Deck 7: Development Over the Lifespan

Question 1

Each of the 10 children born to Ernest and Elvira Orangeburg has been born with red hair. Each child is also very intelligent and athletic. The Orangeburg's are expecting an 11th child who is also likely to be born with the same traits according to ________ as evidenced in the ________.

A) nurture; nature versus nurture controversy
B) nature; nature versus nurture controvers.
C) environmental factors; conception theor.
D) teratogens; Conception Theory
E) learning; classical conditioning theory

Answer 1

nature; nature versus nurture controvers.

Question 2

Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first developing. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing?

A) feta.
B) embryoni.
C) placental
D) germinal
E) zygotic

Answer 2

embryoni.

Question 3

Javier was born 3 days ago. His parents have noticed that he has several reflexes, which the doctors have been testing. Which of the following is NOT a reflex exhibited by healthy newborns?

A) grasping reflex
B) rooting refle.
C) walking refle.
D) stepping reflex
E) postural reflex

Answer 3

walking refle.

Question 4

What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation?

A) the nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies
B) aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment
C) parental discipline styles in the first year of lif.
D) the nature of attachment between caretakers and babie.
E) the relationship between preschool enrollment and academic achievement

Question 5

Jane displayed no distress toward her mother when she left nor any happiness when she returned. This is best explained by which form of attachment?

A) anxious-secur.
B) ambivalent
C) secure
D) avoidan.
E) anxious-ambivalent

Question 6

Marisa is at a point in her pregnancy when the zygote is moving down to her uterus. Which period of prenatal development is Marisa currently experiencing?

A) fetal
B) embryoni.
C) placental
D) germina.
E) vitriolic

Question 7

If a child is exposed to the "Strange Situation," then he or she

A) should receive immediate medical attention.
B) will view novel and eccentric stimuli.
C) will be in a room with other children who are unfamiliar.
D) will be left with a stranger or alone in an unfamiliar situation.
E) be asked to rate the size of various line lengths

Question 8

Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr. Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement?

A) nature versus nurtur.
B) cognition versus emotio.
C) classical versus operant conditioning
D) cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies
E) continuity versus discontinuity

Question 9

Sally has been smoking cigarettes for 10 years. She is now pregnant. Her doctor explained that maternal smoking carries a greater risk of

A) FA.
B) FAE
C) ADHD
D) SID.
E) SADS

Question 10

With regard to the nature-nurture controversy, most researchers

A) feel that nature is clearly more important.
B) feel that nurture is clearly more important.
C) are more interested in the interaction of nature and nurture.
D) believe that changes are gradual over time.
E) accept that development occurs in stages.

Question 11

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives. This psychologist is most likely working in the field of

A) abnormal psychology.
B) gerontology.
C) developmental psychology.
D) maturational studies.
E) geriatrics.

Question 12

Juan and Carlos are identical twins. Juan was raised by his father and mother, and Carlos was accidentally placed with another family after a mix-up at the hospital. At the age of 15, both boys "ran into each other" at a football game and noticed how they appeared to be mirror images of each other. After proving they were twins by genetic testing, the families discussed some of the differences between the boys. Juan is very athletic and intelligent and excels in basketball but does not take school seriously and has F's in all subjects. Carlos is also athletic and intelligent and excels in baseball and makes straight A's as a result of his strict home life and study routine. Although they are identical twins, what do you think accounts for the differences in their academic performance based on the research?

A) nurtur.
B) natur.
C) school district superintendent
D) teacher appraisals of performance
E) continuity

Question 13

________ is the idea that we form attachments to those who provide reassurance through physical touch, as opposed to feeding us.

A) Proximity
B) Generativity
C) Contact comfor.
D) Imprintin.
E) Identity

Question 14

The nature-nurture controversy is primarily concerned with

A) the use of a chronological versus a longitudinal approach.
B) the difference between developmental and chronological age.
C) the relative importance of heredity and environment.
D) the extent to which development is continuous or discontinuous.
E) whether to study similarities or differences between people.

Question 15

Which of the following describes the embryonic period?

A) the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the linin.
B) the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develo.
C) the period during which the umbilical cord develops
D) the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional
E) the period during which the endometrium is shed from the lining of the uterus and is evacuated out the vagina

Question 16

Three-month-old Brianna would be expected to have the lowest skin temperature when she is

A) left in a room with her mother.
B) left alone with a stranger.
C) completely alone.
D) in a room with her mother and a stranger.
E) None of these answers are correct.

Question 17

A key research interest in developmental psychology is to

A) trace the evolution of the human race.
B) identify the biochemical processes involved in thought.
C) determine how organisms change over time.
D) predict adult behavior.
E) study the effects of genetic mutations on behavior.

Question 18

The emotional attachment of a human infant for its caregiver

A) starts just after birth.
B) depends on signals generated by the infant.
C) may carry over into and determine adult behavior.
D) may involve more than the caregiver providing food to the infant.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 19

Greta's child has hyperactivity and attention difficulties and suffers from intellectual disability. If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Greta when she was pregnant, which was she most likely abusing?

A) nicotin.
B) cocaine
C) marijuana
D) alcoho.
E) caffeine

Question 20

Which of the following situations is an example of synchronicity?

A) Karen and her son, P.J., are on the floor playing with rattles.
B) Sherral laughs when she sees her daughter, Zoe, laugh.
C) Patti is upset because her son, Danny, won't stop sucking his thumb.
D) Rob punishes his son, Michael, for pulling the dog's tail.
E) Chris is teaching his son, Cameron, to hit a golf ball.

Question 21

Your little sister picks up objects, feels every part of them, and then puts them in her mouth. What stage of Jean Piaget's model of cognitive development does this behavior suggest she is in?

A) the concrete operations stage
B) the sensorimotor stag.
C) the preoperational stag.
D) the formal operations stage
E) the postformal operations stage

Question 22

Which of the following is an example of sensorimotor intelligence?

A) the ability to think abstractly
B) the inability to take another's perspective
C) crawling toward a desired parent
D) the ability to represent objects mentally that are not physically present
E) abstract problem-solving and logical decision-making

Question 23

Anna, a 1-year-old, fears being away from her mother. It appears that Anna has

A) an attachment disorder.
B) stranger anxiety.
C) generalized anxiety.
D) separation anxiety.
E) Parten's syndrome

Question 24

A major cognitive advance made during the sensorimotor stage is the ability to

A) think abstractly and creatively.
B) solve simple problems using mental representation.
C) understand that the self is distinct from other people and objects.
D) create mental representations of objects that are not physically present.
E) know that changes in appearance do not mean that the object itself changes.

Question 25

Assimilation is to accommodation as

A) necessary is to optional.
B) help is to hinder.
C) hinder is to help.
D) using is to changing.
E) aid is to obstruct

Question 26

A child that is just beginning to produce speechlike sounds is most likely in the ________ stage of speech production.

A) telegraphic
B) one-word stage
C) scaffolding
D) babbling
E) formal operational

Question 27

Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech?

A) "pet dog.
B) "ba ba ba.
C) "but I just runned home"
D) "bottle"
E) "Daddy!"

Question 28

The two dynamic processes at work in cognitive growth, according to Piaget, are

A) overregularization and object permanence.
B) overregularization and object permanence
C) assimilation and accommodation.
D) egocentrism and centration.
E) competence and inferiority.

Question 29

The sentence "Ralphie eat cookie full" is an example of

A) scaffolding.
B) telegraphic speech.
C) motherese.
D) babbling.
E) assimilation.

Question 30

A child that says, "We eated pizza for dinner," has made the error of

A) overregularization.
B) overgeneralization.
C) discrimination.
D) scaffolding.
E) overextension.

Question 31

Young infants cannot appreciate the carnival game in which a pea seems to disappear from under a walnut because they have not yet developed a sense of

A) conservation.
B) object permanence.
C) centration.
D) egocentrism.
E) reversibility

Question 32

Which type of attachment style is characterized by babies who do not seem to care very much whether the mother is present or absent and are equally comfortable with her and a stranger?

A) secur.
B) avoidan.
C) resistant
D) disorganized
E) permissive

Question 33

Because Michelle has a concept of what happens in a restaurant, Piaget would say that Michelle has

A) imprinted on eating.
B) learned to assimilate food.
C) learned restaurant operations.
D) failed to develop overregularization.
E) a restaurant schema.

Question 34

Assimilation is said to occur when a child

A) believes that an object exists even if it can't be seen at that moment.
B) adds increasingly more symbolic representations of outer reality.
C) updates or changes existing schemes as a result of new information.
D) modifies new information to fit into what is already known.
E) forgets information that has not been accessed recently.

Question 35

Like any 4-month-old, Amy depends on her parents to feed her and to change her diapers. When Amy cries, her devoted parents quickly respond to her needs. According to Erikson, Amy should develop a sense of ________.

A) trus.
B) mistrust
C) autonom.
D) initiative
E) shame

Question 36

The first stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory involves an infant's need to

A) develop a basic sense of trust in the environment.
B) explore and manipulate objects.
C) initiate intellectual and motor tasks.
D) experience a comfortable sense of autonomy.
E) receive enough food necessary for survival.

Question 37

Rico is quite relaxed with his caregivers and is able to interact with strangers quite well. This is best explained by which form of attachment?

A) anxious-secure
B) ambivalent
C) secure
D) avoidant
E) anxious-ambivalent

Question 38

Ashani is 18 months old.mom leaves her at the babysitter's house, Ashani cries initially.ew moments, she stops crying because her mom is "out of sight and out of mind.g to Piaget, which period of cognitive development would Ashani be in?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperationa.
C) concrete operations.
D) concrete operations
E) postformal operations

Question 39

A child who has not mastered object permanence believes that

A) not all grown-up men are fathers.
B) two small pieces of pizza are better than one large piece.
C) everyone is thinking about the child.
D) a hidden doll no longer exists.
E) rain occurs when the clouds are sad.

Question 40

Susan becomes extremely upset when her mother leaves, grasping her leg and refusing to let go. When her mother returns, she is difficult to console and cries herself to the point of exhaustion. This is best explained by which form of attachment?

A) anxious-secur.
B) ambivalent
C) secure
D) avoidant
E) anxious-ambivalen.

Question 41

Donna is so focused on the idea of having a big bowl of ice cream that she refuses to eat ice cream off a plate, even though the plate has more ice cream. Her refusal is an example of

A) egocentrism.
B) conservation.
C) animistic thinking.
D) centration.
E) object permanence.

Question 42

During Piaget's formal operational stage, thinking becomes

A) egocentric.
B) animistic.
C) abstract.
D) habituated.
E) impulsive.

Question 43

In contrast to Piaget, Vygotsky emphasized the role of ________ during development.

A) learned response.
B) social interaction.
C) individual differences
D) the child's representations of the world
E) genetics

Question 44

Ron, a toddler, takes a picture and puts it to the receiver of a phone in order to "show" it to his grandmother. This example illustrates

A) disoriented attachment.
B) conservation.
C) object permanence.
D) egocentrism.
E) reversibility

Question 45

Elijah is a 3-year-old little boy who likes to spread his peas and carrots all over his plate. After spreading out his food, he asks for more. His mom pushes all the food together and Elijah continues to eat. Which period of cognitive development is Elijah in?

A) egocentris.
B) sensorimotor
C) preoperationa.
D) accommodation
E) assimilation

Question 46

Larry, a 10-year-old, first sees two identical glasses with water at the same level; then, the water from one of the short, wide glasses is poured into a taller, thinner glass. Larry will likely conclude that

A) there is more water in the taller, thinner glass.
B) there is more water in the shorter, wider glass.
C) there are equal amounts of water in the shorter, wider and taller, thinner glasses.
D) there are equal amounts of water in the two identical glasses only.
E) all of the glasses have the same amount of water.

Question 47

A 4-year-old child who insists on choosing and putting on her clothes without any assistance from her mother would be classified by Erikson as being in the ________ stage.

A) concrete operational
B) trust versus mistrust
C) initiative versus guil.
D) intimacy versus isolatio.
E) competence versus inferiority

Question 48

Erikson would explain a child's interest in achieving goals on the sporting field or in the classroom as being due to

A) a reinforcement of stereotypes.
B) a way to channel nervous energy.
C) the need to feel a sense of competence.
D) a rebellion against authority figures.
E) a way to establish trust with teammates.

Question 49

Piaget would use the concept of ________ to explain why a child would state that "my G.hungry."

A) centration
B) animistic thinking
C) assimilation
D) accommodation
E) egocentris.

Question 50

Shelley and Julie are mothers who each have a 3-month-old infant. Shelley tells Julie, "My son is so fussy," to which Julie replies, "That's funny-my son is so easy." It appears that Shelley and Julie are discussing their newborns'

A) personalities.
B) moods.
C) reflexes.
D) temperaments.
E) attachments

Question 51

Germain tends to rule his home with an iron fist. His children know the rules and they are expected to obey them without question or they know there will be harsh consequences. Diana Baumrind would describe Germain's parenting style as

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) ironclad.
D) indulgent.
E) permissive

Question 52

Ethan, a 3-year-old, asks his mom to cut a pizza pie into 12 rather than 8 pieces because he is "really hungry." On the basis of this example, it is most appropriate to conclude that Ethan

A) understands object permanence.
B) does not understand object permanence.
C) understands conservation.
D) does not understand conservation.
E) understands the personal fable

Question 53

Elka is 9 years old. She has been working on her science project that places different dinosaurs into different periods of time. Which stage of cognitive development is she most likely in?

A) preoperational
B) formal operation.
C) sensorimotor
D) concrete operation.
E) postformal operations

Question 54

A child from which of the following parenting types would be most likely to lack social skills later in life?

A) ambivalent
B) authoritative
C) secure
D) permissive
E) indulgent

Question 55

Rosa, who is 13, wants to spend her babysitting money on something special, but she also wants to save some of the money to buy her brother a birthday gift. She is trying to decide the best way to spend her money. Which stage of cognitive development is Rosa in?

A) sensorimoto.
B) formal operation.
C) biophysical
D) reversibility
E) formal operational

Question 56

Which of the following illustrates Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding?

A) Several children work together to overcome an obstacle they could not conquer individually.
B) A teacher works one-on-one with a student and then begins to withdraw help as the student becomes more skilled.
C) Learning in one area, such as language, tends to reinforce learning that occurs in other areas, such as mathematics.
D) Physical interaction with the environment is a key to learning, so teachers require students to run and play a great deal.
E) A child has a negative experience with a classmate and then goes home to cry about not wanting to back to school the next day.

Question 57

Daryl believes that there is more Silly Putty when it is in a ball shape than when John makes it into a big "pancake." Piaget would argue that Daryl has

A) learned object permanence.
B) not mastered conservation.
C) demonstrated egocentrism.
D) animistic thinking.
E) formal operational thought.

Question 58

According to the most recent evidence, what can be said of Piaget's findings?

A) The capacities of infants usually are not as high as claimed by Piaget.
B) Object permanence has been shown as early as 1 month of age, thus refuting Piaget's claim that it is not established until toddlerhood.
C) Piaget's theory seems to underestimate the age by which a child masters egocentrism and object permanence.
D) Piaget's concept that the qualitative changes in cognitive processing is more important than the quantitative changes has been effectively refuted.
E) They were so groundless that the views of Vygotsky completely eclipsed them.

Question 59

A child who refuses to steal candy because of a fear of being caught is most likely demonstrating

A) postconventional morality.
B) centration.
C) formal operational thought.
D) animistic thinking.
E) preconventional morality.

Question 60

Which of the following is an example of animistic thought?

A) An object ceases to exist when hidden from sight.
B) A child is unwilling to share toys.
C) A child sucks on a nipple.
D) A child chooses a tall thin glass of milk over a short, wide glass of milk.
E) After witnessing a traffic accident, a child refers to a damaged fender as an "owie..

Question 61

Amy is 30 years old and she has difficulty forming meaningful relationships with others. According to Erikson, she is most likely in the ________ stage.

A) intimacy versus isolatio.
B) identity versus role confusion
C) basic trust versus mistrus.
D) integrity versus despair
E) autonomy versus shame/doubt

Question 62

A person who is lonely and who cannot form meaningful connections with others did not successfully resolve the ________ crisis, according to Erikson.

A) trust versus mistrust
B) initiative versus guilt
C) generativity versus stagnatio.
D) affiliation versus social rejection
E) intimacy versus isolation

Question 63

Describe the sensory and reflexive abilities and preferences of an infant.

Question 64

The despair of a person who is in Erikson's final psychosocial crisis is most likely caused by

A) a fear of dying.
B) a decrease in mental ability and physical stamina.
C) an incomplete resolution of earlier developmental crises.
D) societal discrimination against the elderly.
E) lack of social support from friends and family members.

Question 65

What changes can a person expect as they age beyond their 60s?

Question 66

Aaron is a middle-aged physician. He gives back to the community by acting as a mentor to teenagers interested in entering the medical profession. Erikson would say that Aaron is experiencing

A) intimacy.
B) identity.
C) generativity.
D) integrity.
E) industry

Question 67

Kohlberg suggests that the sixth stage of moral reasoning is evident when an individual acts in order to

A) gain acceptance and avoid disapproval from others.
B) follow rules and avoid penalties.
C) support universal principles of conscience.
D) promote the welfare of the society.
E) achieve rewards and avoid punishments.

Question 68

When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, Liz follows her conscience despite the personal risk. This would be characteristic of ________ morality.

A) conventional
B) preconventiona.
C) postconventiona.
D) unconventional
E) autonomous

Question 69

Which of the following is a serious flaw in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A) The lower stages have not been found in all cultures.
B) Moral reasoning does not predict actual behavior.
C) The higher stages are not associated with education.
D) The stages as a whole do not parallel Piaget's stages.
E) All cultures attain the stages in the same order.

Question 70

The brain's ability to rewire itself to adapt to its environment, a quality called ________, is greatest during the early childhood years and declines as we get old. As such, if one has a head injury, it is most likely that one will have greater recovery if that were to happen during the early years.

A) plasticity
B) neurogenesis
C) synaptic pruning
D) lateralization
E) a split brain

Question 71

Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of ________ morality.

A) conventiona.
B) preconventional moralit.
C) principled
D) postconventional
E) postformal

Question 72

Saul believes in the Golden Rule and desperately wants people to view him as a good person. Most likely, he is in which level of moral development?

A) convergent
B) postconventional
C) conventiona.
D) preconventiona.
E) postformal

Question 73

Edmund is a Boy Scout. While on a camping trip, the scout leader tells the boys to stay away from the lake. Some of the scouts ignore the leader and go fishing by the lake anyway. Edmund wants to do what the leader tells him and believes that good behaviors are rewarded while bad behaviors are punished. Which level of moral reasoning is he in?

A) preconventiona.
B) conventiona.
C) postconventional
D) convenient
E) assimilated

Question 74

Brad is 18 and is looking into career options. He is currently deciding whether he wants to become a gourmet chef or a race car driver. Brad is at what stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development?

A) integrity versus despair
B) intimacy versus isolation
C) generativity versus stagnatio.
D) identity versus role confusio.
E) industry versus inferiority

Question 75

Jeremy is 17 years old. According to Erikson, his chief task will be acquiring a sense of

A) identity.
B) intimacy.
C) generativity.
D) autonomy.
E) integrity

Question 76

Describe the four stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Be sure to address the abilities and limits of each stage.

Question 77

Erikson believed that you cannot move into the period of generativity until you have

A) a stable marriage.
B) reached the age of 50.
C) achieved worldly-wise, adult cognitive style.
D) faced and accepted your own mortality.
E) successfully met the challenges of identity and intimacy.

Question 78

Describe the transitions that are characteristic of adolescence, including changes that occur involving physical maturation and sexuality.

Question 79

Brad is in an electronics store with his parents. He looks at the CDs and thinks for a moment that he could grab one and put it beneath his coat. As he considers this possibility, he decides not to do it because he might get caught, and his parents would punish him. What stage of moral development does Brad's decision represent?

A) preoperationa.
B) preconventiona.
C) autonomous moral principles
D) conventional role conformity
E) postformal morality

Question 80

According to Gilligan, Kohlberg's theory of moral development

A) should only be applied to males.
B) explains moral reasoning in multiple cultures.
C) should be extended to males.
D) is a comprehensive theory without missing components.
E) should only be applied to females