Deck 5: The Origins and End of the Cold War

Question 1

Which of the following differences between U.S. presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman would be highlighted by the liberal perspective?

A) how they conducted diplomacy
B) their personal worldview or ideology
C) their stance on the utility of military force
D) whether or not they had access to nuclear weapons

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Arguing that an emerging global consciousness led to a decrease in military confrontation and an increase in global interdependence is an example of an argument from the ______ perspective.

A) realist
B) liberal
C) identity
D) critical theory

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Winston Churchill referred to post-World War II Europe as being divided between East and West by ______.

A) an Iron Curtain
B) Ural Mountains
C) Velvet Curtain
D) the Berlin Wall

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following was not one of the sets of agreements that were part of the Helsinki Accords?

A) human rights
B) environmental regulation
C) trade
D) arms control

Question 5

The ______ level of analysis describes the argument that the Soviet Union behaved aggressively at the start of the Cold War because Soviet society was aggressive.

A) individual
B) domestic
C) foreign policy
D) systemic

Question 6

In 1949, what major event occurred, leading to the escalation of the Cold War?

A) the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy
B) communist victory in the Chinese Civil War
C) the testing of the Soviet Union's first nuclear weapon
D) the drafting of Kennan's long telegram

Question 7

SEATO was a treaty organization developed during the 1950s that included the United States and all but which of the following countries?

A) Pakistan
B) Iran
C) France
D) Thailand

Question 8

In October 1944, Winston Churchill and Josef Stalin proposed a relative breakdown of how much influence the Soviet Union and the western Allies would have in post-World War II Europe. This is an example of ______.

A) decolonization
B) spheres of influence
C) détente
D) extended deterrence

Question 9

Which of the following describes the concept of extended deterrence?

A) A few nuclear weapons are kept in order to retaliate and inflict unacceptable damage on an adversary.
B) Many nuclear weapons are kept in order to deter both conventional and limited nuclear attacks.
C) Nuclear weapons are kept to deter an attack on the territory of an allied country.
D) Nuclear land-, sea-, and air-based retaliatory weapons are kept to defend a country.

Question 10

Which alliance system was led by the Soviet Union and opposed NATO?

A) the Helsinki Accords
B) the Warsaw Pact
C) the Baruch Plan
D) the Potsdam Conference

Question 11

The ______ perspective would most likely highlight Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's New Thinking as leading to the end of the Cold War.

A) realist
B) liberal
C) identity
D) critical theory

Question 12

Which of the following arguments presents a realist explanation for the start of the Cold War?

A) The Cold War was a consequence of the security dilemma.
B) The United States and the Soviet Union came to see themselves as enemies rather than rivals.
C) The United Nations failed as an international institution to establish collective security.
D) Regional institutions cultivated security and economic interdependence, which transformed political interests and identities.

Question 13

During which meeting did wartime allies attempt to produce agreement on the unification of Germany but ultimately failed?

A) the Potsdam Conference
B) the Congress of Vienna
C) the Helsinki Accords
D) the Yalta Conference

Question 14

Which of the following states was not a permanent member of the UN Security Council when the United Nations was founded?

A) the Soviet Union
B) the United States
C) Japan
D) Great Britain

Question 15

______ weapon is used to destroy industries and cities.

A) Counterforce
B) Countervalue
C) First-strike
D) Second-strike

Question 16

What did the policy of rollback entail?

A) awarding independence to former colonies in the third world
B) building up defensive systems and reducing offensive weapons
C) liberating Eastern European countries from Soviet control
D) defining the Cold War in ideological terms

Question 17

What is meant by the term the iron curtain?

A) a metaphor for the first physical confrontation of the Cold War, in which Stalin blocked land routes into Berlin
B) a metaphor for the political divisions between the United States and the Soviet Union that produced no agreement on the unification of Germany
C) a metaphor for the political, ideological, and physical separation of the Soviet Union and Western countries during the Cold War
D) a metaphor for the competing theories of what started the Cold War-American aggression or Soviet ideology

Question 18

In exchange for the removal of Soviet nuclear-capable missiles from Cuba, U.S. President John F. Kennedy agreed to which of the following?

A) the withdrawal of NATO forces from Berlin and a pledge not to invade Cuba
B) the withdrawal of Jupiter missiles from Turkey and a pledge not to invade Cuba
C) diplomatic recognition of Fidel Castro's regime and the withdrawal of NATO forces from Berlin
D) the installation of a "hotline" between Washington, D.C., and Moscow and negotiations on nuclear disarmament

Question 19

The ______ level of analysis describes the argument that through interaction, the United States and the Soviet Union came to see each other as enemies, not rivals.

A) individual
B) domestic
C) foreign policy
D) systemic

Question 20

According to an argument from the realist perspective, how did the Soviet Union interpret the proposed expansion of the Marshall Plan to include Eastern European states?

A) The United States sought to build economic cooperation in Europe in order to make Europe more peaceful.
B) The United States sought to politically and economically dominate states necessary to the Soviet Union's security.
C) The United States sought to expand its capitalist and democratic values.
D) The United States sought to take advantage of the United Nations and other international institutions to ensure collective security.

Question 21

Which of the following is not an acronym for a disarmament agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union?

A) MAD
B) ABM
C) SALT
D) START

Question 22

What does escalation dominance accomplish?

A) It destroys the nuclear capabilities of an adversary.
B) It prevents an adversary from escalating their threats and forces them to compromise.
C) It establishes nuclear capabilities on land, at sea, and in the air.
D) It prevents new states from acquiring nuclear capabilities.

Question 23

Which American statesman labeled Eastern European countries "captive nations" of the Soviet Union and advocated for a policy of rollback?

A) Richard Nixon
B) John Foster Dulles
C) Alger Hiss
D) Dean Acheson

Question 24

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following was an outcome of the European Economic Community?

A) It created a common policy in agriculture, which managed prices above market levels.
B) It pooled research and development activities to exploit peaceful uses of nuclear power.
C) It established common external tariffs and eliminated internal tariffs.
D) It created a common foreign and security policy.

Question 25

Arguing that the Soviet Union will use international organizations and transnational actors (like the Russian Orthodox Church, pan-Slav movements, and labor movements) to further its strategic interests is an example of an argument from the ______ perspectives.

A) realist
B) liberal
C) identity
D) critical theory

Question 26

Which term refers to conflicts in peripheral areas in which nuclear powers tested each other's military capabilities and resolve?

A) wars of attrition
B) hot wars
C) proxy wars
D) national wars of liberation

Question 27

In what year did the European Communities become the European Union?

A) 1958
B) 1973
C) 1986
D) 1993

Question 28

What term describes the competitive buildup of weapons systems?

A) deterrence
B) arms race
C) balance of terror
D) mutually assured destruction

Question 29

The ______ perspective would most likely argue that NATO's purpose was to back up political and economic integration in Western Europe.

A) realist
B) liberal
C) identity
D) critical theory

Question 30

Arguing that U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt sought to make the United Nations compatible with the constitutional structure of the United States is an example of an argument from the ______ level of analysis.

A) individual
B) domestic
C) foreign policy
D) systemic

Question 31

Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's policies (including Glasnost, Perestroika, and the foreign policy revolution) were influenced by what set of ideas?

A) Great Leap Forward
B) rollback
C) New Thinking
D) Truman Doctrine

Question 32

The Soviet Union supported ______ in recently decolonized developing countries, a type of proxy war against Western colonialism.

A) national wars of liberation
B) nonaligned movements
C) capitalist expansion
D) New Thinking

Question 33

Arguing that a change in Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's ideas prompted the end of the Cold War is an example of an argument from the ______ level of analysis? A. individual
B) domestic
C) foreign policy
D) systemic

Question 34

What was the aim of the Marshall Plan?

A) to aid former colonies in the third world in gaining their independence
B) to limit offensive nuclear weapon systems
C) to establish spheres of influence for the United States and the Soviet Union in Europe
D) to rebuild Germany and the rest of Europe after World War II

Question 35

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. In 1956 and 1968, the Soviet Union deployed forces in which two Warsaw Pact states?

A) Hungary
B) East Germany
C) Czechoslovakia
D) Poland

Question 36

The ______ perspective emphasizes the information revolution as a key event leading to the end of the Cold War.

A) realist
B) liberal
C) identity
D) critical theory

Question 37

Glasnost and perestroika refer to Mikhail Gorbachev's ideas of domestic reform known as ______.

A) New Thinking
B) peace studies
C) convergence
D) idea change

Question 38

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following was a way in which the United States and the Soviet Union confronted each other during the Cold War?

A) diplomatic crises
B) direct conflict with each other
C) arms races and the creation of rival alliances
D) proxy war

Question 39

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following strategies did U.S. President Ronald Reagan use to build American power after fears of American decline in the 1970s?

A) programs to build space-based defense systems
B) the deregulation and restructuring of the American economy
C) programs to build up arsenals of offensive nuclear weapons
D) new taxes to fund U.S. military exercises abroad

Question 40

Arguing that the Truman Doctrine demonstrated the United States' commitment to spreading and defending democratic values is an example of an argument from the ______ perspective.

A) realist
B) liberal
C) identity
D) critical theory

Question 41

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. In 1956 and 1968, the Soviet Union deployed forces in which two Warsaw Pact states?

A) Hungary
B) East Germany
C) Czechoslovakia
D) Poland

Question 42

According to the realist perspective, one major cause of the Cold War was that Stalin feared democratic systems in Eastern Europe would undermine the communist system in the Soviet Union.

Question 43

The Warsaw Pact included the Soviet Union, East Germany, Poland, and Yugoslavia, among other Eastern European countries.

Question 44

The Korean War is an example of a proxy war.

Question 45

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which two massive military alliances resulted from the use of the logic of force by the United States and the Soviet Union to checkmate and contain one another?

A) the Warsaw Pact
B) the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
C) the Potsdam Conference
D) the Helsinki Accords

Question 46

The liberal perspective argues that Soviet behavior was determined by strategic and geopolitical factors.

Question 47

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following strategies did U.S. President Ronald Reagan use to build American power after fears of American decline in the 1970s? (Choose all that apply.)

A) programs to build space-based defense systems
B) the deregulation and restructuring of the American economy
C) programs to build up arsenals of offensive nuclear weapons
D) new taxes to fund U.S. military exercises abroad

Question 48

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. What developments led some analysts to conclude that America was in decline in the 1970s and 1980s?

A) the successful negotiation for the release of hostages from Iran in 1979
B) the projection of Soviet power beyond Eurasia
C) domestic problems like economic hardship, racial tensions, and political scandals
D) technological development in the United States lagged behind that of the Soviet Union

Question 49

Minimum deterrence is a strategy that relies on a few nuclear weapons to retaliate and inflict unacceptable damage on the adversary.

Question 50

The United States employed a strategy of maximum deterrence during the Cold War to defend the territories of its allies in Europe.

Question 51

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. The revisionist interpretation of the Cold War-that American aggression caused Soviet insecurity-is most likely argued by which of the following perspectives?

A) the realist perspective
B) the liberal perspective
C) the identity perspective
D) the critical theory perspective

Question 52

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following was a result of the National Security Council document NSC-68, drafted by the U.S. White House in 1950?

A) The defense budget increased in one year from $13.5 billion to $48.2 billion.
B) The United States was given authority to occupy West Germany.
C) The number of U.S. troops in Europe increased from 80,000 in 1950 to 427,000 in 1953.
D) NATO was established as an institution to reinforce political ties among Western allies.

Question 53

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. The identity perspective highlights which of the following as reasons for the end of the Cold War?

A) convergence of ideas
B) change of ideas
C) divergence of ideas
D) triumph of ideas

Question 54

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. In 1949, what two major events occurred, leading to the escalation of the Cold War?

A) the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy
B) communist victory in the Chinese Civil War
C) the testing of the Soviet Union's first nuclear weapon
D) the drafting of Kennan's long telegram

Question 55

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. The identity perspective highlights which of the following as reasons for the end of the Cold War?

A) convergence of ideas
B) change of ideas
C) divergence of ideas
D) triumph of ideas

Question 56

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following events contributed to the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962?

A) The United States launched an invasion of Cuba, known as the Bay of Pigs invasion, in 1961, increasing tensions between the United States and Cuba's ally, the Soviet Union.
B) The United States had a substantial superiority of nuclear weapons over the Soviet Union.
C) The United States removed Jupiter missiles from Turkey.
D) The United States built the Berlin Wall in 1961 to keep East German citizens from entering West Germany.

Question 57

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are key points of the long telegram?

A) The United States will win by spreading democracy.
B) Marxism expresses Russian insecurity.
C) The United States is confrontational.
D) The Soviet Union leads a worldwide communist effort.

Question 58

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. The revisionist interpretation of the Cold War-that American aggression caused Soviet insecurity-is most likely argued by which of the following perspectives?

A) the realist perspective
B) the liberal perspective
C) the identity perspective
D) the critical theory perspective

Question 59

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following was an outcome of the European Economic Community?

A) It created a common policy in agriculture, which managed prices above market levels.
B) It pooled research and development activities to exploit peaceful uses of nuclear power.
C) It established common external tariffs and eliminated internal tariffs.
D) It created a common foreign and security policy.

Question 60

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. What developments led some analysts to conclude that America was in decline in the 1970s and 1980s?

A) the successful negotiation for the release of hostages from Iran in 1979
B) the projection of Soviet power beyond Eurasia
C) domestic problems like economic hardship, racial tensions, and political scandals
D) technological development in the United States lagged behind that of the Soviet Union

Question 61

The Organisation for European Economic Co-operation became the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1961 when the United States and Canada joined.

Question 62

The Potsdam Conference of July 1945 resulted in the successful implementation of a reparation plan that unified Germany.

Question 63

The ______ refers to the combination of land-, sea-, and air-based retaliatory weapons.

Question 64

While deterrence under mutual assured destruction depended on offensive measures, U.S. President Ronald Reagan's policies and plans, such as the Strategic Defense Initiative, suggested that defensive systems might be built up and offensive weapons built down.

Question 65

European integration began with the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community, an economic institution that integrated the coal and steel industries of France and Germany.

Question 66

The Truman Doctrine cast the Cold War in terms of a struggle between two alternative ideologies (or ways of life).

Question 67

The Long Telegram outlines the policy of ______.

Question 68

The ______, led by India, Yugoslavia, and Egypt, was a coalition that stressed neutrality in the Cold War.

Question 69

After World War II, the process of ______ created more than 50 new states in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.

Question 70

The strategy of ______ relies on many nuclear weapons to deter both conventional and limited nuclear attacks.

Question 71

Some realists argue that the distribution at the beginning of the Cold War was tripolar, which is uniquely unstable.

Question 72

In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded ______.

Question 73

The argument that the United States provoked the Cold War is called a ______ interpretation because it reverses a traditional argument (in this case, that the Soviet Union provoked the Cold War).

Question 74

The ______ was a proxy war, begun in 1950, that globalized the Cold War alliances.

Question 75

The difference between the policies of Sovietization and Finlandization was whether a state could keep its domestic system while aligning with Moscow on foreign policy.

Question 76

Winston Churchill referred to post-World War II Europe as being divided by an ______ extending "from Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic."

Question 77

Rollback refers to a theory held by the superpowers that if one country in a developing region went over to the other side, other countries in the region would follow.

Question 78

______ is the use of threat to stop an attack before it occurs.

Question 79

In theory, ______ capability will deter a first strike by ensuring that enough nuclear weapons survive the first strike to inflict an unacceptable amount of damage in retaliation.

Question 80

The Soviet Union supported ______ in recently decolonized developing countries, a type of proxy war against Western colonialism.