Deck 10: Emotional Development

Question 1

Children who reside in homes where happiness is frequently expressed tend to display all of the following EXCEPT

A) increased social skills.
B) increased aggression.
C) increased self-esteem.
D) well adjustment.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

To be able to engage in social referencing, infants need to be able to

A) label emotions.
B) understand the causes of emotions.
C) comprehend the meaning of emotions.
D) view emotions.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Children's decreased reliance on parents for help with emotional regulation as they get older does NOT reflect

A) their increased ability to negotiate ways to resolve situations.
B) increasing maturation of neurological systems.
C) changes in adults' expectations of them.
D) changes in the temporal lobe.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The ability to discriminate and identify different emotions in others

A) is associated with social competence.
B) is associated with lower levels of behavioral problems.
C) helps children responds appropriately to others' emotions.
D) is positively associated with increased self-esteem.

Question 5

Which emotion is thought to have an evolutionary basis as it helps humans avoid potential poisons or disease-causing bacteria?

A) surprise
B) sadness
C) anger
D) disgust

Question 6

_____ is an emotional reaction to a sudden, unexpected event.

A) Happiness
B) Fear
C) Surprise
D) Disgust

Question 7

Which factor is NOT part of the stress response?

A) increased heart rate
B) decreased perspiration
C) secretion of stress hormones
D) increased blood flow to the brain

Question 8

Children and adolescents with an anxiety disorder may also suffer from

A) panic attacks.
B) phobias.
C) both panic attacks and phobias.
D) neither panic attacks nor phobias.

Question 9

Which emotion is identified EARLIEST by children?

A) disgust
B) shame
C) happiness
D) anger

Question 10

Bart, an 11-month-old, is playing on the floor of his room when his older brother steers a remote-control car (that Bart has never seen) toward him. Bart immediately looks up at his father, who is on the verge of yelling, "Stop, it's going to hit Bart!" Bart then breaks into quickly flowing tears. Bart has engaged in

A) emotional regulation.
B) self-socialization.
C) social referencing.
D) display rules.

Question 11

Which of these is NOT a self-conscious emotion?

A) guilt
B) fear
C) surprise
D) pride

Question 12

Emotion coaching does NOT include

A) discussing children's emotions.
B) helping children express emotions appropriately.
C) guiding children to learn ways of coping with emotions.
D) ensuring that children understand the differences between the various self-conscious emotions.

Question 13

Feelings of _____ include a focus on oneself.

A) guilt
B) shame
C) both guilt and shame
D) neither guilt nor shame

Question 14

Which methodology has NOT been used to classify young children on their temperamental style?

A) laboratory observations
B) parental reports of children in various contexts
C) interviews of children
D) brain activity assessment

Question 15

Extensively discussing emotional problems with a peer is referred to as

A) rumination.
B) co-rumination.
C) reiteration.
D) co-reiteration.

Question 16

The causes of which type of emotion tend NOT to change as children develop?

A) anger
B) pride
C) happiness
D) self-conscious emotions

Question 17

Which emotional experience is thought to have an evolutionary basis to help people avoid potential poisons or disease-causing bacteria?

A) happiness
B) fear
C) surprise
D) disgust

Question 18

Professor Carpentier tends to take a functionalist approach to understanding emotional development in children. He has proposed that emotions

A) have little impact on cognition.
B) are innate and thus are unaffected by socialization.
C) promote action toward a goal.
D) do not emerge until a child has a sense of self.

Question 19

The concept that certain risk factors do not always lead to a mental disorder is called

A) equifinality.
B) multifinality.
C) rumination.
D) mental disorder.

Question 20

When do anxiety disorders typically develop?

A) during toddlerhood
B) during childhood
C) during adolescence
D) during young adulthood

Question 21

Which individual is MOST likely to suffer from depression?

A) Brandon, who is 10 years old
B) Sam, who is 7 years old
C) Rebecca, who is 13 years old
D) John, who is 18 years old

Question 22

Which behavior is an example of the use of a display rule?

A) Maddie covers her eyes when she is feeling shy.
B) Damon tries not to look scared as he rides a roller coaster.
C) Jasmine stops her temper tantrum because her mother threatens punishment.
D) Warren looks at his grandmother to see if she looks angry before he jumps off the couch.

Question 23

Which statement BEST represents developmentalists' view of emotions and cognitions?

A) Emotion is a part of cognition.
B) Emotion includes cognitive responses to thoughts or experiences.
C) Emotion usually occurs before cognition.
D) Emotion and cognition are entirely separate; they typically occur independently.

Question 24

Which goal is NOT a motive to use a display rule?

A) to prevent hurting someone's feelings
B) to protect oneself from looking bad
C) to get information about an ambiguous event
D) to make someone else feel good

Question 25

When children are in situations or environments that they perceive to be frightening, threatening, or overwhelming, they can experience

A) stress.
B) rumination.
C) a mental disorder.
D) trauma.

Question 26

Compared with European American infants, Chinese and Chinese American infants cry and smile to a(n) _____ extent in response to evocative events.

A) much greater
B) slightly greater
C) lesser
D) equal

Question 27

Discrete emotions theory holds that

A) the basic emotions are innate and distinct from early in life.
B) emotional facial expressions must be learned.
C) a select few emotions are present at birth, and the others are a function of experience.
D) children must learn to fear strangers.

Question 28

Children who have highly responsive temperaments have been described as _____ because they thrive when conditions are good but wither when they are bad.

A) orchids
B) dandelions
C) roses
D) thorns

Question 29

Emil, who is 4 years old, has a doctor's appointment today and he knows he will need to get a shot. Which behavior is Emil LEAST likely to display in response to this negative situation?

A) having a temper tantrum
B) realizing that this situation cannot be controlled and trying to distract himself by thinking about the lollipop he will get following the shot
C) refusing to stop playing with his toys as his mother is trying to get him ready to go to the doctor's office
D) telling his mother he does not need the shot

Question 30

Which statement is supported by Mischel's findings on delay of gratification?

A) Preschoolers' ability to delay gratification does not predict adjustment beyond preschool.
B) The ability to delay gratification is related to SAT scores and rational thinking in adolescence.
C) The ability to delay gratification is based primarily on parental socialization.
D) Delay of gratification cannot be reliably tested until approximately age 8.

Question 31

Individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation that occur early in life are referred to as

A) personality.
B) socialization.
C) temperament.
D) emotional regulation.

Question 32

Higher levels of cortisol are

A) associated with lower levels of depression.
B) associated with extreme fearful responses.
C) associated with easy temperamental characteristics.
D) typically caused by maltreatment.

Question 33

Which factor has NOT been related to individual differences in children's cortisol levels?

A) internalizing problems
B) emotion regulation
C) behavioral problems
D) empathy

Question 34

The set of abilities that researchers have proposed are key to competent social functioning is referred to as

A) attachment.
B) emotional regulation.
C) emotional intelligence.
D) empathy.

Question 35

The FIRST clear sign of happiness in infants is

A) the expression of love toward the mother.
B) the social smile.
C) laughter.
D) smiling.

Question 36

Thoughts of suicide may occur in those who suffer from this mental disorder.

A) anxiety
B) depression
C) stress
D) psychosis

Question 37

Baby Rachel sucks her thumb and rubs the ribbons in her baby doll's hair in response to fear-provoking situations. Baby Rachel is engaging in

A) gaze aversion.
B) self-comforting.
C) emotional restriction.
D) mental distraction.

Question 38

Emotional self-regulation does NOT include

A) eliminating subjective negative feelings.
B) modulating one's interpretation of evocative situations.
C) appropriately inhibiting facial expressions related to one's feelings.
D) initiating actions related to one's feelings.

Question 39

Which statement about the association between emotional development and cognitive development is TRUE?

A) Emotions are independent of cognition, and therefore the two are unassociated.
B) Cognitive development influences children to become less emotional as they develop from infancy through adolescence.
C) Cognitive changes influence the types of stimuli that elicit particular emotional responses.
D) None of the statements is true.

Question 40

Which statement about the stability of temperament is TRUE?

A) Temperament, by definition, is a style exhibited primarily during infancy and thus does not persist into childhood.
B) All temperamental dimensions are stable from infancy into later childhood.
C) No aspects of temperament are stable from the prenatal period into infancy.
D) Some aspects of temperament tend to be more stable than others.

Question 41

Of types of stimuli that elicit particular emotional responses, frequency of particular emotions, and intensity of emotional responses, which change during childhood?

A) types of stimuli
B) types of stimuli and frequency of particular emotions
C) types of stimuli and intensity of emotional responses
D) types of stimuli, frequency of particular emotions, and intensity of emotional responses

Question 42

In this procedure, mothers and their infants are brought into a laboratory where the infants are strapped in a highchair. The mother is then seated 1.5 feet away from the infant, from which position she can interact with her infant.

A) the Still-Face Paradigm
B) the AFFEX
C) the Strange Situation
D) the Attachment Paradigm

Question 43

Children who are impulsive seem to have more problems and are less sympathetic to others if they are exposed to all of these parenting practices EXCEPT _____ parenting.

A) hostile
B) supportive
C) intrusive
D) negative

Question 44

The degree to which an individual's temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her social environment is called

A) co-regulation
B) emotion coaching
C) goodness of fit
D) differential susceptibility

Question 45

The ability of preschoolers to delay gratification has NOT been found to be associated with

A) academic competence 10 years later.
B) ability to deal with frustration 10 years later.
C) decreased drug use in adulthood.
D) clear learning experiences.

Question 46

Which of these provides the MOST important context for issues related to goodness of fit?

A) family
B) childcare center
C) organized team sports
D) neighborhood

Question 47

_____ is considered to be part of emotional intelligence.

A) Processing speed
B) Ability to control impulses
C) Reasoning
D) Verbal fluency

Question 48

A social group's informal norms about the demonstration of emotion and when and where they should be suppressed or masked are referred to as

A) display rules.
B) social referencing.
C) demonstration motives.
D) emotion regulation.

Question 49

Researchers have found that children whose parents use emotion coaching demonstrate all of these EXCEPT

A) social competence.
B) empathy.
C) less depression.
D) more problem behaviors.

Question 50

Many cultural variations in children's experiences of self-conscious emotions appear to be associated with cultural differences in the

A) importance placed on the individual versus the importance placed on the social group.
B) level of emotional maturity expected of children.
C) age at which children understand that they themselves are entities separate from others.
D) distinction between shame, guilt, and embarrassment.

Question 51

When infants realize they can control a particular event, they experience

A) sadness
B) surprise
C) disgust
D) happiness

Question 52

The aspect of emotional understanding that develops LATEST is understanding

A) of emotional ambivalence.
B) that one can feel two negative emotions simultaneously.
C) the difference between real and false emotions.
D) the distinction between fear and anger.

Question 53

Research conducted by Halberstadt and colleagues found that when _____ is expressed in the home, children tend to report higher levels of _____.

A) happiness; happiness
B) happiness; sadness
C) anger; disgust
D) disappointment; happiness

Question 54

Children who exhibit _____ are LEAST likely to be socially competent.

A) control of emotions
B) planning of strategies to resolve upsetting situations
C) avoidance of stressful situations altogether
D) delay of gratification

Question 55

Twin and adoption studies have demonstrated that

A) there is no genetic component to temperament.
B) temperament is entirely due to genetic factors.
C) genes account for a small portion of variation in temperament.
D) genes account for a substantial portion of variation in some aspects of temperament.

Question 56

Children who receive _____ from their parents tend to display better emotional understand compared to children who do not.

A) emotion coaching
B) self-distraction
C) social competence
D) co-regulation

Question 57

Which factor is NOT a physical or cognitive symptom of depression?

A) difficulties sleeping
B) significant changes in weight
C) irritability
D) inability to concentrate

Question 58

Roger, who is 10 months old, is sitting on the floor of his room happily playing with his toys. The phone rings, and his mother leaves the room to get it. Roger begins to cry. Roger is experiencing

A) separation anxiety.
B) loneliness.
C) fear of strangers.
D) jealousy.

Question 59

_____ is NOT considered to be part of emotional intelligence.

A) Persistence
B) Ability to delay gratification
C) Empathy
D) Verbal fluency

Question 60

Recent theorists have proposed that infant temperament is captured by several dimensions. Which item is NOT one of those dimensions?

A) difficulty level
B) fear
C) activity level
D) smiling and laughter

Question 61

Developmental psychologists do NOT define emotions as

A) subjective feelings.
B) the desire to take action.
C) the physiological correlates of feelings.
D) smiles that are directed at people.

Question 62

Which of these is an indirect way in which parents affect the emotional development of their children?

A) teaching sons not to cry
B) reaction to their child crying
C) teaching that hitting is not "nice"
D) yelling at their children

Question 63

Extensively discussing and self-disclosing emotional problems with another person is referred to as

A) rumination.
B) co-regulation.
C) co-rumination.
D) self-regulation.

Question 64

Which statement about older infants' displays of sadness is NOT true?

A) Infants often display sadness in the same contexts in which they display anger.
B) Displays of sadness are less frequent than displays of anger.
C) Infants show anger but not sadness when they are unable to control their environment.
D) Infants are capable of experiencing sadness.

Question 65

Which of these is NOT a reason girls tend to have higher risk for and rates of depression?

A) Girls express more internalizing emotions than boys.
B) Pubertal changes are more difficult for girls.
C) Girls experience more stressful peer relationships.
D) Girls report more body satisfaction compared to boys.

Question 66

Which parental practice in response to a child doing something wrong is likely to influence the child to feel guilt rather than shame?

A) saying "You're a bad boy"
B) publicly humiliating the child
C) helping the child to understand the consequences of his or her actions for others
D) removing expressions of love in disciplinary situations

Question 67

The development of emotional regulation is NOT characterized by a(n)

A) decrease in reliance on other people.
B) decrease in the experience of negative emotions.
C) increase in the use of planful problem solving.
D) increase in the use of effective regulating strategies.

Question 68

Which child is MOST likely to mention emotions such as pride, shame, embarrassment, and jealousy in conversation?

A) 2-year-old Penny
B) 5-year-old Jake
C) 6-year-old Breanne
D) 8-year-old Stacey

Question 69

Thomas and Chess labeled babies who took a long time to adjust to new experiences, tended to react negatively and intensely to stimuli and events, and were irregular in their eating and sleeping habits as

A) slow to warm up.
B) easy.
C) difficult.
D) quick to calm down.

Question 70

In regard to the ability of young children to identify emotions, young children are

A) essentially unable to identify others' emotions.
B) best at identifying happiness, and they have difficulty differentiating among negative emotions until they are older.
C) best at identifying sadness, and they have difficulty differentiating among positive emotions until they are older.
D) able to differentiate among positive emotions and among negative emotions equally well.

Question 71

Walter Mischel's procedure in which preschool children were asked to wait for a considerable amount of time in order to receive a greater number of treats was designed to assess which characteristic?

A) intelligence
B) attentiveness
C) delay of gratification
D) social competence

Question 72

Repetitive actions that regulate arousal by providing a mildly positive physical sensation are called

A) co-regulation.
B) self-comforting behavior.
C) self-distraction.
D) co-distraction.

Question 73

_____ is an example of a cognitive emotional regulation strategy.

A) Repetitive rubbing of a special object such as a blanket
B) Averting one's attention to a nondistressing object
C) Downplaying the importance of the situation
D) Having a temper tantrum

Question 74

When anger is a frequent emotion expressed in the family home, children tend to display all of these EXCEPT

A) high self-esteem.
B) reduced social competence.
C) depression.
D) anxiety.

Question 75

What type of therapy is common for treating depression among children and adolescents?

A) cognitive behavioral therapy
B) drug therapy
C) psychotherapy
D) exposure therapy

Question 76

Lia is less emotionally competent than other children her age, a problem that causes her much difficulty with her peers. Which circumstance is NOT a possible cause of Lia's poor emotional competence?

A) Lia's parents express a great deal of negative emotion in their home.
B) Lia's parents feel unable to cope with her negative emotions.
C) Lia's parents commonly talk to her about emotions.
D) Lia was born with this characteristic and it cannot be changed.

Question 77

Looking away from an upsetting stimulus in order to regulate one's level of arousal is referred to as

A) co-regulation.
B) self-comforting behavior.
C) self-distraction.
D) co-distraction.

Question 78

About what percentage of children and adolescents suffer from an anxiety disorder?

A) 3%
B) 7%
C) 12%
D) 15%

Question 79

When children were told a story about a child who felt one way but tried to hide her emotions and pretend to feel another way, approximately _____ of 3- and 4-year-olds and approximately _____ of 5-year-olds understood the difference between real and false emotions.

A) 20%; 20%
B) 20%; 50%
C) 50%; 80%
D) 80%; 100%

Question 80

_____ indicates that the same temperament characteristic that puts some children at high risk for negative outcomes when exposed to a harsh home environment also leads them to blossom when their home environments are positive.

A) Co-regulation
B) Emotion coaching
C) Goodness of fit
D) Differential susceptibility