Deck 26: East and West in the Grip of the Cold War

Question 1

Which eastern European nation defied Stalin's attempt to control it after the World War II?

A) Vichy under Petain
B) Finland under Ulbricht
C) Poland under Yaruzelski
D) Yugoslavia under Tito
E) Germany under Petain

Answer 1

Yugoslavia under Tito

Question 2

Josip Tito

A) had attended Peking University with Mao Zedong.
B) devised a decentralized variety of Communism, different from "Stalinism."
C) was defeated in his attempt to become Prime Minister of Yugoslavia as the result of American campaigning against socialist or communist leaders.
D) was part of the government-in-exile during the war.
E) was an ally of Joseph Stalin in the latter's attempt to crush the Serbs.

Answer 2

devised a decentralized variety of Communism, different from "Stalinism."

Question 3

The Chinese Civil War

A) lasted for fourteen years, from its beginning with the capture of Bao Dai by the Guomindang in 1936 until the victory of the People's Liberation Army in 1950.
B) became a factor in United States domestic politics after Mao's victory over the Nationalists.
C) ended in a truce brokered by General Marshall, who created a coalition government in China.
D) was lost, according to the Truman administration, because of the incapacity of Sun Yat-sen's government and army.
E) ended with Mao's capture of Taiwan.

Answer 3

became a factor in United States domestic politics after Mao's victory over the Nationalists.

Question 4

What foreign policy strategy did George Kennan advocate in a 1947 Foreign Affairs article?

A) Passive aggression
B) Synergetic harmonization
C) Containment
D) Empiricism
E) Isolationism

Question 5

The European Recovery Program was better known as the

A) Five Point Program.
B) Stillman Plan.
C) Acheson Plan.
D) European Community.
E) Marshall Plan.

Question 6

Soviet reactions to the Marshall Plan included

A) military occupation of Finland and Denmark.
B) direct participation in its aid benefits.
C) the creation of a program of competitive financial aid to East Asia.
D) the view that the plan was an effort by the United States at imperialist domination of Europe.
E) a new policy of international cooperation.

Question 7

When the Soviet Union implemented a blockade of West Berlin, preventing all traffic from entering the city's western areas,

A) U.S. planes flew in food and other needed supplies.
B) the Western powers planned direct military action.
C) Western tanks rolled into the city in an attempt to drive the Soviets out.
D) the United States issued an ultimatum to the Soviet Union.
E) thousands of West Berliners faced starvation and many of them died.

Question 8

In reviewing the origins of the Cold War, the text

A) remarked on the unusual nature of intense competition between two societies so heavily influenced by Western civilization.
B) supports the view of many revisionist historians that United States policies drove Stalin to adopt a hostile view of the West.
C) states that both nations were working within a framework conditioned by the past, from their different historical perspective and their irreconcilable political ambitions.
D) proposes the Cold War actually originated in East Asia.
E) blames the British Labour government for manipulating America into an anti-Soviet policy.

Question 9

The ____ stated that the United States would provide aid for any nation that was being threatened by communist subversion.

A) Yalta system
B) Truman Doctrine
C) Marshall Plan
D) Nonalignment Movement
E) Helsinki Accords

Question 10

Churchill's March 1946, speech stated that

A) British troops had preemptively seized the Iranian oil fields.
B) Britain was on the verge of financial collapse.
C) an "iron curtain" had "descended across the Continent."
D) Mao Zedong could not be trusted to keep the peace.
E) war with the Soviet Union would take place shortly.

Question 11

Events causing Stalin to become uneasy about United States intentions between 1945 and 1950 included

A) the provision of American economic and military aid to the Ukraine.
B) the stationing of United States ground forces in Finland and Iraq.
C) plans to merge the American, British and French occupation zones in Germany into a West German republic.
D) the ban on Soviet participation in the European Recovery Program.
E) the American threat to use atomic weapons the Middle East.

Question 12

Soviet actions to counter the formation of NATO included

A) the secret treaty with France, made in 1949 and publicized only in 1959, to share military alliance information in times of international stress caused by America.
B) the creation of the Warsaw Pact, which created a trade zone in eastern Europe.
C) the creation of the German Federal Republic in 1949.
D) the development of the Warsaw Pact as a military balance to NATO.
E) a treaty with Turkey and Greece guaranteeing their boundaries against attacks by Yugoslavia.

Question 13

At the Yalta Conference in February 1945,

A) the peace treaty ending World War II was signed.
B) the Soviet Union reminded the world of its commitment to communism.
C) the United Nations was created.
D) Truman issued his Truman Doctrine.
E) leaders of the U.S., Soviet Union, and Britain affirmed their desire to maintain the cooperative relationship they began during World War II.

Question 14

Between the mid-1930s and the end of World War II,

A) Chiang Kai-shek finally obtained a firm grip on all but northwest China, and implemented a "crash program" of modernization, which won peasant support.
B) the Chinese Communists steadily increased their power so that by 1945 up to thirty million people were under their control.
C) Japan made peace with Chiang in 1940, joining him in a war against Mao's Communists.
D) Mao Zedong married Chiang's daughter, which reunited China until the late 1950s.
E) the Chinese Communist party changed its focus from organizing peasants to winning over the middle class city dwellers and the large bankers in Shanghai.

Question 15

At the outset of the Chinese civil war, what was Josef Stalin's reaction?

A) He trusted and admired the independent-minded communist leader Mao Zedong.
B) He did not expect a communist victory.
C) He sent troops to aid the communist faction.
D) He supported Chiang Kai-shek.
E) He agreed to bomb Chinese border towns.

Question 16

Before mid-1948, the United States had

A) broken with its foreign policy traditions by pledging large amounts of economic aid to assist nations threatened by Fascism.
B) sent over 200,000 soldiers to Vietnam and Malaya to back French and British troops against Communist movements.
C) sent General George C. Marshall to China to negotiate a coalition government and thwart communism there.
D) withdrawn completely from any involvement in Europe's affairs.
E) announced that it had destroyed all of its nuclear weapons.

Question 17

By the end of ______, almost all of Manchuria was under Communist control.

A) 1932
B) 1947
C) 1953
D) 1959
E) 1961

Question 18

The treaty of 1949 between the United States, Canada, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Britain, the Netherlands, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, and Iceland created the military alliance known as

A) the Warsaw Pact.
B) NATO.
C) COMECON.
D) SEATO.
E) CENTO.

Question 19

Which island was increasingly seen by the United States as a crucial element in American defense strategy in the Pacific during the winter of 1949-1950?

A) Oahu
B) Hong Kong
C) Taiwan
D) Sakhalin
E) Hainan.

Question 20

Which of the following countries avoided the pattern of soviet dominance in Eastern Europe?

A) East Germany
B) Bulgaria
C) Poland
D) Yugoslavia
E) Romania

Question 21

The "Kitchen Debate"

A) occurred in New Delhi in 1961.
B) saw Richard Nixon debating American kitchen technology with Nikita Khrushchev during a cultural exchange event.
C) was between Leonid Brezhnev and Dwight Eisenhower at Disneyland in 1957.
D) was the first "capitalist" show on Soviet television.
E) was the first "communist" show on Western television.

Question 22

The original objective of the Allied division of Korea in 1945 was to

A) protect American and Japanese troops in Manchuria.
B) create two independent, separate nations on the peninsula.
C) create a Communist north and an anti-Communist south.
D) establish a reunified, independent nation on the peninsula after reestablishing order.
E) establish a permanent Soviet-American presence on the Korean peninsula.

Question 23

The Korean War

A) was fought by a United Nations force composed mainly of South Korean and United States troops against North Korean forces and, after late 1950, Chinese "volunteers."
B) began only five months after the Soviet and American governments had established a new, unified government there and withdrawn their armies of occupation.
C) was caused by domestic disagreements between Korean factions in the south.
D) involved large numbers of Chinese troops after United Nations air forces bombed Manchuria.
E) was finally won when 250,000 American troops captured the North Korean capital after a four month siege.

Question 24

Reforms implemented by Alexander Dubocek in ____ led to a period of great happiness known as ____.

A) Hungary; Hungarian Revolution
B) East Germany; Nonalignment Movement
C) Poland; Warsaw Elation
D) Czechoslovakia; Prague Spring
E) Austria; Nationalist Summer

Question 25

What led China to enter the war in Korea?

A) Obligations under an earlier pact with Korea
B) Japan's entry into the war
C) Stalin's urging that China get involved to ensure Korea remain communist
D) Anger at the involvement of the United Nations in the war
E) Fears that the U.S. might place troops on its border and possibly attack China

Question 26

The Cuban Missile Crisis

A) was the first major Mexican-Cuban crisis.
B) was a direct attempt by the United States to remove Fidel Castro from power.
C) was a direct attempt by the Soviet Union to launch a nuclear attack on America.
D) brought the world to the brink of nuclear war, but, eventually, produced a lessening of Cold War tension between the superpowers.
E) caused several military confrontations between the superpowers in world "hot zones."

Question 27

"Peaceful coexistence"

A) was a term first coined by Joseph Stalin in the 1940s.
B) was first used by Sun Yat-sen in 1921.
C) was treated with suspicion by United States leaders, especially after the Soviet crushing of the unrest in Hungary in 1956.
D) delayed the development of cultural exchanges of theatrical and other groups.
E) was eagerly embraced by President Truman as an alternative to nuclear war.

Question 28

Factors weakening Chiang Kai-shek during the Civil War included

A) middle class indifference toward his regime because of its refusal to provide them with lucrative government jobs.
B) peasant enthusiasm to communist promises to give land to the peasants.
C) the refusal of the United States to give even limited military support to the Nationalist armies.
D) the fact that 85,000 former Japanese occupation troops were fighting in his army and elite Japanese units formed his bodyguard.
E) Chiang's alliance with Japan during World War II.

Question 29

In October 1956, student-led riots began in ____ to protest the brutality of a leader known as "little Stalin."

A) Munich
B) Berlin
C) Warsaw
D) Prague
E) Budapest

Question 30

What did the events of 1956 in Eastern Europe teach Russian government officials?

A) That the U.S. would use force in defending anti-communist movements.
B) That they had to grant leeway for the adoption of some domestic reforms inside East European countries.
C) That there was only one road to Socialism.
D) That national independence for Eastern European countries was inevitable.
E) That Eastern Europe would unite into a politically unified state with or without Russian support.

Question 31

The fighting in Indochina between 1946 and 1953

A) was between French troops and an alliance of Vietminh Front, Japanese, and Korean forces.
B) saw France agree to a negotiated peace after French public opinion tired of the "dirty war."
C) was conducted as an anti-imperialist war by an alliance of nationalist groups led by Deng Xiaoping, leader of the Indochinese Liberation Party.
D) led to the permanent defeat of the communist military forces.
E) was ended with the use of atomic weapons by the French.

Question 32

Which country/countries do historians today believe started the Cold War?

A) The Soviet Union
B) The U.S.
C) The Soviet Union, China, and the U.S.
D) The Soviet Union and China
E) The U.S. and the Soviet Union

Question 33

What was true of Tibet?

A) It had been controlled by Russia from the mid-1800s until 1953, when it was given its independence.
B) It was "invaded," or "reoccupied" by China in 1950.
C) It was feared by Britain because of its militantly aggressive actions in Kashmir and the Punjab in the 1940s.
D) It was the only Sunni Muslim society in the region.
E) It staged an unsuccessful, Comintern-inspired revolution in 1953.

Question 34

United States foreign policy during the Korean War period

A) was unable to get formal United Nations support for South Korea when invaded in June 1950.
B) reluctantly supported the modified and limited return of 30,000 Japanese troops to the Korean peninsula to help rebuff North Korean forces.
C) became more determined to block Western contact with the Chinese government.
D) provided support for the invasion of the Chinese mainland by Nationalist forces from Taiwan.
E) saw the creation of an alliance with Soviet Russia to restrain Mao Zedong's ambitions.

Question 35

Who first used the term "peaceful coexistence"?

A) Mao Zedong
B) John Kennedy
C) Nikita Khrushchev
D) Fidel Castro
E) Richard Nixon

Question 36

In the Cuban Missile Crisis,

A) the Soviet Union placed nuclear weapons in Cuba in 1962.
B) Turkey threatened to have the United States destroy Cuba if the Soviets attacked Turkey.
C) the United States president threatened to shoot down any Soviet planes bringing nuclear weapons to Cuba and announced a total "air blockade."
D) President Johnson sent American troops to Cuba.
E) Fidel Castro was exiled to Monte Carlo.

Question 37

Ho Chi Minh

A) was Mao Zedong's only major rival for leadership of the Chinese Communist Party.
B) had concluded an agreement for Vietnamese independence in 1946 with the French, but then became engaged in a civil war against militant Buddhists.
C) led a multiparty coalition in an anti-colonialist struggle against the French in the 1940s and early 1950s.
D) sought exile in China after his defeat in Vietnam in 1954.
E) became a democratic politician in North Viet Nam.

Question 38

Which island was increasingly seen by United States as a crucial element in American defense strategy in the Pacific during the winter of 1949-1950?

A) Oahu
B) Hong Kong
C) Taiwan
D) Sakhalin
E) Hainan.

Question 39

The Brezhnev Doctrine

A) promised Soviet support for the "Prague Spring" reformers.
B) demanded that the Berlin Wall be dismantled.
C) threatened the People's Republic of China with nuclear war.
D) was a warning to other communist states to follow the path of Marxist-Leninist orthodoxy.
E) promised to respect human rights in exchange for the recognition of the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe.

Question 40

Wladyslaw Gomulka was successful in curbing Russian dominance and instituting domestic reforms during the 1950s in which East European country?

A) Poland
B) Hungary
C) East Germany
D) Romania
E) Bulgaria

Question 41

At the Yalta Conference, what was Stalin promised in exchange for the Soviet Union entering the war against Japan?

A) Significant influence over China as long as he did not intervene in Hong Kong.
B) Preeminent interests in Manchuria as long as he agreed not to assist Communist China.
C) A division of the interests in the breakup of the Japanese Empire.
D) Sakhalin Island north of Japan, on the Kamchatka peninsula.
E) Re-extension of Soviet placement in Port Arthur on the Korean peninsula with a promise to remain out of the Chinese Civil War.

Question 42

According to the concept of ____, the best way to avoid nuclear war between the superpowers was if each side maintained a roughly equal military.

A) containment
B) equivalence
C) peaceful coexistence
D) détente
E) nonalignment

Question 43

Who referred to the Soviet Union as the "Evil Empire"?

A) Ronald Reagan
B) Douglas MacArthur
C) Harry Truman
D) Lyndon Johnson
E) Jimmy Carter.

Question 44

In ______, the left wing revolutionary Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista.

A) 1945
B) 1952
C) 1959
D) 1961
E) 1968

Question 45

What was the status of the relationship between the Soviet Union and Mao Zedong's China in the 1950s and 1960s?

A) It remained unchanged.
B) It was altered by the Soviet Union's increased interest in increasing world tensions, especially with the militarily dangerous United Nations.
C) It was weakened by Mao Zedong's belief that, after Stalin's death, Mao's status as the most experienced Marxist ruler should make him the leading socialist.
D) It was destroyed by Mao's threat to occupy southeastern Siberia if the Soviet government continued to make, test, and store nuclear weapons there.
E) It improved because of a joint fear of the United States' ambitions in South Asia.

Question 46

The Sino-Soviet dispute

A) was rooted in a struggle between the Chinese and the Soviets for control of Tibet.
B) was aggravated by the lack of Soviet support for Chinese efforts to reclaim Taiwan.
C) bore no relationship to the level of Soviet economic assistance to China.
D) saw Mao describe China as the international leader of industrialized nations.
E) produced a Soviet invasion of China in 1965.

Question 47

What was true of the Diem regime in Vietnam?

A) It would win the Vietnam War.
B) It was the reason for the Tet Offensive.
C) It was supported by Chinese officials.
D) It was supported with military training and troops by the U.S.
E) It was overthrown by U.S. military officials with President Kennedy's approval.

Question 48

Tito's argument about Yugoslavia being part of the buffer zone between East and West was

A) that he retained Yugoslavian nationalism at all costs.
B) he rejected Communism entirely and moved towards democracy.
C) the Communist Party in Yugoslavia rejected Stalinism, not Communism.
D) "Socialism in one Nation" was a working mantra.
E) Yugoslavia was dependent on western political ideas as part of their inclusion in NATO.

Question 49

Lyndon Johnson sent more American troops to South Vietnam because

A) he wanted to stop the South Vietnamese policy of giving free land to the peasants.
B) he believed that the combined forces of the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese army would have taken over all of Vietnam if he hadn't.
C) he wanted to conquer all of Vietnam.
D) he planned to establish Vietnam as a staging point for an American military onslaught into China.
E) he viewed all of Vietnam as the perfect target for a final Cold War nuclear confrontation.

Question 50

The leader who sought to prevent Soviet economic collapse and helped bring about the end of the Cold War was

A) Richard Nixon
B) Harry Truman
C) Ronald Reagan
D) Nikita Khrushchev
E) Mikhail Gorbachev

Question 51

As a result of the American opening to China,

A) joint pressure was applied to ease Indian troops out of Sri Lanka.
B) the two sides agreed to set aside their differences over Taiwan.
C) the Chinese and Americans officially broke relations with the Soviet Union.
D) the United States rejected the concept of the reunification of Taiwan with the mainland.
E) cooperation between America and China, for the purpose of curtailing Soviet Asian encroachment, disappeared.

Question 52

In East Germany ​

A) Communist repression was nonexistent.
B) huge influxes of people from the West occurred in the 1980s.
C) the Christian Democrats achieved little electoral success in 1990.
D) the fall of Communism resulted in political reunification with West Germany in 1990.
E) there was great fear and loathing in Germany at the prospect of German unification.

Question 53

The 1975 agreement that recognized all central and eastern European borders that had been established since the end of World War II, and committed the signers to the human rights of its citizens, was the

A) Stuttgart Memorandum.
B) Geneva Settlement.
C) Helsinki Accord.
D) Vienna Accord.
E) Tashkent Pact.

Question 54

The expression "new world order" refers to the optimistic hopes and expectations that resulted from the end of

A) World War II.
B) The Second Vietnam War.
C) the Second Vietnam War.
D) the Cold War.
E) Star Wars.

Question 55

Lech Walesa was the leader of the

A) Committee on Government Security.
B) Twentieth Congress.
C) Solidarity movement.
D) Politburo.
E) Charter 77.

Question 56

The Soviet leader who made the first moves toward easing the Cold War and improving relations with the West was

A) Nikita Khrushchev.
B) Leonid Brezhnev.
C) Georgy Malenkov.
D) Josef Stalin.
E) Mikhail Gorbachev.

Question 57

After a peace treaty was signed in Paris in 1973 to end the Second Indochinese War,

A) President Johnson decided to escalate the fighting in nearby Laos.
B) North and South Vietnam settled their differences peacefully.
C) America took control of all of Vietnam.
D) negotiations between North and South Vietnam broke down, and two years later, the North defeated the South.
E) the United States elected Richard Nixon to be its new president.

Question 58

The Soviet response to the western alliance in NATO was to form

A) the Warsaw Pact.
B) the Marshall Zhukov Plan.
C) The Budpest Protocol..
D) The Helsinki Accords.
E) Sino-Soviet Pact.

Question 59

Who took the first steps to opening the door with China and ending its long isolation from the West?

A) Hubert Humphrey and Lyndon Johnson
B) John F. Kennedy and John Foster Dulles
C) Dwight Eisenhower and Dean Rusk
D) Harry Truman and Dean Acheson
E) Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger

Question 60

In 1972, the United States and Soviet Union

A) reached an agreement in the Helsinki Accords.
B) brought the world to the brink of nuclear war in Cuba.
C) struggled to be victorious in Vietnam
D) faced off in Afghanistan.
E) signed the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.

Question 61

The program of perestroika was intended to allow more transparency into how the Soviet government worked.

Question 62

The "Vietnam syndrome" refers to the American public's fear of becoming involved in another Vietnam-type war.

Question 63

The term 'Iron Curtain' was first used by Nikita Krushchev.

Question 64

After the defeat of the People's Liberation Army in 1948, Mao Zedong retreated to the north, where he established a new capital in Manchuria.

Question 65

In January 1973, a peace treaty was signed in ______ calling for the removal of all U.S. forces from South Vietnam.

A) Washington, D.C.
B) Hanoi
C) Moscow
D) Havana
E) Paris

Question 66

The Geneva Conference of 1954 divided Vietnam at the 17^th parallel but envisioned unification elections would be held by 1956.

Question 67

The early years of the __________ administration witnessed a return to the harsh rhetoric, if not all of the harsh practice of the Cold War.

A) Kennedy
B) Johnson
C) Nixon
D) Ford
E) Reagan

Question 68

Communist China sent Chinese troops to assist Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Cong in the Second Indochina War.

Question 69

By aiding the Afghanistan resistance to the Soviet Union, the United States helped maintain a Vietnam-like war that kept the Soviets bogged down in its own quagmire.

Question 70

The Marshall Plan was a military alliance directed against Soviet aggression.

Question 71

The civil war in Poland between communists and democrats led to the Truman Doctrine in 1947.

Question 72

The first threat of a United States-Soviet Union confrontation after World War II took place in the Middle East over a possible Soviet threat to take over Iran's northern territories.

Question 73

The early years of the administration of President Ronald Reagan witnessed a return to the harsh rhetoric of the Cold War.

Question 74

. In spite of President Eisenhower's promise in the 1950s to "roll back" communism, in reality United States officials realized that any intervention in Eastern Europe could lead to nuclear war.

Question 75

The Carter Doctrine stated that the United States would use military power to protect Western oil reserves in the Middle East.

Question 76

"Star Wars" was John F. Kennedy's plan to send men to the moon by the end of the 1960s.

Question 77

In 1975, Mikhail Gorbachev was elected secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Question 78

During the Cuban Missile Crisis, President Kennedy approved a plan to assassinate Fidel Castro.