Deck 8: States of Consciousness

Question 1

Judith is startled when her 6-year-old daughter, Laura, sleepwalks into the family room. It is most likely that Laura is experiencing the ________ stage of the sleep cycle.

A) REM
B) first
C) thir.
D) fourt.
E) diurnal

Answer 1

fourt.

Question 2

________ is an example of a conscious process.

A) Breathin.
B) Trying to choose the best answer to this question
C) Regulating your blood pressure
D) Digestion
E) Blinking every few seconds

Answer 2

Trying to choose the best answer to this question

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT true of daydreams?

A) They are more vivid than our most colorful night dreams.
B) They help us to creatively confront and solve problems.
C) They are under our control.
D) They are most common in young adults.
E) They serve valuable, healthy functions.

Answer 3

They are more vivid than our most colorful night dreams.

Question 4

The pattern of human physiological processes that seems to be controlled by an internal "biological clock" is

A) unaffected by the world's daylight-dark cycles.
B) coordinated in the hypothalamus.
C) set on a 12-hour cycle.
D) identical for all people.
E) unrelated to work schedules and travel.

Question 5

Your telephone number resides in this part of the mind:

A) postconscious
B) conscious
C) unconsciou.
D) collective unconscious
E) preconsciou.

Question 6

Our cyclical changes in consciousness are an example of

A) our interests.
B) biological tides.
C) our circadian rhythms.
D) what others tell us.
E) our genotypes.

Question 7

A cognitive neuroscientist would be most likely to have subjects ________ to determine which brain areas are active during different mental tasks.

A) discuss their most recent dreams
B) utilize a technique called priming
C) undergo fMRI, PET, or EEG testing
D) take psychoactive drugs
E) report on their ideas by using introspection

Question 8

Preconscious memories are thought to

A) function in the background until they are needed.
B) detect changes in biological functioning and regulate them without conscious awareness.
C) involve automatic cognitive processing of information.
D) stem from the need to repress traumatic memories or taboo desires.
E) cannot be brought to conscious memory because they are buried too deep.

Question 9

________ believe that the unconscious is merely a collection of nonconscious processes produced in the brain.

A) Behaviorists
B) Psychoanalysts
C) Neuroscientists
D) Cognitive psychologists
E) Humanistic psychologists

Question 10

Gruber asked Pamela to say the words folk, soak, and joke. Then, he asked her, "What do you call the white of an egg?" If her reply was "the yolk," rather than the right answer (the albumen, or egg white), this answer would be evidence for

A) selective attention.
B) hypnotizability.
C) priming.
D) functionalism.
E) cataplexy.

Question 11

How does the evolutionary view account for the presence of sleep paralysis during REM sleep?

A) Sleep paralysis promotes brain development.
B) Sleep paralysis allows us to focus our mental energy on problem solving.
C) Our energy stores are recharged more rapidly during sleep paralysis.
D) Sleep paralysis allows us to avoid getting out of bed and into trouble in our sleep.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 12

Consciousness must process information _________, while nonconscious brain circuits can process many streams of information in _________.

A) personally; parallel
B) in parallel; serial fashio.
C) in parallel; parallel
D) serially; serial fashion
E) serially; parallel

Question 13

Walking and chewing gum at the same time would, for most people, be _________ processes.

A) preconscious
B) nonconscious
C) subconscious
D) semiconsciou.
E) conscious

Question 14

If you are awakened from sleep and you feel as though you had not even been asleep, then you were most likely in which stage of sleep?

A) Stage .
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Slow wave slee.
E) REM sleep

Question 15

Structuralists used the technique of ________ to study consciousness.

A) psychoanalysis
B) experimentation
C) anima
D) naturalistic observation
E) introspection

Question 16

Circadian rhythms are NOT disrupted by

A) shifting work schedules.
B) irregular sleep and wake routines.
C) eating regular meals.
D) flying from west to east.
E) changes in the light-dark cycle.

Question 17

Which type of psychologist is most likely to believe that the conscious mind is a natural process occurring in the nerve cells of the brain that can be studied through objective scientific inquiry?

A) humanistic psychologists
B) behavioral geneticists
C) cognitive neuroscientists
D) experiential psychologists
E) clinical psychologist.

Question 18

What aspect of circadian rhythms might explain why we tend to feel so tired at night?

A) Body temperature bottoms out on Monday mornings.
B) The three biorhythm patterns converge at low points on Mondays.
C) Heart rates typically increase at night.
D) There is an organ in the brain sensitive to light changes, which then affects our sleepiness.
E) There is more melatonin secreted by the hypothalamus when our circadian rhythm is disrupted.

Question 19

The mental function of ________ remains a great mystery to neuroscientists.

A) unconsciousnes.
B) preconsciousness
C) consciousnes.
D) nonconsciousness
E) semiconsciousness

Question 20

A person who fervently believes in the writings of John B. Watson would be expected to believe or do all of the following EXCEPT

A) emphasize the direct observation of behavior.
B) focus solely on external behavior.
C) dismiss introspection as unscientific.
D) claim that consciousness is merely a by-product of actions.
E) attempt to search for the mental processes that cause behavior.

Question 21

Manifest content is to latent content as

A) obvious is to symbolic.
B) wish is to fulfillment.
C) symbolic is to obvious.
D) unconscious is to conscious.
E) sexual is to aggressive.

Question 22

A client tells his therapist about a dream of riding on a train with his boss. At the end of the journey, the boss gets off the train at a terminal. The therapist suggests that the terminal in the dream indicates an unconscious desire by the client to terminate his boss. This desire to terminate the boss, if it exists, would reflect what Freud called the ________ content of the dream.

A) primary
B) manifest
C) secondary
D) latent
E) tertiary

Question 23

Which of the following is true of dreams?

A) Men are equally likely to dream of children as are women.
B) Men dream about men twice as often as they dream of women.
C) Americans seldom dream of being naked in public.
D) Male dreams are more likely to feature friendly exchanges rather than hostility.
E) Adults are more likely than children to dream of large, threatening animals.

Question 24

Your last dream of the night is likely to

A) have the weakest connection to events of the previous day.
B) have the strongest connection to events of the previous day.
C) anticipate the events of the coming day.
D) be the hardest to remember.
E) occur about two hours before you awaken.

Question 25

Your alarm clock is set to wake you up two hours before you would normally arise. After a few days of this, you shut off your alarm clock and go to sleep. We would now expect to show

A) even less REM sleep than usual.
B) more REM sleep than usual.
C) no REM sleep.
D) the same REM sleep as usual.
E) only REM sleep.

Question 26

If the EEG record reveals evidence of very small and very fast waves, you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is ________.

A) really not sleeping and is awake
B) in Stage 2
C) in Stage 3
D) in Stage 4
E) in REM sleep

Question 27

A therapist who analyzes your dreams is most likely to have been trained according to the ________ school of psychology.

A) behaviorism
B) cognitive
C) humanisti.
D) psychoanalyti.
E) neuroscience

Question 28

Sigmund Freud would agree with all of the following EXCEPT

A) dreams represent the unconscious.
B) early memories could be found in dreams.
C) the key to analyzing a dream will be found in the latent content.
D) Freud never really believed that dreams represented the unconscious.
E) dreams have two primary levels of content.

Question 29

Your brain waves are being monitored in a sleep laboratory. If you are in deep sleep less than an hour after falling asleep, what brain waves will be detected?

A) beta
B) alpha
C) thet.
D) delt.
E) tau

Question 30

Interpretation of the ________ content of a dream is expected to reveal the ________ content.

A) latent; manifes.
B) manifest; laten.
C) manifest; sublimated
D) metaphorical; denotative
E) surface; deep

Question 31

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship of the total amount of sleep that an individual receives as a function of age?

A) We require more sleep as we age.
B) As we age, we tend to get less sleep.
C) We require much sleep during infancy and early childhood, less sleep in adolescence and early adulthood, and then more sleep in middle and older age.
D) The amount of sleep we require solely depends on individual difference variables.
E) We require less sleep when we are younger and when we are older, but more during our middle years.

Question 32

A recent research study suggests that the cognitive deficit produced by sleep deprivation is similar to that of

A) a short sleeper.
B) a legally drunk person.
C) a long sleeper.
D) a 90-year-old.
E) C and D are correct.

Question 33

The ________ argues that we sleep in order to conserve energy.

A) clinical psychology view
B) Freudian view
C) evolutionary perspective
D) activation-synthesis theory
E) homeostatic

Question 34

A client tells his therapist about a dream of riding on a train with his boss. At the end of the journey, the boss gets off the train at a terminal. The content of this dream, as related by the client to the therapist, is what Freud called its ________ content.

A) primary
B) manifest
C) secondary
D) latent
E) tertiary

Question 35

A client tells his therapist about a dream in which he drives his wife to the airport where she boards a plane. As the plane takes off, he is smiling. The therapist says the dream suggests a desire for a divorce. The therapist's interpretation represents what Sigmund Freud called the dream's ________ content.

A) deep
B) laten.
C) manifes.
D) subliminal
E) supraliminal

Question 36

John will likely experience REM rebound tonight if he

A) takes a sleeping pill before bed tonight.
B) drinks too much caffeine prior to sleeping.
C) did not sleep much last night.
D) slept more than 8 hours last night.
E) drinks at least 3 shots of alcohol before going to bed.

Question 37

Which of the following is an explanation of why we sleep?

A) Sleep allows us to conserve energy.
B) Sleep promotes memory.
C) Sleep clears the brain of useless information.
D) Sleep helps us to avoid harm at night.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 38

A newspaper advertisement describes a book that offers interpretations of dreams. In attempting to tell readers the meaning of the symbols of their dreams, the author intends to describe the ________ content.

A) deep
B) laten.
C) manifes.
D) subliminal
E) supraliminal

Question 39

A person who needs 9 hours per night but is only allowed to sleep for 6 hours per night would be said to suffer from

A) insomnia.
B) sleep apnea.
C) hypersomnia.
D) a sleep debt.
E) a circadian cataplexy.

Question 40

Freud believed that dreams

A) stem from unconscious conflicts, memories, and desires.
B) are sexual perversions.
C) are reflections of consciousness.
D) are ways to solve problems.
E) are the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural firing while we sleep.

Question 41

Which of the following people will be helped by hypnosis?

A) Jeff, who would like to run faster.
B) Celia, who wants a better memory.
C) Kiesha, who wants to remember what happened to her when she was 4 years old.
D) Carlos, who wants to stop thinking about his foot pain.
E) Mathilda, who wants to stop stammering.

Question 42

How does Ernest Hilgard explain pain reduction through hypnosis?

A) Hypnosis increases dopamine levels in the body.
B) People merely play the role of the hypnotized person and attempt to ignore the pain.
C) Hypnotized individuals dissociate the experience so that part of the mind is unaware of the pain.
D) Hypnosis results in an altered state of consciousness that alters brain waves in regions of the brain responsible for the perception of pain.
E) Hypnosis is a result of a "serotonin storm" occurring in the nucleus accumbens of the brain.

Question 43

How does Ernest Hilgard explain hypnosis?

A) Hypnosis increases dopamine levels in the body.
B) People merely fake being hypnotized.
C) Hypnotized individuals dissociate the conscious mind into an immediate part and a "hidden observer" part.
D) Hypnosis results in an altered state of consciousness that alters brain waves in regions of the brain.

Question 44

If you have been waking up too early for several weeks, you are probably suffering from

A) insomnia.
B) parasomnia.
C) hypersomnia.
D) reverse insomnia.
E) sleep debt.

Question 45

According to Herman von Helmholtz, creative dreaming results from

A) completely distracting yourself from the topic.
B) saturating yourself in a problem or issue that interests you.
C) utilizing various chemical substances.
D) discussing your topic with other experts.
E) listening to soothing music.

Question 46

Your friend has experienced excessive daytime sleepiness. He is laughing with you and suddenly falls to the ground. Your friend is probably suffering from

A) narcolepsy.
B) parasomnia.
C) REM rebound.
D) sleep apnea.
E) insomnia.

Question 47

________ may be treated using a device that pumps air into a person's lungs and keeps the airway open during sleep.

A) Narcoleps.
B) Cataplexy
C) Sleep paralysis
D) Insomnia
E) Sleep apne.

Question 48

A therapist can induce a patient to forget events that occurred during or before the hypnotic session in an effect called

A) hypnotic amnesia.
B) autohypnosis.
C) posthypnotic amnesia.
D) hypnotic meditation.
E) posthypnotic aphasia.

Question 49

The difference between insomnia and sleep apnea is that

A) apnea affects primarily the elderly, whereas insomnia is characteristic of children.
B) insomnia is treatable, but apnea is not.
C) insomnia is characterized by sleeplessness, whereas sleep apnea is characterized by breathing difficulties.
D) apnea is a precursor to narcolepsy, whereas insomnia is not.
E) insomnia occurs when a person cannot get to sleep, and sleep apnea occurs when people constantly wake up too early in the morning.

Question 50

The best adjectives associated with the activation-synthesis hypothesis are

A) bizarre, meaningless, and rando.
B) unconscious, symbolic, and meaningfu.
C) meaningful, problem-oriented, and historical
D) intelligent, free, and neurotic
E) deep, interpretable, symbolic

Question 51

The ________ is the view that the mind makes a coherent story out of spontaneous brain stem discharges.

A) psychoanalytic perspectiv.
B) activation-synthesis dream mode.
C) humanistic model
D) behavioristic approach
E) homeostatic approach

Question 52

Mental activities that differ noticeably from normal consciousness are known as

A) hyperconsciousness.
B) unconscious states.
C) relaxed wakefulness.
D) altered states of consciousness.
E) preconscious states.

Question 53

Which of the following conditions would you least like the pilot flying your airplane to have?

A) enuresi.
B) narcoleps.
C) sleep terror
D) daytime insomnia
E) encopresis

Question 54

Narcolepsy occurs when

A) REM sleep intrudes into wakefulness.
B) NREM sleep intrudes into wakefulness.
C) inadequate sleep occurs over a period of weeks.
D) inadequate levels of Stage 4 sleep cause neurological damage.
E) the air passages become blocked and a person "chokes" in their sleep.

Question 55

You find it hard to sleep due to your roommate's sleeping behavior. She snores quite a bit and at times it sounds as though she has great difficulty breathing. Your roommate may have

A) sleep apnea.
B) night terrors.
C) nightmares.
D) narcolepsy.
E) somnambulism.

Question 56

Which of the following pairs belong together?

A) LSD; tetrahydrocannabinol
B) marijuana; psilocybin
C) MDMA; acetylcholin.
D) marijuana; tetrahydrocannabino.
E) alcohol; ethylene-diamine-tetra acetic acid

Question 57

How does the activation-synthesis hypothesis explain dreaming?

A) the surfacing of repressed sexual urges
B) biological attempts to make recent memories more permanen.
C) the cortex making sense of signals from the brain ste.
D) the use of elaborate symbolism to disguise "unthinkable" topics
E) the surfacing of repressed aggressive urges

Question 58

Widely abused illegal drugs such as cocaine, heroin, and amphetamines are attractive to users because they

A) stimulate the brain's "reward circuits..
B) helped our ancestors survive and reproduce.
C) suppress REM sleep.
D) slow down mental and physical activity.
E) produce hallucinations and delusions.

Question 59

Which of the following statements might help you determine if an individual has narcolepsy?

A) "I have difficulty getting to sleep..
B) "I don't have an adverse reaction to sleeping pills."
C) "I sometimes suddenly fall asleep in the middle of a conversation..
D) "When I get up in the morning, I have the feeling that I had really bad nightmares."
E) "I don't know why, but I've recently started wetting my bed at night and I haven't done that since I was a child."

Question 60

Sleeping pills may disrupt the normal sleep cycle and worsen

A) narcolepsy.
B) daytime sleepiness.
C) sleep apnea.
D) insomnia.
E) cataplexy.

Question 61

In which culture is dreaming associated with an element of risk?

A) Egyptian
B) Israeli
C) Indian
D) Chinese
E) Brazilian

Question 62

The capacity of morphine and codeine to provide excellent pain relief occurs because these drugs

A) inhibit the uptake of serotonin.
B) cause the loss of physical sensation.
C) exert analgesic properties that resemble those of the body's endorphins.
D) increase central nervous system activity.
E) cause temporary failure within the cerebrum.

Question 63

Morphine and heroin duplicate the action of

A) endorphins
B) alcoho.
C) cigarettes
D) LSD
E) nicotine

Question 64

According to research by Theresa Pape and others (2015), patients in a coma who were exposed to recordings of family and friends telling them familiar stories from their lives showed activation in the parts of the brain that associated with language processing and

A) working memory.
B) long-term memory.
C) emotional regulation.
D) personality traits.
E) executive functioning.

Question 65

Contrast the physiological events that occur during non-REM and REM sleep.

Question 66

Marta is currently asleep after a long day at school. An EEG would show that she is currently in an NREM stage of sleep, and that this type of sleep reinforces her memory of certain types of information. Which of the following is most likely affected by this type of sleep?

A) the time in 1st grade when Marta's friend Amy brought her a cupcake for lunch
B) the scent of her father's aftershave
C) the sad emotions she experienced at her grandmother's funeral
D) Marta's memory of her own appearance
E) the location where Marta left her backpack when she got home from school

Question 67

After binging on alcohol the entire week of spring break, Virginia is trembling, nauseous, perspiring, and begging for alcohol. Virginia is probably suffering from

A) alcohol intolerance.
B) a painful illusion.
C) sensory deprivation.
D) withdrawal symptoms.
E) cataplexy analgesia.

Question 68

Describe the general class of drugs known as stimulants and explain their action within the brain.

Question 69

Stimulants

A) increase attention problems in children with ADHD.
B) are often prescribed to reduce anxiety.
C) can effectively treat narcolepsy.
D) slow central nervous system activity.
E) reduce energy levels for most people.

Question 70

Contrast the sleep disorders of insomnia, sleep apnea, sleep terrors, and narcolepsy with regard to key symptoms, known causes, and treatments for each.

Question 71

Tommasino is in his sociology class, but he is distracted by thoughts of the date he will be going on later that night. He begins daydreaming and loses focus on the lesson being taught. According to the default network model of daydreaming, which parts of Tommasino's brain may be active when he is not focused on an external stimulus?

A) the temporal and frontal lobes
B) the frontal and parietal lobes
C) the parietal and occipital lobes
D) the occipital and temporal lobes
E) the temporal and parietal lobes

Question 72

Selma notices that as her supply of marijuana decreases, she starts thinking more and more about where she can get another supply, as well as feeling nervous and anxious. This is an example of

A) withdrawal.
B) tolerance.
C) physiological dependence.
D) psychological dependence.
E) intoxication.

Question 73

After taking a drug for several years, Bruce decides to quit taking the drug. He begins to experience a variety of physical symptoms, psychological symptoms such as irritability, and a strong craving for the substance. What term is used to describe what Bruce is experiencing?

A) toleranc.
B) physical dependence
C) withdrawa.
D) drug intoxication
E) a synergistic reaction

Question 74

A diagnosis of alcoholism is appropriate when it affects all of the following EXCEPT

A) school performance.
B) social or family relationships.
C) health problems.
D) religious beliefs.
E) job performance.

Question 75

Explain the effects of opiates. (Include information about drugs in this category, reasons why they are used, their effects, and the likelihood of addiction.)

Question 76

Define conscious, preconscious, nonconscious, and unconscious thought and provide examples of thoughts that might have been in each level of consciousness prior to being asked this question.

Question 77

Russell needs more of the drug he has been using to get the normal high he got when he first started. Russell is experiencing

A) drug tolerance.
B) drug detoxification.
C) withdrawal.
D) overdrawal.
E) a syngergistic reaction.

Question 78

Based on recent research, approximately what percentage of 12th graders polled report that they used an illegal drug in 2010?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 25%
D) 40%
E) 55%

Question 79

Patients who take opiates under medical supervision for pain relief

A) rarely become highly addicted.
B) are susceptible to addiction.
C) have particularly severe withdrawal symptoms.
D) experience pleasurable sensations during treatment.
E) often die from overdosing.

Question 80

The two most important symptoms of physical dependence on a drug are

A) tolerance and failing to attend important occasions due to substance use.
B) withdrawal and substance abuse.
C) tolerance and withdrawal.
D) intolerance of most anything and withdrawal.
E) the development of narcoleptic spells and an increase in night terror episodes.