Deck 9: Nonresidential Graduated Sanctions

Question 1

With an aggressive GPS system, the daytime tracking data are temporarily stored and downloaded at night through a landline phone while the offender is sleeping.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Offenders on house arrest are unlikely to be revoked for technical violations.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Domestic violence is not generally a concern for the families of offenders on house arrest.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Electronic monitoring can only be used on parolees.

Question 5

Most house arrest programs throughout the United States today are coupled with some form of electronic monitoring.

Question 6

Time spent on house arrest can count as "time served" toward a conviction.

Question 7

The first EM device was inspired by a Spiderman comic book.

Question 8

An offender on probation for an offense related to his compulsive gambling habit would most likely have a casino included as an exclusion zone.

Question 9

Most states mandate the use of GPS for drug offenders.

Question 10

Galileo was once placed under house arrest for asserting that the earth revolved around the sun.

Question 11

House arrest completely eliminates the offender's ability to commit crimes during the supervision term.

Question 12

Day reporting centers are for offenders on probation or parole only.

Question 13

The problem with day reporting centers is that offenders are required to go to a central location but then they are transported all over the local area to receive the services they need, such as employment counseling, drug treatment, and so forth.

Question 14

House arrest is an intermediate sanction designed to confine pretrial detainees or convicted offenders to their homes during the hours when they are not at work, attending a treatment program, or visiting a supervising officer.

Question 15

The cost-effectiveness of electronic monitoring depends on the custody level of the comparison group and how revocations are processed and handled.

Question 16

Day reporting centers traditionally have a low offender to staff ratio.

Question 17

Early electronic monitoring programs required that offenders had a laptop computer-something critics asserted discriminated against indigent offenders who could not afford the equipment.

Question 18

House arrest programs emerged in the United States as an alternative to incarceration for pretrial detainees.

Question 19

According to recent empirical research, it appears that gender and family conditions do not play a significant role in the outcome of electronic monitoring sentences.

Question 20

House arrest for pretrial defendants is required, and they cannot refuse to participate.

Question 21

In the 1970s, New Mexico Judge ___________ advocated and pushed for the creation of an electronic monitoring device to track pretrial detainees.

A) Dexter Hamlin
B) Joe Shapiro
C) Frank Shepard
D) Jack Love

Question 22

The total cost of GPS tracking per offender is between _________ per day.

A) $1 and $5
B) $6 and $10
C) $11 and $20
D) $21 and $30

Question 23

An intermediate sanction designed to confine pretrial detainees or convicted offenders to their homes during the hours when they are not at work, attending a treatment program, or visiting a supervising officer is

A) intensive supervision.
B) house arrest.
C) community justice.
D) forfeiture.

Question 24

Which of the following individuals would most likely be successful on house arrest?

A) An unemployed offender
B) A repeat offender
C) A divorced offender
D) An employed offender

Question 25

A type of GPS system that stores data throughout the day and downloads data at night through a landline phone is a(n) __________ GPS system.

A) active
B) passive
C) remote
D) continuous

Question 26

Which of the following is one of the major problems associated with electronic monitoring?

A) Technical and electric problems such as bad wiring
B) Costs more than incarceration
C) Offenders reporting to their officers more often
D) Neighbors not wanting offenders on house arrest in their neighborhood

Question 27

Using 24 military satellites orbiting the earth to pinpoint the offender's exact location intermittently or at all times is called

A) global position system monitoring.
B) home-based electronic monitoring.
C) remote-location monitoring.
D) hybrid system monitoring.

Question 28

Most DRC programs last ________.

A) 90 days
B) 180 days
C) one year
D) five years

Question 29

The first wrist-device electronic monitoring unit was used for white-collar offenders and

A) DUI offenders.
B) drug offenders.
C) rapists.
D) thieves.

Question 30

An offender on probation for an offense related to sexual assault of children would probably have an exclusion zone of

A) schools.
B) hotels.
C) grocery stores.
D) restaurants.

Question 31

Which of the following is usually NOT one of the criticisms of house arrest?

A) It is expensive for the county or state to operate.
B) Domestic violence could result.
C) Offenders can still commit crimes within their homes.
D) It may not really feel like punishment to some offenders.

Question 32

Electronic monitoring is most often used for

A) parolees.
B) pretrial detainees.
C) violent offenders.
D) probationers.

Question 33

A type of GPS system that transmit data through wireless networks used by cell phone is referred to as a(n) _______________ GPS system.

A) active
B) passive
C) continuous
D) remote

Question 34

Which nonresidential option would most likely be used for a pretrial detainee who required a lot of supervision?

A) DRC
B) GPS
C) EM
D) House arrest

Question 35

In the case of People v. Ramos, the courts found that

A) house arrest for a pretrial detainee could not count as time served toward a conviction.
B) GPS monitoring was constitutional and not a violation of one's Eighth Amendment.
C) electronic monitoring was a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.
D) community service could not be used as a sentence for felony offenders.

Question 36

A _____ is a type of nonresidential, outpatient program based on a three-phase levels system where offenders report for a variety of treatment programs and random drug testing.

A) work release center
B) therapeutic center
C) day reporting center
D) community restitution center

Question 37

Tracking objects using radio frequency signals has been possible since the __________.

A) 1890s
B) 1920s
C) 1960s
D) 1980s

Question 38

Convicted offenders often are sentenced to house arrest coupled with

A) forfeiture.
B) electronic monitoring.
C) community service.
D) ISP.

Question 39

Electronic monitoring typically operates through radio frequencies sent across

A) cell phone towers.
B) satellites.
C) phone lines.
D) wireless networks.

Question 40

Offenders on GPS supervision may not enter certain areas, called _____, which are generally based on the crime committed and the characteristics of the offender.

A) inclusion zones
B) exclusion zones
C) dead zones
D) trouble zones

Question 41

An offender who is confined to his home for most of the day and must wear a monitoring bracelet is on _______________________________.

Question 42

Electronic monitoring is most often used for _____.

Question 43

When a supervising officer uses a handheld receiver to wirelessly verify an offender's physical location, he or she is using

A) remote location monitoring.
B) global positioning.
C) exclusive positioning.
D) passive electronic monitoring.

Question 44

Exact locations that an offender on GPS supervision is prohibited from being in or near are _____.

Question 45

_____ are nonresidential programs typically used for defendants on pretrial release, for convicted offenders on probation or parole, or for probation or parole violators as an increased sanction.

Question 46

DRC programs seem to fare well as a ______ program for prisoners, especially when compared with the outcomes of prisoners who are freed under no supervision and parolees under traditional parole.

A) treatment
B) reentry
C) punitive
D) diversionary

Question 47

The ideal amount of time to spend in a day reporting centers is typically between ________ days.

A) 70 and 120
B) 30 and 60
C) 1 and 29
D) 120 and 180

Question 48

A(n) _______________ zone is an exact location that an offender is required to be at a given time (i.e., place of employment, school, an appointment).

A) required
B) exclusion
C) inclusion
D) active

Question 49

Active GPS systems transmit data through wireless networks at a rate of once or twice per _______.

Question 50

Because of the increase in regulations for people on EM/GPS, _____ is more likely to occur.

A) commission of new crimes
B) a technical violation
C) substance abuse
D) lack of employment

Question 51

_____ is an intermediate sanction designed to confine pretrial detainees or convicted offenders to their homes during the hours when they are not at work, attending a treatment program, or visiting a supervising officer.

Question 52

Two approaches to day reporting centers are

A) incapacitation and rehabilitation.
B) deterrence and incapacitation.
C) treatment and supervision.
D) supervision and restoration.

Question 53

There is no one right way to operate a day reporting center. The key is to do which of the following?

A) Define the goals and then measure whether the program is achieving the goals.
B) Select only those offenders for participation who possess none of the poor indicators.
C) Measure and report results that only indicate positive long-term outcomes.
D) Stress only the treatment-oriented approach.

Question 54

____________refers to a correctional technology tool used to track certain offenders who have been released in the community, but still remain under correctional supervision.

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT one of the major drawbacks for using GPS?

A) Loss of satellite signal
B) Short battery life
C) Cost to offenders
D) Inadequate number of GPS units

Question 56

_____ is when a supervising officer uses a handheld remote receiver to wirelessly verify an offender's physical location.

Question 57

A _______GPS system temporarily stores location data that are downloaded through a landline phone.

Question 58

The type of electronic monitoring that uses inclusion and exclusion zones is the ___________________ system.

Question 59

Most states mandate the use of GPS for _____ offenders.

Question 60

A wrist transmitter used in electronic monitoring was inspired by the _________ comic book character.

Question 61

The effectiveness of DRCs is widely debated. You are a state senator who is approached by two lobbying groups: one in favor of DRCs and one opposed. What are each of their arguments? Where do you stand on this issue?

Question 62

Identify and discuss empirical evaluations of EM using GPS.

Question 63

What are the distinctions between DRCs and house arrest?

Question 64

You are determining the state budget and need to assess the effectiveness of DRCs. Currently, the system for measuring does not work. What is your solution? Would the expenditure be worth it? Your job is important to you, so you must justify your opinion with as many facts and statistics as possible.

Question 65

Some day reporting centers are treatment-oriented and others are more __________-oriented.

Question 66

You are a law enforcement agent who specializes in technology. The mayor of your city needs you to prepare a report on the history of EM programs from the perspective of technological advances. She wants to know what you think will be the future of these programs, and whether you have any ethical concerns about these programs and their future.

Question 67

A(n) _____-oriented day reporting center focuses on making sure that clients abide by the rules, enforces accountability through itineraries, and keeps clients busy so they do not have the time or opportunity to engage in criminal activity.

Question 68

Discuss the history and function of the correctional uses of GPS.

Question 69

You are a lawyer for a civil rights group, who plays tennis with a federal judge occasionally. She's not the most technically savvy person: she still has a flip phone and knows you are much more tech-friendly than her. She wants your opinion about whether contemporary society and our deep reliance on personal devices make it more difficult to assess whether GPS technology is a violation of offenders' rights. What will you tell her? Discuss the various types of monitoring currently used in your answer.

Question 70

GPS is authorized in nearly every U.S. state, but most states use GPS for high-risk __________ offenders during the term of their supervision.

Question 71

You are a newly elected judge who was elected on a reform ticket. The judge whose place you are taking often used house arrest as a sanction. You have the opportunity to make a change. Is house arrest, in your opinion, ever effective? Should it be used more or less? Because you want to be effective and reelected, you need to justify your opinion with all the facts at your disposal.

Question 72

Discuss in detail the major criticisms of house arrest.

Question 73

Discuss the development of EM from its earliest use.