Deck 7: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

Question 1

According to the philosophy of Absolute Idealism, what is the relationship between "being real" and "being knowable"?

A) No reality is knowable.
B) All reality is knowable.
C) Some reality is knowable and some aren't.
D) Only God is ultimately unknowable.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to Hegel, the highest reality (the absolute) is _____.

A) the entire material world
B) a God who exists beyond the world
C) an infinite thought thinking of itself
D) a vast group of independent particulars

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to David Hume, why can't past experience justify claims about the future?

A) Our knowledge of past experience depends on memory, which cannot be known to be accurate.
B) Tricky question! Hume does think that past experience can justify claims about the future.
C) Because we can never know if we are the same person as the person we seem to remember being, past experience cannot be a guide to claims about our future.
D) We can never know whether or not the future will be like the past.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to Hume, why can't we have knowledge on the relation of cause and effect?

A) We can never observe a constant conjunction between events.
B) We can never observe the cause and the effect at the same time.
C) We can never observe a necessary connection between events.
D) We can never observe the atoms that make up the cause and the effect of events.

Question 5

The absolute idealists refused to accept Kant's belief in an unknowable reality.

Question 6

From the perspective of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, the cosmos and its history are the concrete expressions of thought.

Question 7

Arguments that attempt to establish something as a necessary precondition of the possibility of experience are called _____.

A) wax arguments
B) paradigm case arguments
C) third man arguments
D) transcendental arguments

Question 8

According to David Hume, the self is a(n) _____.

A) sequence of perceptions
B) immaterial, unchanging substance
C) physical body
D) social entity

Question 9

Why doesn't Kant think that we can have knowledge of the things-in-themselves (das Ding-an-sich)?

A) because they have not yet been experienced
B) because they are not physical in nature
C) because they are not mental in nature
D) because the organizing principles of the mind do not apply to them

Question 10

Copernicus argued that the mind imposes certain categories on the objects of experience and that this is what makes it possible to have knowledge of the world of experience.

Question 11

According to David Hume, what do we directly observe?

A) physical objects
B) sense impressions
C) ourselves
D) our brains

Question 12

David Hume wrote the Critique of Pure Reason.

Question 13

Hume discovered that he did not experience a cause actually producing an effect.

Question 14

According to Immanuel Kant, the world being "noumenal" means the _____.

A) world as it is in itself, independent of our experiences
B) world as it is presented to us through our experiences
C) world of mind
D) world of matter

Question 15

For Hegel, nothing is completely real or true except the sum total of reality, the Absolute.

Question 16

According to Schopenhauer, the will structures the phenomenal world.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true about Immanuel Kant?

A) He argued that a stream of sensations could not qualify as experience unless the stream was unified and conceptualized by the mind as the experience of external objects.
B) He held that the objective world is an unfolding or expression of infinite thought, and the individual mind is the vehicle of infinite thought reflecting on itself.
C) He argued that reality, the Absolute, is not a group of independent particulars or states of affairs, but rather an integrated whole in which each proposition is logically connected with all the rest.
D) He based psychoanalysis on the concept that human actions stem not from rationality but from unconscious drives and instincts in what he called the "id," or "it" part of the self.

Question 18

According to Immanuel Kant, perception is the:

A) same as sense impressions.
B) organizing principle of the mind.
C) application of the organizing principles of the mind to sense impressions.
D) direct awareness of noumenal objects.

Question 19

Schopenhauer believed humans are rational in their actions.