Deck 8: Benefit-Cost Analysis: Costs

Question 1

Refer to Table 8.1. If the before/after principle were applied to estimate the change in cost due to a new environmental regulation, the added costs due to the new regulation would be ________.

A) $90
B) $40
C) $50
D) $290

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Refer to the Figure above. Panel (b) represents an industry that has experienced cost increases due to environmental regulations. The price per unit increase that the industry experiences, from p₁ to p₂

A) is equal to the cost per unit increase, from c₁ to c_2.
B) is less than the cost per unit increase, from c₁ to c_2.
C) is greater than the cost per unit increase, from c₁ to c_2.
D) cannot be accurately stated from the picture.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Refer to Table 8.1. If the with/without principle were applied to estimate the change in cost due to a new environmental regulation, the added costs due to the new regulation would be ________.

A) $90
B) $40
C) $50
D) $290

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Refer to the Figure above. Panel (a) represents an industry that has experienced cost increases due to environmental regulations. The price per unit increase that the industry experiences, from p₁ to p₂

A) is equal to the cost per unit increase, from c₁ to c_2.
B) is less than the cost per unit increase, from c₁ to c_2.
C) is greater than the cost per unit increase, from c₁ to c_2.
D) cannot be accurately stated from the picture.

Question 5

Social costs are equal to

A) private welfare - social welfare.
B) private costs + social welfare.
C) private costs - external costs.
D) private costs + external costs.

Question 6

An example of a cost to a private group that is not a cost from the standpoint of society is ___________.

A) the cost of inputs
B) a tax
C) pollution
D) opportunity cost

Question 7

When providing costs associated with industry regulations that allow firms latitude in their response, the analysis must first begin with

A) identification of alternatives that firms might pursue.
B) the impact that the regulation has on production.
C) the impact that the regulation has on employment.
D) the impact that the regulation might have on product prices.

Question 8

Suppose a manufacturing firm that is about to be regulated faces the following actual and potential production costs: 1) $4,000 before regulation; 2) $4,550 in the future without the regulation; and 3) $5,200 in the future with the regulation. The true cost of the proposed regulation, invoking the with/without principle, is ________.

A) $550
B) $1,200
C) $650
D) impossible to determine from the information provided

Question 9

Cost data gathered to construct a representative firm

A) is collected by surveying current firms in the industry.
B) can be misrepresentative when the industry is comprised of heterogeneous firms.
C) is typically more accurate for historical costs than future costs under new regulations.
D) all of the above.

Question 10

Refer to the Figure above. Panel (a) and Panel (b) represent industries that have experienced cost increases due to environmental regulations. Assume that both price increases are equivalent. Which panel reflects less impact on the consumer and a large industry adjustment, in terms of less output?

A) Panel (a) reflects a larger industry adjustment.
B) Panel (b) reflects a larger industry adjustment.
C) Panel (a) and Panel (b) reflect the same industry impact.
D) The graphs do not indicate which industry is affected more by the regulations.

Question 11

A region is considering two sites on which to locate a new wastewater treatment plant. Site A has been owned by the region for five years and the region initially paid $200,000 for the land. The current market value of Site A is $400,000. Site B is land the region would have to purchase for $300,000. What is the social opportunity cost of each site?

A) $200,000 for Site A; $300,000 for Site B
B) $300,000 for Site A; $300,000 for Site B
C) $400,000 for Site A; $300,000 for Site B
D) The social opportunity cost should be state for the project, not each site and would be equal to the lowest value for either site, $200,000.

Question 12

Cost data surveys includes questions related to

A) number of employees.
B) processes used.
C) costs of energy.
D) all of the above.

Question 13

Suppose a manufacturing firm that is about to be regulated faces the following actual and potential production costs: 1) $2,500 before regulation; 2) $2,925 in the future without the regulation; and 3) $3,240 in the future with the regulation. The before/after cost of the regulation is ________ and the with/without cost of the regulation is ________.

A) $425; $740
B) $425; $315
C) $740; $315
D) $315; $425

Question 14

When evaluating proposals for building a new municipal sewage treatment plant, a benefit-cost analysis

A) does not have to include the cost of the land if it is donated.
B) must include the value of the land even if it is donated.
C) may or may not include the cost of the land if it is donated, depending on whether the donor is a private or public entity.
D) benefit-cost studies are not appropriate for municipal projects.

Question 15

When examining the costs associated with a local regulation, the affected local community believes the local social costs are high and

A) the broader social opportunity costs are high.
B) the broader social opportunity costs are low.
C) industry production is often reduced.
D) industry employment rates are often impacted.

Question 16

Another term for pollution taxes is ___________. These are payments from one group, the polluters, to another group, the administering agency or beneficiary of the tax.

A) transfer payments
B) opportunity costs
C) external costs
D) enforcement costs

Question 17

A city is evaluating a proposal to build a recycling depot. If a generous citizen is willing to donate land for the project with a current market value of $800,000, the ________ of the land is ________.

A) social opportunity cost; $0
B) social opportunity cost; unknown
C) private cost to the city; $800,000
D) social opportunity cost; $800,000

Question 18

Illegal roadside dumping resulting from the introduction of waste disposal charges is one example of the ________ of an environmental policy.

A) pollution control cost
B) enforcement cost
C) unintended consequences
D) before/after result

Question 19

Environmental protection and control programs can also have adverse environmental effects and additional costs. Some of these effects and costs include

A) media switching.
B) unforeseen impacts as consumers and firms adjust to new programs.
C) mitigating programs meant to reduce or avoid additional environmental impacts.
D) all of the above.

Question 20

Cost of environmental quality programs can be estimated at a variety of different levels. Perhaps the most straightforward level would be

A) costs of single facilities.
B) costs of a local regulation.
C) costs of regulating an industry.
D) costs at the national level.

Question 21

The costs of environmental regulation in future years will be affected by

A) the value of the dollar on the foreign currency exchange
B) change in pollution-control technology
C) the U.S. poverty rate
D) the next presidential election

Question 22

Refer to the Figure above. In Panel (b), the increase in total cost of producing the original quantity of output at the new cost associated with increased environmental regulations would be

A) p₂ x r_1.
B) (d + e + f).
C) p₂ x r_2.
D) p₁ x r_1.

Question 23

Refer to the Figure above. In Panel (a), the increase in total cost of producing the original quantity of output at the new cost associated with increased environmental regulations would be

A) p₂ x q_1.
B) (a + b + c).
C) p₂ x q_2.
D) p₁ x q_1.

Question 24

Social costs include

A) private costs and external costs
B) external costs only
C) long-run costs and private costs
D) private costs only

Question 25

When estimating the future costs of adopting future technology for environmental protections and the relevant time horizon is 10 years or longer, the cost projections are complicated due to

A) uncertainty regarding what technology will be available.
B) uncertainty regarding the availability of technology for widespread adoption.
C) uncertainty regarding the impact that future technology will have on costs.
D) all of the above.

Question 26

For most countries the costs of environmental regulation amount to about

A) 1 to 2 percent of GDP
B) 10 to 15 percent of GDP
C) 50 - 60 percent of GDP
D) zero

Question 27

In evaluating the costs of an environmental regulation we should use

A) the with/without principle
B) the before/after principle
C) the anti-baseline approach
D) the costs of insurance against regulation

Question 28

A cost baseline analysis entails

A) an estimation of what costs would be for a firm/industry without any environmental regulations.
B) an exact accounting of costs for a firm/industry with existing regulations at the moment.
C) the estimation of what the firm/industry future cost levels could be expected to be in the absence of a proposed regulation.
D) the estimation of what the firm/industry future/industry cost levels would be if the proposed environmental legislation were enacted.

Question 29

Pollution control costs will normally be lower when

A) firms are required to adopt certain pollution-control technologies
B) firms are given targets and allowed to meet them however the wish
C) firms have to make major adjustments to control emissions
D) firms participate voluntarily rather than via regulation

Question 30

One of the critical elements of success for long run technical change and pollution cost controls in all manufacturing industries is the status and health of the ___________.

A) government
B) states rights
C) envirotech industry
D) cost accounting systems

Question 31

When an environmental regulation is enacted, firms and/or industries may experience adjustment costs in terms of reduced output. Firms and industries with a ____________ demand curve will experience _____________ adjustments in output.

A) steeper; greater
B) steeper; less
C) flatter; greater
D) flatter; less

Question 32

When environmental economists and policymakers examine the question of how environmental regulations impact the macro economy

A) they examine the expenditures made throughout the economy for pollution control.
B) they employ macro economic modeling to determine the relationship between pollution. control expenditures and national economic performance.
C) they use bottom up and/or top down methods.
D) all of the above