Deck 6: Thinking and Intelligence

Question 1

Which example would most people take longest to identify as a fruit?

A) grape
B) apple
C) orang.
D) oliv.
E) plum

Answer 1

oliv.

Question 2

Good thinkers possesses which of the following attributes?

A) They are capable of careful reasoning.
B) They make use of effective thinking strategies.
C) They avoid ineffective thinking strategies.
D) They avoid misleading thinking strategies.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Answer 2

They make use of effective thinking strategies.

Question 3

Compared to artificial concepts learned in science and math, natural concepts tend to be

A) easier to learn.
B) very clear and well defined.
C) fuzzy with unclear boundaries.
D) good fits with a rigid classification system.
E) biologically innate.

Answer 3

fuzzy with unclear boundaries.

Question 4

Deanna reads that horses are a type of animal and that palominos are a type of horse. To understand this, Deanna will organize these concepts into a

A) script.
B) syllogism.
C) hierarchy.
D) mental set.
E) cognitive map.

Question 5

Which one of the following is NOT an artificial concept?

A) the dictionary definition of the word truth
B) Einstein's theory of relativity
C) your mental image of the Statue of Libert.
D) the lyrics to "New York, New York"
E) how to determine the radius of a circl.

Question 6

A "feathered biped" is the artificial concept of a(n)

A) human.
B) bird.
C) penguin.
D) sea horse.
E) animal.

Question 7

When you give someone verbal directions on how to find a classroom in a building, you are using a

A) prototype.
B) mental set.
C) cognitive map.
D) hierarchy.
E) hindsight bias.

Question 8

On the first day of class, you are likely to do all of the following: find a desk, sit down, listen to the teacher talk about her syllabus, take out a pen, start taking notes, and not speak very much. These activities are part of your ________ about the first day of class.

A) algorith.
B) mental set
C) scrip.
D) episodic memory
E) heuristic

Question 9

Before enrolling in an abnormal psychology course, Gary's idea of psychological disorders had been influenced primarily by talk shows. He expected to hear the same kinds of stories he had heard on talk shows. What an eye-opening experience the course turned out to be! How would a cognitive psychologist describe the influence the course had on Gary's idea of psychological disorders?

A) Gary learned the value of algorithms.
B) Gary now uses heuristics.
C) The course increased Gary's ability to use visual imagery.
D) The course altered Gary's concept of psychological disorders.
E) Gary is using creativity.

Question 10

Consider the following concept hierarchy: food, desserts, chocolates, ________. The last term should be

A) brownies.
B) vanilla ice cream.
C) main courses.
D) side dishes.
E) edible food.

Question 11

You ask a student to describe the path to his dorm room. The most likely way in which he will do this is to

A) recite a rote list of directions he memorized.
B) give you the GPS location of his dorm room.
C) walk through a mental image of the path and describe it to you as he does it.
D) draw a diagram on a piece of paper and then point out where you should go.
E) none of these answers are correct

Question 12

Talia is looking for her cat by methodically searching each room and then closing the door. She is using what type of problem-solving strategy?

A) an algorith.
B) a heuristi.
C) a means-end strategy
D) a hunch
E) a mental set

Question 13

Which of the following is true of prototypes?

A) They are slowly accessed and recalled.
B) They are never used when the critical features approach applies.
C) They are formed on the basis of commonly experienced features.
D) The more often they are perceived, the weaker their overall memory strength.
E) They are often based on dictionary definitions.

Question 14

A person whose frontal lobes are damaged (just above the eyes) will be expected to

A) show difficulty in comprehending speech.
B) experience hallucinations.
C) display little response to a particular stimulus.
D) have difficulty in forming a cognitive map.
E) be unable to shift information into long-term memory.

Question 15

Concepts

A) can represent objects but not activities.
B) cannot be directly observed by researchers.
C) are basically the same from one person to the next.
D) interfere with our ability to organize new information.
E) come in exactly two types, visual and auditory.

Question 16

Don tells Ray he wants to get a new sports car. Ray immediately understands why, because he is familiar with the common characteristics of sports cars and knows what makes them different from family cars. Ray is using mental categories called

A) classes.
B) concepts.
C) attributes.
D) classifications.
E) exemplars.

Question 17

Sally is enrolled in a high school geometry course, which she describes as "drawing figures and figuring drawings." In a typical class, students draw geometric figures and use a formula to calculate an aspect of the figure such as its area. Each time Sally uses a formula, she is making use of what psychologists call

A) heuristics.
B) logarithms.
C) algorithms.
D) convergence.
E) divergence.

Question 18

When a child understands that dogs and cats are quite different, the child has formed

A) deja vu.
B) an exemplar
C) a prototype.
D) functional fixedness.
E) concept.

Question 19

Which is the most likely prototype for the concept of "vehicle"?

A) glider
B) ca.
C) scooter
D) bicycl.
E) skateboard

Question 20

The first thing that comes to mind when asked to name an example from a category is called the

A) schema.
B) prototype.
C) concept marker.
D) category marker.
E) exemplar.

Question 21

Seventy percent of the students in a classroom are women and 30 percent are men. One student is described as ambitious, athletic, and assertive. Why are most people likely to think this description refers to a male student?

A) They are using the availability bias.
B) They are using the representativeness bias.
C) People seek only confirming information.
D) People tend to make relative comparisons.
E) People base their assumptions on what the media tells us is common.

Question 22

Many of the "flaws" in our reasoning abilities caused by our use of heuristics are the by-product of

A) classical conditioning.
B) insanity.
C) an adaptive strategy.
D) fuzzy logic.
E) our changing brains.

Question 23

The concept of the confirmation bias specifically assumes that we are most likely to believe

A) the scientific method as true.
B) information that agrees with our thinking.
C) information that refutes our thinking.
D) logical thinking.
E) mental sets.

Question 24

When solving a maze, some people start at the end. This strategy is known as

A) inversion.
B) working backward.
C) reversibility.
D) means-ends analysis.
E) anchoring bias.

Question 25

One of the reasons that people use algorithms is that they

A) are intuitive and obvious.
B) are flexible because they are not too precise.
C) can solve only certain problems.
D) change over time as we become wiser.
E) will always work if used properly.

Question 26

Jada keeps spanking her children when they misbehave, even though it is obvious that this is not an effective form of punishment for her children. Why does Jada keep spanking?

A) She has a mental set.
B) She is working backward.
C) She is demonstrating anchoring bias.
D) She is identifying the problem.
E) She is demonstrating divergent thinking.

Question 27

Which problem-solving strategy did the Wright brothers use to solve the challenge of powered human flight?

A) finding a relevant analogy
B) working backward from small-order to large-order concerns
C) formal logic
D) breaking the problem into subgoals
E) functional fixedness

Question 28

Most people would guess that more women die of breast cancer than of heart disease, even though the opposite is true. People might be misled because we hear about breast cancer quite a bit in the media. Thus, we fall victim to

A) the confirmation bias.
B) the availability bias.
C) an anchoring bias.
D) divergent thinking.
E) a mental set.

Question 29

Agatha Harkness-Smythe is determined to ban guns in the United States. This is a controversial topic and social scientists have debated whether the ownership of guns by citizens increases or decreases crime. Agatha could go to the library and look up studies on the linkage between guns and crime rates. Instead, Agatha just reads the local newspaper and only cuts out articles about robberies in which the "bad guy" used a firearm. Agatha is demonstrating

A) mental set.
B) confirmation bias.
C) stereotype threat.
D) mindlessness.
E) flow.

Question 30

Riley has figured out how to unlock his bedroom door with a paper clip. What has he most likely overcome in his new use of the paper clip?

A) functional fixednes.
B) the representational problem
C) the representative bias
D) the confirmation bia.
E) the mental set

Question 31

John learns about Michelle, a student at a state university in New York, who has blond hair, enjoys summer, and likes the beach. John assumes she is from California (given the stereotypes about women from California) despite the fact that over 85% of students at this state university are from New York. This is best explained by

A) divergent thinking.
B) algorithms.
C) knowledge of the base rate.
D) the representativeness bias.
E) convergent thinking.

Question 32

A loose screw on the visor causes it to drop down while Ben drives; however, he keeps forgetting to take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it. When he notices the visor drop again, he reaches into his pocket for a dime and uses it to tighten the screw holding the visor. What problem-solving difficulty did Ben overcome?

A) relative comparison
B) functional fixednes.
C) poor problem representation
D) the representative bia.
E) the availability bias

Question 33

You believe that a test is going to turn out badly, but then you get an A on that test. If you then tell friends that you knew all along that you would do well on the test, you are showing

A) hindsight bias.
B) anchoring bias.
C) student bias.
D) availability bias.
E) convergent thinking.

Question 34

A heuristic is BEST described as a

A) rule of thumb.
B) step-by-step procedure.
C) time-consuming process that guarantees success.
D) schema.
E) categorization process from general to specific.

Question 35

An advantage of algorithms over heuristics is that

A) algorithms are much faster.
B) algorithms guarantee a correct answer.
C) algorithms are shortcuts.
D) algorithms use rules of thumb.
E) heuristics make solutions more difficult to find.

Question 36

An advantage of using a heuristic over an algorithm is that the heuristic

A) insures a correct answer.
B) takes longer and is more accurate.
C) can be quicker.
D) always works the same way.
E) fosters greater creativity.

Question 37

The use of a(n) ________ in problem solving guarantees success, but using a(n) ________ does not guarantee success.

A) mental set; schem.
B) algorithm; heuristi.
C) mnemonic; script
D) retrieval cue; cognitive map
E) prototype; anchoring bias

Question 38

Alex and Barbara are asked to estimate the size of a crowd. Alex is asked whether the crowd is bigger or smaller than 10,000, whereas Barbara is asked whether the crowd is bigger or smaller than 2,000. The fact that Alex would give a larger estimate could best be explained by

A) the representativeness heuristic.
B) mental set.
C) the anchoring bias.
D) self-imposed limitations.
E) cognitive maps.

Question 39

Rob is preparing Chicken Baskini for Patty when he realizes that the chicken is supposed to be pounded out. So, he goes to the store to buy a cooking mallet. Rob never thought of using his rolling pin to flatten the chicken because of

A) the representativeness heuristic.
B) sampling bias.
C) the confirmation bias.
D) hindsight bias.
E) functional fixedness.

Question 40

A person who uses a drop of super glue to seal a paper cut on her finger has overcome the obstacle to effective problem solving called

A) working backward.
B) regression to the average.
C) functional fixedness.
D) the anchoring bias.
E) the representativeness heuristic.

Question 41

Suppose Maria's mental age is 20 and her chronological age is 10.er IQ?

A) 320
B) 8.
C) 200
D) 100
E) 120

Question 42

Which of the following is known to cause intellectual disability?

A) abuse by the mother of alcohol during pregnancy
B) a genetic disorder such as PKU
C) postnatal accidents involving the head
D) conditions of deprivation or neglect
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 43

Ed and Carol have a daughter named Bonnie who has just received a score of 155 on her IQ test. According to the text, Ed and Carol should

A) enroll Bonnie in a private school.
B) push Bonnie to succeed
C) do nothing special.
D) have Bonnie skip a grade or two in school.
E) gloat about Bonnie's brilliance whenever she is near.

Question 44

On an IQ test, a child named Phil scores a mental age of 7 years. What is his IQ score?

A) His IQ matches his chronological age.
B) His chronological age is 7 years.
C) The average age of people receiving that score is 7 years.
D) Phil got about seven questions right in each section of the test.
E) IQ scores cannot be calculated from the information that is provided.

Question 45

A hypothetical construct cannot be

A) defined.
B) changed.
C) describe.
D) observed.
E) discussed.

Question 46

According to Terman's original computation of intelligence quotient, if Ralph's computed IQ score is 75, then he

A) might be a 12-year-old who is as smart as the average 9-year-old.
B) correctly answered three-fourths of the questions on the intelligence test.
C) is 75 years old.
D) might be a 6-year-old who is as intelligent as most 8-year-olds.
E) is as smart as the average 75-year-old.

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a hypothetical construct?

A) heigh.
B) brilliance
C) happines.
D) intelligence
E) anger

Question 48

Frank mistakenly believes that there are more words that begin with the letter k than there are with the letter k in the third position due to the

A) representativeness bias.
B) availability bias.
C) planning fallacy.
D) confirmation bias.
E) mental set.

Question 49

In his decades-long study of giftedness, Lewis Terman found that

A) there were surprisingly few professionals in his sample.
B) there were a great many professionals and even an "Einstein" or two.
C) most gifted children generally grew up to be healthy and happy adults.
D) academic success was unrelated to IQ.
E) high IQ was practically a guarantee of wealth and fame.

Question 50

An 8-year-old child who scored like an average 10-year-old on an intelligence test would have a mental age of ________ and an IQ of ________.

A) 8; 8.
B) 8; 125
C) 10; 100
D) 10; 125
E) 18; 180

Question 51

Because it had to be administered ________, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale was not as ________ as other intelligence tests.

A) in groups; standardized
B) individually; economical
C) quickly; valid
D) often; reliable
E) only one time; consistent

Question 52

Which of the following pairs of children features one child who would be classified as suffering from an intellectual disability and one child who would be classified as gifted?

A) Tammy's IQ is 88, and Preki's IQ is 188.
B) Pua's IQ is 99, and Jared's IQ is 115.
C) Brock's IQ is 79, and Chandler's IQ is 112.
D) Bill's IQ is 54, and Missy's IQ is 137.
E) Ricardo's IQ is 14, and Herve's IQ is 84.

Question 53

Which is NOT a characteristic of creative people?

A) They tend to be willing to restructure a given problem.
B) They are often conventional in their personal lifestyle and take few social risks.
C) They tend to have an intense interest in the problems they are attempting to solve.
D) They value their independence.
E) They have a preference for complexity in problems

Question 54

Dallas is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 10 years. His IQ would be

A) 80.
B) 100.
C) 115.
D) 130.
E) 1,000.

Question 55

What did Terman's groundbreaking study of gifted children accomplish?

A) It put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the early part of the 20th century.
B) It proved that gifted children and adults are more prone to mental illnesses or odd behavior than other groups.
C) It demonstrated that they also have more than their share of failures.
D) It demonstrated that genius is the only factor that influences real success in life.
E) It demonstrated that giftedness is strongly correlated with social immaturity.

Question 56

Jordan is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 8 years. His IQ would be

A) 80.
B) 100.
C) 125.
D) 140.
E) 185.

Question 57

Which of the following people would most likely have savant syndrome?

A) Carrie, who has an intellectual disability
B) Luka, who has an intellectual disability but has superb mathematical skill.
C) Carter, who is gifted and does well at most task.
D) Abby, who is gifted but has major difficulties with spelling
E) Cleo, who is of average intelligence but is great at math and terrible at spelling

Question 58

Which of the following is true of creativity?

A) Creative people have unique personality flaws.
B) Creativity first involves becoming an expert in a specific field.
C) Low motivation can facilitate creativity.
D) A person can become an expert after a year of creative study.
E) Creative achievement requires a great leap of imagination.

Question 59

A person who is a fine guitar player would be said to have a(n) ________ for playing the guitar.

A) schema
B) prototype
C) aptitud.
D) algorith.
E) divergence

Question 60

Researchers typically stress that a key aspect of intelligence is

A) the ability to speak different languages.
B) the Y chromosome.
C) the ability to acquire knowledge.
D) only accurate for males.
E) creativity.

Question 61

Cattell would argue that a person who can name all seven of the dwarfs possesses ________ intelligence.

A) divergent
B) crystallize.
C) flui.
D) practical
E) experiential

Question 62

Critics claimed that Jensen minimized or ignored the impact of all of the following in terms of racial differences EXCEPT for

A) the effects of racism.
B) different teacher expectations in school.
C) lack of opportunity.
D) low self-esteem.
E) heredity.

Question 63

Which of the following groups of children is most likely to have the most similar IQ scores?

A) identical twins reared apar.
B) same-sex fraternal twins
C) siblings reared together
D) identical twins reared together
E) opposite-sex fraternal twins

Question 64

Janet cannot get along well with others, but she is the best in her class at reading. According to Howard Gardner, she lacks ________ intelligence but possesses much ________ intelligence.

A) musical; spatia.
B) rhythmic; logical
C) bodily-kinesthetic; intrapersonal
D) interpersonal; linguisti.
E) spatial; linguistic

Question 65

Charles Spearman argued that individual differences in intelligence

A) were subject to change from environmental influences.
B) could be altered by early intervention in childhood educational programs.
C) were innately determined.
D) were due to the influence of invisible flux fields that affect neurotransmitters.
E) could not be accurately measured.

Question 66

A problem with the Head Start enrichment program is that it

A) may not start early enough.
B) has had no impact on IQ scores.
C) cannot undo the effects of poverty.
D) reaches all of the children who need it.
E) has no long-term impact.

Question 67

Einstein would be considered to be ________ in ________.

A) low; creativity
B) low; crystallized intelligenc.
C) moderate; g
D) high; fluid intelligenc.
E) low; g

Question 68

Shalissa is described as being self-aware and able to manipulate situations to her advantage. She is probably high in

A) analytical intelligence.
B) creative intelligence.
C) practical intelligence.
D) fluid intelligence.
E) none of these answers are correct

Question 69

An example of ________ is a person who is expected to do poorly by his or her teacher, and then actually does poorly.

A) divergent thinking
B) a lack of interpersonal intelligence
C) high crystallized intelligence
D) an accurate .
E) a self-fulfilling prophec.

Question 70

Interpersonal intelligence is to intrapersonal intelligence as

A) others are to self.
B) self is to others.
C) positive is to negative.
D) "street smarts" is to "book smarts."
E) "book smarts" is to "street smarts."

Question 71

Which of the mental abilities noted by Gardner could be thought of as relating to emotional intelligence?

A) musical and spatia.
B) rhythmic and logical
C) bodily-kinesthetic and intrapersonal
D) interpersonal and intrapersona.
E) spatial and linguistic

Question 72

Based on Scarr and Weinberg's study, you would expect that Black and White children who were ________ at birth would exhibit IQ scores that reflected a strong effect of the environment.

A) mentally retarded
B) from lower social classes
C) adopted
D) low in weight
E) placed in special facilities

Question 73

If intelligence is determined primarily by heredity, which pair should show the highest correlation between IQ scores?

A) fraternal twins
B) identical twins
C) brothers and sisters
D) parents and children
E) cousins

Question 74

An example of Sternberg's practical intelligence is

A) academic achievement only.
B) knowing when to plant corn.
C) having interpersonal and emotional skills.
D) learning how to write clearly.
E) knowing how to take two ingredients and create a new dish.

Question 75

Frida is a substitute teacher who is taking over for Susan. Susan's two classes are equally good, but Susan decides to tell Frida that the afternoon class is smarter. Based on the research of Rosenthal and Jacobson, we could expect

A) the afternoon class to perform better.
B) Frida to try to treat the two classes the same.
C) Frida to defend the morning class by saying they are smarter.
D) Frida to figure out that Susan was lying.
E) the morning class to get better treatment from Frida.

Question 76

According to Sternberg, Picasso would score high in ________ intelligence.

A) creativ.
B) analytica.
C) experiential
D) practical
E) triarchic

Question 77

Tim and Jim are identical twins who were raised apart. Ned and Ed are fraternal twins who were raised together. Which pair of twins will have more similar IQ scores, if either?

A) Tim and Ji.
B) Ned and E.
C) Their IQs will be the same, because environment and genetics interact equally across both cases.
D) It is impossible to answer based on the given information.
E) All twins have the same IQ.

Question 78

According to Sternberg, your college grades would reflect your ________ intelligence.

A) fluid
B) analytical
C) experiential
D) practical
E) creativ.

Question 79

According to Robert Sternberg, ________is best described as "street smarts," or the ability to use information to get along in life. People who have it are self-aware, know how to manipulate situations to their advantage, and know how to use inside information to increase their odds of success.

A) analytical intelligence
B) creative intelligence
C) practical intelligence
D) naturalistic intelligence
E) none of these answers are correct

Question 80

A source of bias that may explain racial IQ differences is the fact that most IQ tests rely heavily on

A) math skills.
B) vocabulary level.
C) the ability to pay attention.
D) individual responsibility.
E) interpersonal intelligence.