Deck 19: The Beginnings of Modernization: Industrialization and Nationalism in the Nineteenth Century

Question 1

By the middle of the nineteenth century, Henry Cort's system of puddling had resulted in

A) Britain greatly increasing its output of cotton.
B) a quadrupling of British coal production.
C) Britain becoming by far the world's leading iron producer.
D) the enhancement of pig iron impurities.
E) an improvement in agricultural production.

Answer 1

Britain becoming by far the world's leading iron producer.

Question 2

The ability to make yarn at a much faster pace

A) was achieved by the development of George Stephenson's Rocket.
B) was retarded by adoption of the Lysenko Doctrine in 1808.
C) became necessary after the development of the flying shuttle.
D) depended upon the inventions of Charles Seurat.
E) was the result of new resources of cotton from South America.

Answer 2

became necessary after the development of the flying shuttle.

Question 3

More than 50 percent of the British population lived in cities by

A) 1850.
B) 1800.
C) 1825.
D) 1875.
E) 1900.

Answer 3

1850.

Question 4

A country which was forced to reduce its industrial production by a more powerful competitor was

A) Argentina.
B) India.
C) Prussia.
D) Russia.
E) the United States.

Question 5

Between 1750 and 1850, the total European population

A) declined by 50 percent.
B) more than quadrupled.
C) almost doubled.
D) declined by 10 percent.
E) increased tenfold.

Question 6

This act brought an end to the employment of children under nine years of age in Great Britain.

A) the Child Exploitation act of 1830.
B) the Factory Act of 1833
C) Brighton's Fair Labour policy.
D) the Uniform Working Hours Act.
E) the Compassion Act of 1837.

Question 7

Which of these nations was among the first on the European continent to industrialize?

A) Belgium
B) Russia
C) Spain
D) France
E) Italy

Question 8

The first steam-powered locomotive was pioneered by

A) Richard Trevithick.
B) Elihu Babbage.
C) James Watt.
D) George Stephenson.
E) Edmund Cartwright.

Question 9

Industrial development in the United States before 1870

A) made no real impression on either the society or the economy.
B) included an efficient transportation network.
C) had Asian immigrants making up over half of the factory labor until the 1850s.
D) depended upon slave labor in the factories.
E) was mainly a development of the southern states.

Question 10

Continental European industrialization

A) started a full generation before it did in England.
B) began in Belgium, France, and the German states.
C) didn't gain momentum until the 1890s in France.
D) was centered in northwestern Piedmont until 1815.
E) was initiated by Bismarck, Napoleon III, and Friedrich and Hans Engels.

Question 11

What played a crucial role in making Britain the site of the first Industrial Revolution?

A) Over ninety-five percent of the population was literate.
B) The nation produced a surplus of food, thus allowing its people extra buying power to purchase manufactured products.
C) The nation had a small and declining population.
D) British manufactures enjoyed large government subsidies.
E) Britain imported most of its natural resources.

Question 12

In 1800, British iron production

A) was held back by the scarcity of iron ore.
B) was in the middle of a radical transformation.
C) lagged behind that of Germany.
D) had changed little since the Middle Ages.
E) was three times as great as it had been in 1780.

Question 13

Early factory workers

A) were recruited from among the urban poor.
B) came from rural areas.
C) were almost all convicted criminals.
D) were all adult men.
E) found their work extremely rewarding.

Question 14

Guglielmo Marconi

A) invented new forms of steel.
B) sent the first radio waves across the Atlantic.
C) created a highly efficient generator.
D) is best known for his contributions in the field of transportation.
E) was a key player in the drive for Italian unification.

Question 15

It can be said that, as a result of the Industrial Revolution, by 1847

A) most middle-class women worked outside their homes.
B) some people rose in social status, while many others worked in appalling conditions.
C) all segments of society experienced higher income from the changes.
D) violent and prolonged conflicts between social classes became endemic in Britain.
E) group identification began to develop inconsequential aspects.

Question 16

Steam power

A) could be used anywhere there was a river of sufficient size.
B) was limited by the ability of the horses to keep the generators turning.
C) required no maintenance once the original pistons were operational.
D) was originally used to pump water from mines.
E) was restricted to coastal areas and rapidly rushing rivers.

Question 17

Government financial aid to industries

A) was a basic element of industrialization on the continent.
B) was most extensive, by far, in the United States.
C) did not develop in Europe before the 1870s.
D) was not a factor in the industrialization on the European continent.
E) was opposed by the major powers, meeting at the Congress of Vienna.

Question 18

The steam engine was developed by

A) Edmund Cartwright.
B) James Hargreaves.
C) Henry Cort.
D) James Watt.
E) Hans Krieger.

Question 19

What did the dramatic increase in the size and number of European cities in the first half of the 19^th century result in?

A) Improved living conditions
B) Increased sanitation
C) Reduced income disparities
D) Increase in the industrial middle class
E) Lower death rates among industrial workers

Question 20

All of the following are correct about nineteenth-century liberalism except

A) having economic and political components.
B) supporting the idea of civil rights.
C) wanting to limit governmental power.
D) opposing limiting governmental power.
E) opposing votes for women.

Question 21

The new, industrial middle class was

A) actually not new at all, but was a propaganda term created by Napoleon III.
B) the term used to describe the European proletariat after 1810.
C) composed of people who were often the children of industrial workers or rural gentry.
D) composed of increasingly wealthy individuals who wanted political status and power.
E) equivalent to the older landed class.

Question 22

What prompted women to enter the workforce in large numbers in the nineteenth century?

A) Early industrialization (prior to the 1840s)
B) The second Industrial Revolution
C) The spread of Marxist philosophy
D) The establishment of political parties
E) The women's movement

Question 23

Most historians agree that which of these groups experienced real gains in the early Industrial Revolution?

A) Factory workers who found full employment
B) The bourgeoisie who made increased profits
C) Beggars who began to benefit from social legislation
D) Aristocrats who could charge more taxes
E) Dynastic rulers who benefitted from greater political and social stability

Question 24

Karl Marx believed that all of human history was the story of

A) the survival of the fittest.
B) the class struggle.
C) the ends justifying the means.
D) peasant rebellions.
E) nationalism.

Question 25

Population in Europe during the nineteenth century

A) remained steady until the 1830s, and then began to decrease steadily.
B) was notable for rapid overall growth and a far more rapid increase in city populations.
C) was dramatically reduced when the Great Famine killed thirty-five percent of the Russian, Irish, and Prussian populations.
D) decreased as peasants, reassured by falling death rates, reduced the rural birth rate by over sixty percent due to their adoption of birth control.
E) was numerically dominated by the landed aristocracy.

Question 26

Which group's adherents all agreed on the importance of protecting civil liberties?

A) Liberals
B) Conservatives
C) Nationalists
D) Socialists
E) Communists

Question 27

The key figure of Russian industrialization was

A) Alexander III.
B) Nicholas II.
C) Ivan Denisovich.
D) Sergei Eisenstein.
E) Sergei Witte.

Question 28

The basic purpose of the Concert of Europe was to

A) obliterate the Ottoman Empire.
B) maintain conservative political control over Europe.
C) expedite liberal change in European governments.
D) allow the great powers of Europe to unilaterally intervene wherever they chose to.
E) enable nationalism to dominate European politics.

Question 29

Britain's Factory Act of 1833

A) reduced the number of women working in factories.
B) reduced the number of children working in factories.
C) established an eight hour work day for all workers.
D) placed a high tariff on imports in order to increase the profits of industrialists.
E) prohibited the construction of factories within city limits.

Question 30

The principle that guided the victors at the Congress of Vienna was the principle of

A) nationalism
B) legitimacy.
C) liberalism.
D) realism.
E) romanticism.

Question 31

Liberalism was strongly influenced by

A) Canon law.
B) theories of absolute monarchy.
C) Italian humanism.
D) the eighteenth-century Enlightenment.
E) the Romantic movement.

Question 32

By 1852, almost ____ million tons of iron was produced by the British industry.

A) ½
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
E) 4

Question 33

Nineteenth century liberals advocated for

A) equal voting rights for male and female citizens.
B) equal voting rights for all male citizens.
C) voting rights only for male citizens who met certain property requirements.
D) an egalitarian democracy that fostered universal suffrage for all people.
E) rapid change through revolutionary action.

Question 34

According to the philosophy of Marx and Engels, the clash between the ____ and the ____ would ultimately bring about a classless society.

A) peasants; aristocrats
B) aristocrats; bourgeoisie
C) bourgeoisie; artisans
D) artisans; proletariat
E) proletariat; bourgeoisie

Question 35

By aiming at establishing legitimacy and a traditional balance of power in European political affairs, Metternich and his associates at the Congress of Vienna were advocates of the ideology known as

A) nihilism.
B) liberalism.
C) conservatism.
D) nationalism.
E) socialism.

Question 36

The Congress of Vienna in 1815

A) was attended by representatives of France, Britain, Italy and the United States.
B) operated in accord with the principles of liberalism.
C) agreed to meet periodically to take steps to maintain Europe's peace and stability.
D) created the Concert of Europe, an interchange of musicians who presented a gala series of performances, with concerts given in a different capital each year.
E) was dominated by Camillo di Cavour.

Question 37

The widespread substitution of steel for iron

A) occurred early in the Industrial Revolution.
B) was made possible by the use of hydroelectric power.
C) happened after 1860 and prior to World War I.
D) was limited to Europe until after World War I.
E) occurred during World War I.

Question 38

Which European country had not industrialized by 1900?

A) Germany
B) France
C) the Netherlands
D) Spain
E) Belgium

Question 39

Marxist revisionists believe that

A) violent revolution was inevitable.
B) the bourgeoisie would inevitably triumph.
C) were advocates of revolutionary socialism.
D) workers should organize mass political parties.
E) revolution would be led by the peasants.

Question 40

The new working class

A) strongly encouraged its women or children work outside their homes.
B) experienced comfortable living conditions.
C) often worked twelve to sixteen hours a day, six days a week.
D) displaced the middle classes as the coming political and economic class.
E) were satisfied with the conditions as they existed.

Question 41

Which of these people dominated the British political system in the late nineteenth century?

A) The working poor and labor organizers
B) Land owners and upper-middle-class business people
C) A collection of socialist parties
D) Church leaders and their supporters
E) Queen Victoria and her court

Question 42

The Second Empire in France

A) was a regime of economic hard times.
B) advanced progress made toward French socialism.
C) was brought down by the disastrous 1870 war with Prussia.
D) was replaced by the Third Empire after the Prussian defeat of 1870.
E) was established immediately after the Battle of Waterloo.

Question 43

Which of the following was not a result of the brief 1866 war between Austria and Prussia?

A) A Russian and Austrian defensive alliance defeated the French and British in the Balkans.
B) Austria was no longer a major participant in German affairs.
C) Bismarck organized the north German states in the North German Confederation.
D) The south German states signed military agreements with Prussia.
E) The development of unified German strength began to worry the French.

Question 44

The emancipation of the Russian serfs

A) required that the former serfs pay for their freedom in installments.
B) angered peasants because it only gave them six acres each, too little to support themselves.
C) led to Russian participation in the Crimean War in order to divert peasant complaints.
D) led to the 1867 Revolution.
E) was reversed by Czar Nicholas II.

Question 45

What new British political party emerged in 1900 and had a profound impact on British politics?

A) The Labour Party
B) The Liberal Party
C) The Conservative Party
D) The Christian Democratic Party
E) The Unity Party

Question 46

Bismarck's first war of unification pitted Prussia against

A) Denmark.
B) Austria.
C) France.
D) Russia.
E) Britain.

Question 47

A call for national unification was part of the revolutionary movements of 1848 in

A) Austria-Hungary
B) France
C) Scotland
D) Germany
E) Spain

Question 48

German unification

A) was achieved by the Frankfurt Assembly.
B) was achieved by Klemens von Metternich.
C) was finally achieved by militaristic Prussian politicians.
D) resulted from the efforts of the German liberals.
E) was endorsed by Austria's Metternich.

Question 49

The most multinational state in Europe in the nineteenth century, and thus the one most threatened by the new ideology of nationalism, was

A) France.
B) Britain.
C) Italy.
D) Germany.
E) Austria.

Question 50

By 1871, all of the following are correct about Great Britain except

A) it had a functioning two-party system for fifty years.
B) both political parties supported legislation to expand the right to vote.
C) the largest political party was the Labour Party.
D) both political parties were dominated by a ruling class of aristocratic landowners often involved in industrial and financial activities and upper-middle-class business people.
E) Queen Victoria was the long-reigning monarch.

Question 51

After 1848, Germans increasingly looked to ____ for leadership in the cause of German unification.

A) Prussia
B) Austria
C) Bavaria
D) Saxony
E) Westphalia

Question 52

The lower house of the German parliament

A) was dominated by aristocratic landowners.
B) was elected by universal male suffrage.
C) had ministerial responsibility.
D) was abolished in 1900.
E) controlled the nation's military.

Question 53

The Crimean War

A) enormously strengthened Russia's military prestige.
B) strengthened the Concert of Europe, as well Russia's stature on the Continent.
C) resulted in Russian domination of European politics for the rest of the century.
D) isolated the Austrians from the rest of the great powers of Europe.
E) resulted in a situation that was detrimental to Italian and German unification.

Question 54

Which of these European countries avoided revolutionary upheaval in 1848?

A) England
B) France
C) Germany
D) Austria
E) Italy

Question 55

The "Eastern Question" in the nineteenth century concerned the fate of

A) the Austrian Empire.
B) Great Britain.
C) Germany.
D) the Ottoman Empire.
E) Russia.

Question 56

The policies of Otto von Bismarck before 1871

A) were based on the practice of Idealpolitik.
B) ignored domestic opposition and concentrated on foreign affairs.
C) used warfare as an instrument of policy, regardless of its consequences.
D) used parliament to endorse the policy of increased taxes, and used the new revenues collected to reorganize the Prussian military.
E) led to Prussia dominating the Second Austrian Reich.

Question 57

Which of these leaders would be considered the founder of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century diplomatic alliances?

A) Napoleon III
B) Alexander III
C) Count Cavour
D) Otto von Bismarck
E) Victoria

Question 58

The revolutions of 1848 began in

A) France.
B) Germany.
C) Austria.
D) Russia.
E) England.

Question 59

In the early twentieth century, flashpoint for major violence was the

A) Rhineland.
B) German-French border.
C) Polish-Russian border.
D) Middle East.
E) Balkans.

Question 60

The new Italian kingdom established in 1861

A) was created as a result of the Italo-Prussian Treaty of Halberstam in 1853.
B) was, to a significant degree, the result of the diplomatic and political work of Cavour and the military actions of Garibaldi.
C) was created as a result of the mass uprising of 1860 and 1861, when Russian and French troops were driven out.
D) seized Greece as soon as the Ottoman Empire withdrew from it.
E) owed its final success to the diplomatic and military success of Alexander II.

Question 61

Between 1870 and 1914, Germany replaced Great Britain as the industrial leader of Europe.

Question 62

All of the revolutions of 1848 were resounding successes.

Question 63

Child workers in factories were often beaten if they violated factory rules.

Question 64

Early factories and mines were staffed entirely by adult men.

Question 65

The Germans reached unification in 1848-1849.

Question 66

The territory annexed by Austria in 1908, which enraged Serbia, was

A) Romania.
B) Montenegro and Wallachia.
C) Moldavia.
D) Bosnia and Herzegovina.
E) Hungary.

Question 67

The Italians were the first people to benefit from the breakdown of the Concert of Europe.

Question 68

Greece achieved its independence from the Austrian Empire in 1830.

Question 69

Continuous, self-sustaining economic growth came to be accepted as a fundamental part of the new economy begun by the Industrial Revolution.

Question 70

In the eighteenth century, Great Britain was the world's greatest cotton cloth producer..

Question 71

Marx predicted a future revolutionary battle between the Proletariat and a new, as yet unknown, social class.

Question 72

In 1800, Great Britain had five cities with a population of 1 million or more.

Question 73

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 1830s.

Question 74

Great Britain managed to avoid the revolutionary upheavals of the first half of the nineteenth century.

Question 75

Children were discouraged from working in cotton mills because their smaller size did not allow them to move among the machines and they were too difficult to train to do complex factory work.

Question 76

Bismarck goaded France into war in 1870.

Question 77

The Second Industrial Revolution opened the door to new jobs for women, particularly in service or white-collar jobs.

Question 78

Great Britain depended almost entirely upon foreign investment to support its Industrial Revolution at the beginning.

Question 79

Count Cavour was the prime minister of the Kingdom of Naples.