Deck 7: Minorities in Policing

Question 1

The National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals issued standards to reduce job discrimination based on race, gender, and ethnicity.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A substantially different rate of selection resulting from hiring, promotion, and other employment decisions that work to the disadvantage of members of a particular race, gender, or ethnic group is called

A)reverse discrimination.
B)reverse impact.
C)cultural discrimination.
D)adverse impact.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The first policewomen were working-class immigrants.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Critics of affirmative action argue that selecting police officers based on their race and gender violates the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

Question 5

A study conducted by James David in Texas and Oklahoma revealed that arrest rates for men and women police officers are

A)almost identical.
B)slightly higher for men.
C)significantly higher for women.
D)slightly higher for women.

Question 6

The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders stated that discriminatory police employment practices did not contribute to the riots of the middle and late 1960s.

Question 7

According to the text, which of the following is not an example of discrimination against African American police officers in the early 1900s?

A)Only assigned to patrol black neighborhoods
B)Were not allowed to arrest whites
C)Establishment of job-related standards
D)Chances of promotion to higher ranks were limited

Question 8

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 covered hiring, promotion, compensation, dismissal, and all other terms or conditions of employment.

Question 9

The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration was created to provide legal counsel to minority officers regarding job discrimination.

Question 10

Reverse discrimination is a label used to describe the preferential treatment minority groups and women receive under affirmative action.

Question 11

In recent years, most states have adopted special job protections for gay workers.

Question 12

In a 1995 case, a state police agency agreed to provide back pay to white male troopers who claimed they were unfairly passed over for promotions in favor of minority troopers.

Question 13

Academic research has shown that female officers are well received by the public.

Question 14

The Supreme Court decision in Ricci v.DeStefano (2009) held that invalidating the results of test because no members of a protected minority scored high enough to be considered for promotion violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Question 15

The book Black in Blue found that black police officers suffered from

A)double marginality.
B)double taxability.
C)singular marginality.
D)all of these choices.

Question 16

Which of the following is not consistent with the findings of Professor Sean Grennan in his study of patrol teams in New York City?

A)There were no basic differences between the way males and females working as a patrol team reacted to violent confrontations.
B)Female police officers, in most cases, were far more emotionally stable than their male counterparts.
C)Female officers were more likely to calm a potentially violent situation.
D)Female officers were more likely to suffer on-the-job injuries.

Question 17

Strategies employed by successful female police officers to address workplace discrimination and harassment include avoiding negativity, defining themselves according to their own views, and ____________________.

A)blending in
B)ignoring discriminating behavior
C)taking formal action
D)being task oriented

Question 18

Police departments do not address workplace dating because of privacy concerns.

Question 19

Prior to the 1960s, African American police officers employed by the NYPD were assigned only to African American neighborhoods and were not assigned to specialized, high-profile units.

Question 20

The IACP believes the recruitment of women is an important issue for law enforcement today.

Question 21

Which of the following was not one of the duties relegated to early female police officers?

A)Issuing parking tickets
B)Guarding female prisoners
C)Performing routine clerical tasks
D)Patrolling

Question 22

An agreement between parties in a court action before, and instead of, a decision by a judge is called a

A)consent agreement.
B)consent decree.
C)lawsuit.
D)modus operandi.

Question 23

The Supreme Court case that eliminated participation in criminal activity as a reason not to hire gays or to discriminate against them was

A)Bowers v.Hardwick.
B)Lawrence v.Texas.
C)Vanguard Justice Society v.Hughes.
D)Mieth v.Dothard.

Question 24

In 1910, which of the following cities appointed the first "officially designated" policewoman?

A)Los Angeles
B)Seattle
C)New York
D)Cleveland

Question 25

Which of the following terms refers to the simultaneous expectation by white officers that African American officers will give members of their own race better treatment and hostility from members of the African American community who consider black officers to be traitors to their race?

A)Double marginality
B)De facto discrimination
C)Adverse impact
D)Reverse discrimination

Question 26

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was designed to prohibit job discrimination based on all but which of the following?

A)Race and color
B)Sexual orientation
C)National origin
D)Gender

Question 27

The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders stated that police departments

A)examine the effects of reverse discrimination.
B)examine their promotional policies.
C)increase the visibility of women in their departments.
D)set quotas for hiring minorities.

Question 28

Until the 1970s, it was presumed that women were not as capable of performing the same type of patrol duty as men because

A)of their gender and size.
B)they could not testify in court.
C)they were not good drivers.
D)they would side with women in domestic disputes.

Question 29

The Indianapolis Police Department assigned ____________________ and ____________________ to patrol in 1968.They were the first females to be armed, wear a uniform, and drive a marked car on an equal basis with men.

A)Lari Rollings; Jenny White
B)Melissa Idol; Cynthia Lockhart
C)Susan Smith; Jamie Wilson
D)Betty Blankenship; Elizabeth Coffal

Question 30

The most prevalent form of discrimination has been

A)separate job titles.
B)disparate recruiting.
C)de facto discrimination.
D)standard discrimination.

Question 31

Kristen Leger found that there has been a growing acceptance by the public for ____________________ in the law enforcement role.

A)women
B)Hispanics
C)African Americans
D)gay people

Question 32

_______________ discrimination is the indirect result of policies or practices that are not intended to discriminate but do, in fact, discriminate.

A)De facto
B)By-product
C)Reverse
D)Circumlocutory

Question 33

The 1971 Supreme Court case that established the concept that hiring requirements must be job related was

A)Brown v.Board of Education of Topeka.
B)Brown v.Mississippi.
C)Griggs v.Duke Power Company.
D)United States v.Paradise.

Question 34

One of the most controversial methods of ending job discrimination is

A)reverse employment.
B)affirmative action.
C)de facto hiring.
D)equal employment opportunity.

Question 35

Which of the following cities has actively recruited openly gay police officers and has a large number of openly gay officers relative to the city's population?

A)San Francisco
B)Milwaukee
C)San Diego
D)Key West

Question 36

In the early 1900s, policewomen were often called ____________________ and were employed to bring order and assistance to the lives of women and children.

A)city mothers
B)mother McCredies
C)matrons
D)mother superiors

Question 37

Some people believe that consent decrees are no longer necessary to increase the numbers of women in law enforcement because

A)the numbers of female police officers continue to increase.
B)consent decrees don't work.
C)the percentage of women in law enforcement is a result of self-selection.
D)the percentage of women in law enforcement equals the percentage of women in society.

Question 38

The academic studies of women on patrol indicate that women

A)can perform patrol duties as well as men can.
B)perform in a less satisfactory manner than men on patrol.
C)perform as well as men on patrol but only when teamed with a male partner.
D)usually do not want to work patrol.

Question 39

What was the U.S.Supreme Court ruling in Ricci v.DeStefano?

A)The city's decision to invalidate the promotion test violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
B)The city did not violate any constitutional protections.
C)The city approved an invalid test due to disparate impact, so the court reversed the decision of the district court.
D)The city was in violation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 for discriminating against African American employees who took the promotion exam.

Question 40

____________________ agencies tend to lead the way with the employment of Asian Americans in law enforcement.

A)Texas
B)California
C)New York
D)Arizona

Question 41

_____ is the unequal treatment of persons in personnel decisions (hiring, promotion, and firing) on the basis of their race, religion, national origin, gender, or sexual orientation.

Question 42

The __________ was enacted with the goal of assisting local governments in reducing the incidence of crime by increasing the effectiveness, fairness, and coordination of law enforcement and the criminal justice system.

Question 43

The __________ extended the 1964 Civil Rights Act and made its provisions applicable to state and local governments.

Question 44

The Equal Employment Opportunity Act (EEOA) of 1972

A)expanded the jurisdiction and strengthened the powers of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
B)allowed employees of state and local governments to file employment discrimination suits with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
C)made the provisions of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, including Title VII, applicable to state and local governments.
D)all of these choices.

Question 45

Title ____________________ of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was designed to prohibit all job discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

A)I
B)III
C)IV
D)VII

Question 46

Female police officers tend to use their brains and _____________ to deescalate potentially violent situations.

Question 47

If the majority of females fail a test while the vast majority of males pass it, that exam can be said to have a(n) __________ on females.

Question 48

Before the 1940s, no black police officers worked in the Deep South; they were eliminated from the hiring process because they

A)posed a threat to white supremacy.
B)did not have a high school diploma.
C)were involved in too many use-of-force issues.
D)refused to work under white commanders.

Question 49

Which act was established with the goal of assisting local governments in reducing the incidence of crime by increasing the effectiveness, fairness, and coordination of law enforcement and the criminal justice system?

A)Civil Rights Act of 1964
B)Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
C)Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
D)Civil Rights Act of 1991

Question 50

Which of the following is not a reason for the recent disappearance of institutional discrimination against African Americans in police departments, according to Stephen Leinen?

A)Legal events of the civil rights era
B)The urban riots of the 1960s
C)Efforts of black police officer organizations
D)Social and political events of the civil rights era

Question 51

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited all job discrimination based on __________, __________, __________, __________, or __________

Question 52

The _______________ Amendment to the U.S.Constitution governs employment equality in U.S.society.

Question 53

Which Constitutional Amendment is the primary instrument governing employment equality, as well as all equality, in U.S.society?

A)First Amendment
B)Second Amendment
C)Fourteenth Amendment
D)Twenty-First Amendment

Question 54

__________________ is the simultaneous expectation by white officers that African American officers will give members of their own race better treatment and hostility that African American officers receive from the African American community because they are perceived as traitors to their race.

Question 55

The first African American police officers were appointed in which of the following cities?

A)Chicago
B)New York
C)New Orleans
D)Miami

Question 56

The concept that employers must take active steps to ensure equal employment opportunity and to redress past discrimination is called

A)reverse discrimination.
B)adverse impact.
C)affirmative action.
D)de facto opportunity.

Question 57

In the early days of female policing, women were normally used in only three actual police-related jobs.They were __________, __________, and __________.

Question 58

Previous forms of physical ability testing for police jobs generally have been replaced by __________ tests.

Question 59

According to a BJS report, in 2013, ____________________ percent of full-time local law enforcement officers were African Americans.

A)27
B)22.7
C)12.2
D)l.8

Question 60

Which of the following is not one of the possible causes for the acceptance of women in police departments in the late 1960s and early 1970s?

A)The women's rights movement
B)Efforts by female officers to gain the right to perform patrol duty to achieve equality with male officers
C)Pressure applied on behalf of women by the International Association of Chiefs of Police
D)1964 Civil Rights Act

Question 61

Discuss the similarities and differences between how female and male police officers react to violent confrontations.

Question 62

A majority of ________ officers feel immigration issues should be handled by federal authorities.

Question 63

Describe the role the federal government played in removing equal employment opportunity barriers to women and minorities in policing.

Question 64

Is the response of police departments to claims of discrimination by Muslim police officers appropriate? Why or why not?

Question 65

One of the most disturbing concepts behind the affirmative action movement, and possibly the most disturbing concept to many, is the establishment of __________.

Question 66

Describe how the role of female police officers has evolved from 1910 to the present.

Question 67

Discuss the concept of double marginality and how it affects Hispanic police officers.

Question 68

What challenges do police departments face in recruiting women and minorities, and what they are doing to address those challenges?

Question 69

The first important job discrimination case was __________.

Question 70

How have affirmative action policies affected white males in hiring and promotional policies?

Question 71

Detail the case of Griggs v.Duke Power Company and explain the impact that this case has had on police hiring.

Question 72

How effective are women as patrol officers as compared to their male counterparts?

Question 73

The job analysis must include the __________, __________, and abilities needed to perform the tasks of the job for which they are being tested.

Question 74

Discuss differences and similarities in how male and female officers respond to domestic violence calls.

Question 75

__________ is the indirect result of policies or practices that are not intended to discriminate but do, in fact, discriminate.

Question 76

Explain the importance of women and other minorities being promoted to high-ranking positions in U.S.police departments and the impact they can have in those positions.

Question 77

__________ means that employers must take active steps to ensure equal employment opportunity and to redress past discrimination.

Question 78

In __________, the court ruled that the Baltimore Police Department's height requirement of 5 feet 7 inches was a prima facie case of sex discrimination.