Deck 17: The Immune Response

Question 1

Why is cell-mediated immunity (in addition to humoral immunity)needed to defend the body against invading pathogens?

A)Humoral immunity is ineffective against antibodies.
B)Antibodies are not effective against pathogens that are present inside cells.
C)Antibodies are not effective against pathogens that are present outside cells.
D)If used too often, antibodies can attack red blood cells.
E)Antibodies are typically ineffective against bacteria, while they work well against viruses.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following are globular, blood-borne proteins of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF)?

A)antigens
B)albumins
C)heparins
D)antibodies
E)thrombospondins

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which cells are responsible for synthesizing and secreting antibodies?

A)T cells or T lymphocytes
B)antigen cells
C)B cells or B lymphocytes
D)platelets
E)erythrocytes

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Cells of the innate immune system have receptors on their surfaces that help them to recognize ____________.

A)the DNA of invading pathogens
B)the RNA of invading pathogens
C)conserved macromolecules that are characteristic of viruses and bacteria
D)conserved chemical groupings that are characteristic of other white blood cells
E)the cell surfaces of viruses

Question 5

Which cells of the immune system differentiate in the thymus gland?

A)T cells or T lymphocytes
B)antigen cells
C)B cells or B lymphocytes
D)platelets
E)macrophages

Question 6

What is the name for nucleated white blood cells that circulate between the blood and lymphoid organs?

A)neutrophils
B)basophils
C)leukophils
D)lymphocytes
E)adipocytes

Question 7

How does the immune system initiate responses against intracellular pathogens like viruses, when they are hidden inside cells?

A)The immune system attacks intracellular pathogens primarily by killing cells that have already been infected.
B)The immune system only attacks these intracellular pathogens when they are found in the extracellular space.
C)Cells of the immune system secrete proteins that penetrate infected cells and attack the pathogens intracellularly.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 8

What causes phagocytic white blood cells like neutrophils and macrophages to migrate toward the site of infection?

A)high pH
B)high glucose concentration
C)low pH
D)chemoattractants released at the site
E)calcium ions released into the region

Question 9

All types of immune responses are based upon ___________.

A)body mass
B)the pH and salt concentration in blood
C)the presence of viruses
D)the body's ability to distinguish between materials that are supposed to be there (self)and those that are foreign (nonself)

Question 10

Which cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity?

A)T cells or T lymphocytes
B)antigen cells
C)B cells or B lymphocytes
D)platelets
E)erythrocytes

Question 11

Natural killer cells cause the death of virus-infected cells by inducing them to undergo _________.

A)rapid growth
B)apoptosis
C)perforation of their membranes
D)solubilization of their membranes
E)dehydration

Question 12

Which type of immunity is carried out by antibodies and initiated by B lymphocyte stimulation?

A)humorous immunity
B)cell-mediated immunity
C)lymphocytic immunity
D)humoral immunity
E)surface-mediated immunity

Question 13

What is a leukocyte?

A)a red blood cell
B)a platelet
C)a white blood cell
D)a complement protein
E)a hepatocyte

Question 14

Receptors on the surfaces of phagocytic cells which recognize certain types of highly conserved molecules that play essential roles in viruses and bacteria are called _______.

A)pattern recognition receptors
B)PRRs
C)Toll-like receptors
D)TLRs
E)all of these are correct

Question 15

________ are a variety of antimicrobial peptides secreted by epithelial cells and lymphocytes; these peptides are able to bind to viruses, bacteria or fungi and target them for destruction.

A)Immunoglobulins
B)Gamma globulins
C)Defensins
D)Antibodies

Question 16

What causes inflammation at the site of an infection?

A)certain cells and plasma proteins leaving the blood vessels and entering the affected tissues
B)certain cells and plasma proteins entering the blood vessels and leaving the affected tissues
C)release of a chemical that has the purpose of reddening the tissues)fluid leaving the infected region by osmosis

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a protein produced by virus-infected cells and secreted into the extracellular space where they bind to the surface of noninfected cells rendering them resistant to subsequent infection?

A)type 1 interferons
B)immunoglobulins
C)interferon α
D)interferon β

Question 18

What is the name of the type of cell that serves as the precursor cell for both B cells and T cells?

A)the hematopelagic stem cell
B)the fertilized egg
C)the hematopoietic stem cell
D)the pluripotent hepatologic stem cell
E)the sperm cell

Question 19

Blood contains a group of soluble proteins, which bind extracellular pathogens and destroy them. In one case, an assembly of these activated soluble proteins perforates the bacterial cell membrane, causing lysis and death of the cells. What is this group of soluble proteins called?

A)composite proteins
B)complement proteins
C)complimentary proteins
D)complete proteins

Question 20

_________ immune responses are mounted by the body immediately without requiring previous contact with the microbe; they are the initial internal line of defense and are characterized by a lack of specificity.

A)Innate
B)Acquired
C)Adaptive
D)Intuitive
E)Inductive

Question 21

When an antigen binds to the antibody in the membrane of a B cell, the B cell proliferates and forms a population of B lymphocytes that all make the same antibody. The population of B lymphocytes thus formed is called ________.

A)a group
B)a clone
C)an identicon
D)a proliferate
E)a codon

Question 22

What cellular structure is found to be greatly expanded in plasma cells, but not in their precursor cells?

A)nuclei
B)mitochondria
C)chloroplasts
D)rough endoplasmic reticulum
E)lysosomes

Question 23

The foreign molecules that stimulate the adaptive immune system to make antibodies are called ________.

A)integrins
B)antigens
C)antibodies
D)thrombins
E)albumins

Question 24

Which of the following models for the induction of antibodies was proposed initially by Niels Jerne?

A)The body makes small amounts of randomly structured antibodies in the absence of any antigen; exposure to an antigen leads to the production of the corresponding antibody.
B)Antibodies are ingested from food and stored in the body until exposed to corresponding antigens.
C)Antibodies are molded over the surface of antigens.
D)Antibodies are reverse engineered from the DNA of bacterial pathogens

Question 25

Some activated B cells remain in lymphoid tissue and respond rapidly at a later date if the antigen reappears in the body. Such cells are called __________.

A)memory B cells
B)activation B cells
C)plasma cells
D)secretion cells
E)antibody-producing cells

Question 26

When does the full repertoire of antibody-producing cells (all such cells that a person will ever have)appear in the lymphoid tissue?

A)in the fertilized egg
B)before stimulation by an antigen
C)before stimulation by an antibody
D)after stimulation by all of the possible antibodies
E)after stimulation by any of the possible antigens

Question 27

Which immune system component is found in plants but NOT vertebrates?

A)pattern recognition receptors
B)PAMP receptors
C)PRRs
D)NLRs

Question 28

What immune system organ is located in the chest, is responsible for the differentiation of T cells, and reaches its peak size during childhood?

A)the thyroid gland
B)the adrenal gland
C)the thymus gland
D)the lymph nodes
E)the liver

Question 29

What allows so many different antibodies to be made by the immune system?

A)because mistakes are made during DNA replication
B)because mistakes are made during transcription
C)because mistakes are made during reverse transcription
D)because thousands of different DNA rearrangements are possible
E)because thousands of different mRNA alterations are possible

Question 30

Which of the antigens below are typically able to activate B cells without the involvement of T cells?

A)very large bacterial lipids
B)very large viral lipids
C)bacterial cell wall polysaccharides
D)bacterial cell wall polypeptides
E)bacterial DNA

Question 31

Sensing of pathogen effector proteins by plant cells can lead to all of the following defensive responses EXCEPT:

A)regulating the levels of plant immune defenses through NLR activities
B)production of intracellular proteins called nucleotide binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing receptors (NLRs)
C)production of oxygen radicals
D)production of NK cells

Question 32

Who realized that a cowpox infection at an early age protected people against deadly smallpox infections?

A)Gregor Mendel
B)Edward Jenner
C)Claude Bernard
D)Louis Pasteur

Question 33

PAMP-triggered immunity in plants can activate over 1,000 genes in Arabidopsis via _________________ -mediated stimulation.

A)calcium ion
B)protein kinase
C)signal transduction
D)single transcription factor

Question 34

What is usually required for B cell activation by an antigen?

A)other B cell interactions
B)T cell activity
C)platelets
D)megakaryocytes
E)erythrocytes

Question 35

_________ are capable of stimulating immunity but are genetically modified so that they are unable to cause disease.

A)Autistic pathogens
B)Paralysed pathogens
C)Attenuated pathogens
D)Dystrophied pathogens
E)Disadvantaged pathogens

Question 36

What events lead to a differentiating B cell becoming committed to producing only one species of antibody molecule?

A)protein rearrangements in the genome
B)RNA rearrangements in the genome
C)DNA rearrangements in the genome
D)DNA rearrangements in the mitochondrion
E)spontaneous production of proteins in the Golgi complex

Question 37

Some activated B cells differentiate into short-lived cells that secrete large amounts of antibodies. Such cells are called __________.

A)memory cells
B)activation cells
C)plasma cells
D)secretion cells
E)antibody-producing cells

Question 38

What happens to plasma cells after the removal of the original antigenic stimulus?

A)They die off.
B)They may, in some cases, persist for the person's lifetime.
C)They revert to precursor cells.
D)They proliferate even more.
E)They dedifferentiate.

Question 39

Genes encoding antibodies are generated by a process in which DNA segments are _______ combined.

A)randomly
B)purposely
C)slowly
D)rapidly
E)incompletely

Question 40

What is the source of activated B cell populations?

A)T cells
B)a population of undifferentiated and indistinguishable progenitor cells
C)a population of differentiated and specific progenitor cells
D)a population of undifferentiated and indistinguishable descendent cells
E)platelets

Question 41

What is a physical/clinical sign that a person's immune system is involved in the proliferation of T cells in response to an infection?

A)The skin is reddened.
B)The lymph nodes in the region of the infection become enlarged.
C)The skin is bruised in the infected region.
D)The lymph nodes shrink because they are secreting so much material.
E)The temperature of the infected region decreases.

Question 42

Why are the second and subsequent responses to antigen exposure faster than the initial response?

A)The antibodies of the secondary response are more efficient.
B)The antibodies of the secondary response are less efficient.
C)After the initial exposure, memory cells are present; they respond more quickly upon a second exposure to the antigen.
D)After the initial exposure, the memory cells respond more slowly, as the pool of available cells has been diminished.
E)Pathogens are generally weaker with the second exposure.

Question 43

How is the material ingested by dendritic cells fragmented?

A)Fragmentation is random.
B)Enzymes in the cytoplasm of the dendritic cells fragment the antigens of the ingested material.
C)Enzymes in the nucleus of the dendritic cells fragment the antigens of the ingested material.
D)The lower pH of the cytoplasm fragments the antigenic foreign material.
E)The higher pH of the cytoplasm fragments the antigenic foreign material.

Question 44

_________ screen body cells for aged, infected or malignant cells and then attack them.

A)Helper T lymphocytes
B)Inhibitory T lymphocytes
C)Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
D)Regulatory T lymphocytes
E)B lymphocytes

Question 45

Which of the following are proteolytic enzymes that enter perforin channels and activate caspases, which in turn initiate the apoptotic response?

A)granzymes
B)proteolysinase
C)proteases
D)lysozymes
E)protein kinase B

Question 46

Which bonds are largely responsible for holding the heavy and light chains of an immunoglobulin together?

A)H bonds
B)ionic bonds
C)van der Waals forces
D)disulfide bonds
E)hydrophobic interactions

Question 47

How many types of T-cell receptors does each T cell have?

A)one
B)two
C)up to ten
D)an infinite number
E)four

Question 48

What subfamily of small cytokines acts primarily as chemoattractants that stimulate the migration of lymphocytes into inflamed tissue?

A)minicytokines
B)interleukins
C)chemokines
D)interferons
E)tumor necrosis factors

Question 49

Which antibodies are the first to be secreted by B cells after antigen stimulation, appear in the blood after a lag of a few days, and have a relatively short half-life?

A)IgD
B)IgA
C)IgM
D)IgK
E)IgG

Question 50

What fatal disease is characterized by severe autoimmunity in newborn infants and is caused by a mutation in a gene that encodes a transcription factor required for the differentiation of T_Reg cells?

A)IPEX
B)IBEX
C)multiple sclerosis
D)sudden infant death syndrome
E)Tay-Sachs disease

Question 51

Which cells of the immune system produce IFN-ɤ and protect the body against intracellular pathogens by activating macrophages to kill pathogens they might harbor?

A)T_H1 cells
B)T_H2 cells
C)cytotoxic T lymphocytes
D)B cells
E)regulatory T lymphocytes

Question 52

What is found on the surface of T cells?

A)T cell receptors that allow a specific interaction with a particular antigen
B)B cells receptors that allow a specific interaction with a particular antigen
C)T cell antigens that allow a specific interaction with a particular antigen
D)B cell antigens that allow a specific interaction with a particular antigen
E)platelet receptors that allow a specific interaction with a particular antigen

Question 53

Which cells of the immune system produce IL-4, which mobilizes mast cells, basophils and eosinophils to protect against extracellular pathogens, especially parasitic worms?

A)T_H1 cells
B)T_H2 cells
C)cytotoxic T lymphocytes
D)T_H17 cells
E)regulatory T lymphocytes

Question 54

Which cells of the immune system produce an interleukin, which is thought to stimulate epithelial cells to recruit phagocytes and thereby prevent the entry of extracellular bacteria and fungi into the body?

A)T_H1 cells
B)T_H2 cells
C)cytotoxic T lymphocytes
D)T_H17 cells
E)regulatory T lymphocytes

Question 55

Which cells are the primary target of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS?

A)cytotoxic T lymphocytes
B)helper T lymphocytes
C)B lymphocytes
D)macrophages
E)regulatory T lymphocytes

Question 56

B cells are activated by ________ and T cells are activated by ______.

A)soluble, intact antigens; antigen fragments displayed on the surfaces of other cells
B)soluble, intact antigens; soluble, intact antigens
C)antigen fragments displayed on the surfaces of other cells; soluble, intact antigens
D)antigen fragments displayed on the surfaces of other cells; antigen fragments displayed on the surfaces of other cells
E)insoluble, intact antigens; antigen fragments displayed on the surfaces of other cells

Question 57

Which class of T cells is composed of primarily inhibitory cells that suppress the proliferation and activities of other types of immune cells that are capable of mounting an autoimmune response?

A)helper T lymphocytes
B)inhibitory T lymphocytes
C)cytotoxic T lymphocytes
D)regulatory T lymphocytes
E)deactivating T lymphocytes

Question 58

Which cells are characterized by their possession of CD4 and CD25 surface markers?

A)T_H1 cells
B)T_H2 cells
C)cytotoxic T lymphocytes
D)B cells
E)regulatory T lymphocytes

Question 59

The modified, harmless version of the tetanus toxin that is used to immunize infants is called a _______.

A)toxin
B)poison
C)toxoid
D)toxico
E)toxon

Question 60

Where do dendritic cells go once they have processed antigens and what do they do when they get there?

A)They go to the lymph nodes, where they undergo apoptosis.
B)They go to the liver, where they undergo apoptosis.
C)They go to the lymph nodes, where they differentiate into mature antigen-presenting cells.
D)They go to the liver, where they differentiate into mature antigen-presenting cells.
E)They go to the liver, where they proliferate.

Question 61

The nucleotides encoding the 13 amino acids at the C-terminal end of the V_κ region is called the ____.

A)Q segment
B)C segment
C)J segment
D)VJ segment
E)M segment

Question 62

What kind of interactions hold the antigen and antibody together at the antigen-combining site of the antibody?

A)covalent interactions
B)noncovalent forces
C)disulfide bonds
D)ionic bonds

Question 63

The chains of an immunoglobulin molecule are divided into a light chain domain and a heavy chain domain; each domain is encoded by __________.

A)two exons
B)two introns
C)its own exon
D)its own intron
E)an intron and an exon

Question 64

The heavy chains of which class of antibody bind and activate one of the complement system proteins, leading to the lysis of the bacterial cell to which the antibody molecules are bound?

A)IgM
B)IgG
C)IgE
D)IgD
E)IgA

Question 65

Introduction of antibodies made against a particular invading organism into another organism by injection or some other similar method is called the provision of____________.

A)active immunity
B)primary immunity
C)secondary immunity
D)passive immunity
E)tertiary immunity

Question 66

While the hypervariable regions of the light and heavy chains determine an antibody's combining site specificity, the remaining portions of the variable regions perform the function of ____________.

A)providing a scaffold that maintains the overall combining site structure
B)providing a scaffold that maintains the overall antibody structure
C)attaching to macrophages
D)attaching to dendritic cells

Question 67

The DNA sequences involved in the formation of human Kappa (κ)light chains are located on chromosome ____.

A)22
B)14
C)2
D)X
E)Y

Question 68

Nucleotide sequence analysis of the V genes indicate that they are ________ than required to encode the V region of the κ light chain.

A)shorter
B)longer
C)the same length as
D)more coiled
E)less coiled

Question 69

Which antibodies are the predominant antibodies found in blood and lymph during a secondary response to most antigens?

A)IgGs
B)IgAs
C)IgMs
D)IgEs
E)IgDs

Question 70

The variable portions of both heavy and light chains contain subregions that are especially variable from one antibody to another; these variable subregions account for the great diversity of antibody specificity. Such portions of both the light and heavy chains are called _________ regions.

A)hypovariable
B)hypervariable
C)hypoconstant
D)hyperconstant
E)extremovariable

Question 71

What characteristic does gene rearrangement lend to immunoglobulin molecules?

A)stability
B)variability
C)efficiency
D)speed
E)fragility

Question 72

The ability of human maternal antibodies to get into the fetal circulation can lead to a life-threatening condition in which the fetal red blood cells are killed; this condition is known as ___________.

A)lupus erythematosus
B)erythroblastosis fetalis
C)aplastic anemia
D)sickle cell anemia
E)erythemia

Question 73

The heavy chains of which class of antibody bind specifically to macrophage and neutrophil surface receptors, inducing these phagocytes to ingest the particle to which the antibodies are bound?

A)IgM
B)IgG
C)IgE
D)IgD
E)IgA

Question 74

What process is probably responsible for the origin of the three parts of the constant portion of the IgG heavy chain?

A)inversion
B)duplication
C)deletion
D)point mutation
E)nonsense mutation

Question 75

Which of the following plays an important role in allergic reactions by binding to mast cell surfaces and what event does the binding stimulate?

A)IgE heavy chains, the release of histamine
B)IgE heavy chains, the release of allergan
C)IgE light chains, the uptake of histamine
D)IgE light chains, the release of allergan
E)IgA heavy chains, the release of histamine

Question 76

What determines the specificity of an antibody?

A)the amino acids of the antigen-combining sites at the ends of each arm of the Y-shaped antibody
B)the amino acids of the antigen-combining sites at the base of the Y-shaped antibody
C)the nucleic acids of the antigen-combining sites at the base of the Y-shaped antibody
D)the nucleic acids of the antigen-combining sites at the ends of each arm of the Y-shaped antibody
E)the amino acids of the antigen-combining sites at the end of one arm of the Y-shaped antibody

Question 77

Which antibodies have no clearly understood function?

A)IgGs
B)IgAs
C)IgMs
D)IgEs
E)IgDs

Question 78

There are two types of IgG light chains. What are they?

A)alpha (α)and beta (β)
B)alpha (α)and omega (Ω)
C)kappa (κ)and lambda (λ)
D)delta (δ)and gamma (ɤ)
E)kappa (κ)and delta (δ)

Question 79

Which antibodies are the predominant antibodies in secretions of the respiratory, digestive and urogenital tracts?

A)IgGs
B)IgAs
C)IgMs
D)IgEs
E)IgDs

Question 80

A complete κ V gene is formed as a specific V_κ gene is joined to one of the J_κ segments with the intervening DNA excised; the process is catalyzed by a protein complex called ___________.

A)V(D)J polymerase
B)V(D)J recombinase
C)V(D)J joinase
D)V(D)J ligase
E)ligandase