Deck 9: Analyzing Content and Police Data: Social-Network Analysis, Crime Mapping, Big Data, and Content Analysis

Question 1

A way of representing social configurations of a class would be to show a ______.

A) sociotextual representation
B) sociogram
C) sociometric representation
D) sociodrawing

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Modeling that uses data from several sources to predict the probability of crime occurring in the future, using the underlying factors of the environment that are associated with illegal behavior is ______ modeling.

A) risk topical
B) rated terrain
C) risk-terrain
D) rated topical

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The Betweenness Centrality Score is a statistic that measures the extent to which ______.

A) the data from one end of the SNA connects to data at the other end
B) nodes connect other nodes that are not directly linked to each other in SNA
C) some nodes connect to other nodes that are directly linked in SNA
D) the semi-nodes connect to each other in a straight fashion

Answer 3

B

Question 4

ICPSR ensures subject confidentiality with work done by a ______.

A) data confidentialist
B) federal law officer
C) data archivist
D) human rights officer

Question 5

Types of relationships that can include many different forms such as face-to-face and online interactions, interaction with a criminal justice agency, and digital economic transactions, are included in ______.

A) social networks
B) real-world groups
C) close group networks
D) historically significant networks

Question 6

Social Network Analysis (SNA) usually consists of at least ______ data sets.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 7

The collection of Big Data makes possible ______ and prediction of behavior on a large scale

A) surveillance
B) surveillance
C) protection
D) control

Question 8

Political concerns intersect with ______ practice(s) in secondary data analyses

A) ethnic
B) racial
C) ethical
D) census

Question 9

The act of compiling or analyzing data that were originally collected by someone else at another time is ______.

A) second-hand data analysis
B) secondary data analysis
C) inappropriate data analyses
D) tertiary analysis

Question 10

Many researchers obtain data through the ICPSR, which is the ______.

A) Inter-state Configuration of Political and Social Research
B) Intra-University Collaboration for Policing and Social Research
C) Intra-University Consortium for Political and Social Research
D) Inter-social Consortium of Political and Social Research

Question 11

One of the first graphical applications of social networks was created by Jacob Moreno to examine friendship choices, in his classic book ______.

A) The Social Network
B) Friendship Survival
C) Who Shall Survive?
D) The Sociometry Test

Question 12

The Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research carefully examines all data deposited in the archive for the ______.

A) possibility of disclosure risk
B) inevitability of disclosure of information
C) probability of information disclosure
D) insensitivity of information risk

Question 13

There are four major types of secondary data ______.

A) surveys, statistics, records, documents
B) statistics, official surveys, historical records, documents
C) official statistics, official records, official historical documents, magazine surveys
D) surveys, official statistics, official records, other historical documents

Question 14

The software tool that has made crime mapping increasingly available to researchers since the 1990s is ______ system.

A) geopolitical information
B) geographic intelligence
C) geographic interpol
D) geographic information

Question 15

Geospatial locations within jurisdictions where crimes are more likely to occur compared to other areas are known as ______.

A) hot locations
B) hot spots
C) heat-seeking spots
D) crime spots

Question 16

Krebs' analysis shows the benefits of SNA to describe the strength of the relationships for the 9/11/2001 terrorists, concluding that the best solution for network disruption may be to discover possible suspects and then through ______.

A) contextual analysis better understand the network
B) considering census sampling
C) snowball sampling, map their ego networks
D) probability sampling, then follow up with nonprobability sampling

Question 17

The goal of the research by Fitterer, Nelson, and Nathoo (2015) was to ______.

A) describe BNE data in Oregon
B) use data from the early time period to predict later occurrences of BNE
C) use data from later time periods to predict BNEs
D) create a data base of nationwide BNEs

Question 18

Bichler, Lim, and Larin (2017) found that the size of the shapes in the graphs (e.g., circles and diamonds) indicated that ______.

A) the focus should be pointed toward Smith
B) there was no connection
C) the degree of betweenness centrality
D) there would have been no way to make an arrest based on the current data

Question 19

A key concern when original records are analyzed with either secondary data or Big Data is ______.

A) behavioral history
B) protection of perpretators
C) subject prediction
D) subject confidentiality

Question 20

Crime mapping for research purposes ______.

A) has been around only since 2000
B) has a very long history
C) is a relatively new finding (since 1980)
D) has been shown to be most effective with pushpins and maps

Question 21

Secondary data analysis is the act of compiling or analyzing data that were originally collected by someone else at another time.

Question 22

The Freedom of Information Act stipulates that all persons have a right to access all federal agency records unless ______.

A) the President of the United States bars access
B) the records are specifically exempted
C) their Institutional Review Board denies access
D) the subjects are still living

Question 23

Researchers who conclude they are being denied access to public records of the federal government may be able to obtain the data by ______.

A) mailing a request to the Institutional Review Board
B) sending a request to the President of the United States
C) filing a Freedom of Information Act request
D) there is no further step that may be taken

Question 24

Because content analysis involves coding and categorizing text and discovering relationships among constructs in text, among other things, it bears some similarities to ______ analysis.

A) quantitative data
B) secondary quantitative data
C) qualitative data
D) identification

Question 25

Content analysis methods usually begin with ______.

A) written or visual images
B) text, speech broadcasts, or visual images
C) speeches or television broadcasts
D) surveys supplemented by text

Question 26

Social networks are types of relationships that can include many forms.

Question 27

To ensure adequate representation of community newspapers in large cities, a(n) ______ sample might be the best choice

A) simple random
B) stratified random
C) enumerated random
D) nonrandom

Question 28

The categories into which the text units are to be coded must be ______.

A) defined
B) denoted
C) computed
D) programmed

Question 29

The systematic, objective, quantitative analysis of message characteristic is ______ analysis.

A) content
B) contextual
C) quantitative
D) tertiary

Question 30

Responsible use of secondary data requires a good understanding of the ______.

A) individual researchers involved
B) concepts in the current research
C) primary data source
D) print media's reaction

Question 31

The goal of a content analysis is to develop inferences from ______.

A) communication in any form
B) oral communications
C) written communications
D) speeches

Question 32

Taylor, et al. (2013) found that male and female children were equally likely to have been abducted by family, but the print media was more likely to ______.

A) report on female family abductions compared to males
B) focus on abductions by male family members
C) report more on abductions perpetrated by family members than strangers
D) focus on abductions of male children

Question 33

In a content analysis, items such as newspaper articles or political conventions may be the ______.

A) population units
B) units of analysis
C) contextual units
D) analytical content

Question 34

Subject confidentiality is a key concern when ______.

A) original records are analyzed
B) the ICPSR examines all data in the archive
C) secondary data is used but it still contains some identifying information
D) all of these

Question 35

A node is another name for a graph representing social configurations

Question 36

Bichler, Lim, and Larin (2017) performed an SNA regarding the Red River killings.

Question 37

Researchers who rely on secondary data inevitably make trade-offs between their ability to use a particular data set and ______.

A) the specific hypotheses they can test
B) their choice of the data set
C) why they think they may not be able to match the analytic possibilities presented by the data
D) the potential harm in collecting primary data

Question 38

Social network analysis and crime mapping are common techniques used ______.

A) understand how individual offenders approach a particular crime
B) to reduce, disrupt, and prevent crime
C) to respond to crime
D) both " to reduce, disrupt, and prevent crime" and " to respond to crime" are correct

Question 39

There are only two types of secondary data.

Question 40

The content analyst creates variables for analysis by ______.

A) cross-tabulating the variables
B) observing measures of central tendency
C) analyzing crime tendencies
D) counting occurrences of particular words, themes, or phrases

Question 41

Often, a comprehensive archive can provide the primary data for analysis.

Question 42

Researchers who conclude that they are being denied access to public records of the federal government have no recourse to obtain the data.

Question 43

If the units in a content analysis are individual issues of a newspaper, in a study of changes in news emphases, determining units of analysis may be relatively easy.

Question 44

Subject confidentiality is a key concern when original records are analyzed.

Question 45

Big Data is a very large data set which can be used to reveal patterns, trends, and associations between variables.

Question 46

Subject confidentiality is a key concern when original records are analyzed with secondary data but not Big Data.

Question 47

After coding procedures are developed, their reliability should be assessed by comparing different coders' codes for the same variables.

Question 48

The content analyst must decide what units are most appropriate to the research question.

Question 49

Use of SNA and crime mapping techniques are now common techniques used by law enforcement agencies to reduce, disrupt and prevent crime.

Question 50

Risk Terrain Modeling weights the independent variables and places them into a final model where criminal behavior is most likely to occur.

Question 51

Nonrandom sampling methods may never be used in content analysis.

Question 52

Homographs create special problems when developing coding procedures.

Question 53

Content analysis is the systematic, objective, quantitative analysis of message characteristics.

Question 54

Crime mapping allows law enforcement agencies to estimate where hot spots of crime are occurring.

Question 55

Reliable use of secondary data requires a good understanding of the primary data source.

Question 56

Scholars analyzing crime depictions presented in the media generally conclude that depictions in newspaper and television are not misleading.

Question 57

Hotspots are geospatial locations within jurisdictions where crimes are less likely to occur.

Question 58

If all information that could be used in any way to identify respondents cannot be removed from a data set, ICPSR will not allow access to the data to anyone.

Question 59

The easy availability of mapping tools provides more opportunities for intelligence-led policing.

Question 60

Crime mapping provides maps to visually communicate analysis results.

Question 61

What is the NACJID? Name any five of the datasets provided by the Bureau of Justice Statistics and National Institute of Justice cosponsored NACJID.

Question 62

What are hot spots? Why are they important? Give an example.

Question 63

What ethical issues are there when analyzing available data and content?

Question 64

What types of challenges does analysis of secondary data have?

Question 65

What types of units may be chosen for analysis? How does one determine units of analysis? How would a sample the units from the population? Design a coding procedure?

Question 66

What is Risk-Terrain Modeling? How does it differ from Crime Mapping?

Question 67

What is Google Ngrams? What does it show? Why is it an important tool?

Question 68

How do you identify a population of documents or other textual sources in content analysis?

Question 69

What is content analysis? What is the goal of a content analysis?

Question 70

What is "Big Data"? Give an example.

Question 71

Describe and illustrate a sociogram.

Question 72

What are the ethical issues in using Big Data?

Question 73

Why is developing reliable and valid coding procedures not an easy task? Give an example of a homograph and why it may cause problems.

Question 74

What is crime mapping? How has it been used? What are the three main functions of crime mapping?

Question 75

Who decides whether there are any issues of concern regarding human subjects when it comes to secondary analysis of data? Are regulations clear on this matter?