) Explicit memory bias

Question 12

The tendency to interpret ambiguous stimuli and situations in a negative fashion is known as what kind of bias?

A) Attentional
B) Explicit memory
C) Implicit memory
D) Inattentional
E) Interpretive

Question 13

According to Fernandez et al. (2016), why are patients with emotional disorders poor at emotion regulation?

A) They find it hard to identify emotions that need regulating
B) They fail to select an effective emotion-regulation strategy
C) They ineffectively apply the selected strategy
D) They often fail to monitor the implemented strategy
E) All of the above

Question 14

What type of cognitive behavioural therapy has been used to modify cognitive factors in psychiatric conditions?

A) Emotion regulation therapy
B) Cognitive bias modification
C) Cognitive therapy
D) Behaviour therapy
E) Cognitive control training

Question 15

According to Aldao et al. (2015), what might contribute to patients' emotional disturbances?

A) Inflexible emotion regulation
B) Inflexible hormone regulation
C) Increased dopamine
D) Decreased serotonin
E) Flexible emotion regulation

Question 16

According to locationist theories, fear is strongly associated with the ____, disgust with the ____, anger with the _____ and sadness with the ______:

A) amgydala, insula, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate
B) insula, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, posterior cingulate
C) cingulate, amygdala, inferior temporal lobe, insula, orbitofrontal cortex
D) orbitofrontal cortex, anterioro commissure, insula, amygdala
E) Mammillary bodies, posterior cingulate, pituarity, occiptal lobe

Question 17

Mood state exerts less influence when crucial information is explicitly presented, according to which principle coined by Eich (1995)?

A) Do-it-yourself
B) Explicit mood dependence
C) Generative
D) Implicit relevance
E) Internal variation

Question 18

How many emotional states did Cowen and Keltner (2017, 2018) analyse?

A) 5
B) 55
C) 98
D) 27
E) 10

Question 19

Future threats are most associated with which disorder?

A) Visual agnosia
B) Apraxia
C) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) Anxiety
E) Depression

Question 20

Self-reported negative affect is associated most strongly with activation of what brain region?

A) Dorsal prefrontal cortex
B) Medial prefrontal cortex
C) Primary and secondary visual cortex
D) Temporo-parietal junction
E) Thalamus

Question 21

Everaert et al. (2017) obtained two main findings in a review of interpretive bias in depression. First there was a strong relationship between depression and interpretive bias for patients clinically depressed and depressed healthy individuals. What was the second finding?

A) There was a weak relationship between depression and interpretive bias for just clinically depressed patients
B) There was a strong relationship between hearing motivational sayings and clinically depressed individuals
C) There were no individual differences
D) The people in the study all shared the same commonalities of depression
E) The relationship was stronger with self-referential material than non-self-referential material

Question 22

According to Clark and Watson's (1991) tripartite model, physiological hyperarousal is present in ____ but not ____

A) anxiety, depression
B) anxiety, anger
C) anger, sadness
D) fear, depression
E) fear, anger

Question 23

What key issue is raised when studying anxiety, depression and cognitive biases?

A) Individual differences
B) Interpretation
C) Causality
D) Association
E) Heuristics