Deck 16: The Cardiovascular System: the Blood

Question 1

In a patient with hypoxia, the kidneys produce an excess of

A) thrombopoietin
B) globulins
C) erythropoietin
D) cytokines
E) albumins

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of these is the family of hormones that stimulates the development of leukocytes from progenitor cells?

A) cytokines
B) neuropeptides
C) mineralocorticoids
D) androgens
E) somatotropins

Answer 2

A

Question 3

____ ____ is the primary site of hematopoiesis.

Answer 3

Bone; marrow

Question 4

Myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells give rise to ____ cells that develop into just one or two types of blood cells.

Question 5

Without a plasma membrane, erythrocytes cannot synthesize new components to replace damaged ones.

Question 6

Hemoglobin is responsible for

A) immunity
B) blood clot
C) oxygen transport
D) antibody formation
E) erythropoiesis

Question 7

Centrifuged blood has three distinct layers. One of the components of the thin buffy middle layer is

A) leukocytes
B) erythrocytes
C) hepatocytes
D) megakaryocytes
E) reticulocytes

Question 8

Identify the true statement about red blood cells.

A) Their formation is initiated by cytokines.
B) Their color is due to the pigment hemoglobin.
C) They are biconvex discs with a diameter of 5-6 μm.
D) They are nucleated structures.
E) They defend the human body against foreign pathogens.

Question 9

_____ are proteins that disable foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses that invade the body.

Question 10

Identify a condition that hastens the development of proerythrocytes into reticulocytes.

A) retention of nucleus in proerythrocytes
B) increased rate of erythropoiesis
C) reduced erythrocyte destruction
D) decreased oxygen delivery to tissues
E) decreased synthesis of erythropoietin

Question 11

The end products of the reaction between carbon dioxide and water within the erythrocytes are

A) hydrogen ions and carbonate ions
B) hydrogen ions and peroxide ions
C) hydrogen peroxide and carbon monoxide
D) hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions
E) carbonic acid and oxygen

Question 12

Identify a cellular component found in region A shown in the image.

A) neutrophil
B) stem cell
C) platelet
D) monocyte
E) fibrinogen

Question 13

Hemoglobin is bright red in color when it

A) combines with oxygen
B) releases oxygen
C) combines with nitric oxide
D) combines with carbon monoxide
E) releases carbon dioxide

Question 14

Thrombopoietin is a hormone that stimulates the formation of red blood cells from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow.

Question 15

What is transported by blood from the body cells to the kidneys for expulsion in a healthy individual?

A) oxygen
B) amino acids
C) glucose
D) creatinine
E) fat

Question 16

Plasma without its clotting proteins is known as

A) serum
B) immunoglobulin
C) lymph
D) intrapleural fluid
E) bile

Question 17

Blood is a type of

A) mineralized tissue
B) rigid connective tissue
C) liquid connective tissue
D) epithelial tissue
E) muscle tissue

Question 18

Which is the most abundant plasma protein?

A) globulin
B) albumin
C) fibrinogen
D) bilirubin
E) creatinine

Question 19

Identify the true statement about platelets.

A) they are nucleated fragments of cells
B) they promote blood clotting
C) they are formed from primary lymphoid organs
D) they can be visualized using eosin
E) they are known as band cells

Question 20

Which of the following is true about men with low levels of testosterone in their body?

A) their rate of leukocyte production is low
B) their rate of erythrocyte production is high
C) hematocrit is high in such men
D) hematocrit is low in such men
E) they have low immunity

Question 21

Which leukocyte type is the first to respond in the case of an infection?

A) basophils
B) eosinophils
C) neutrophils
D) monocytes
E) lymphocytes

Question 22

One of the factors that contributes to erythrocytes having a small life cycle is

A) the lack of a plasma membrane
B) the lack of a nucleus
C) their affinity to carbon monoxide
D) the presence of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase
E) their ability to bind with carbon dioxide

Question 23

The process of platelet formation is known as _____.

Question 24

Both myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells are produced during the process of

A) erythropoiesis
B) leukopoiesis
C) thrombopoeisis
D) vasodilation
E) phagocytosis

Question 25

Identify the green circular structures indicated in the image.

A) platelet-derived growth factors
B) colony-stimulating factors
C) von Willebrand factors
D) hematopoietic growth factors
E) fibrin-stabilizing factors

Question 26

When do basophils release histamine?

A) during hemopoiesis
B) during the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid
C) during anaerobic respiration
D) when tissue injury occurs
E) when blood oxygen level is low

Question 27

Erythrocytes are the primary cells that combat invading pathogens and abnormal cells in the body.

Question 28

Platelet activation involves

A) secretion of the von Willebrand factor (VWF)
B) adhesion of platelets to exposed collagen fibers
C) change in platelet structure
D) formation of a platelet plug
E) decreased synthesis of thromboxane A₂

Question 29

The loss of a large amount of blood from blood vessels is known as hemorrhage.

Question 30

Which is a function of the platelet-derived growth factor?

A) it stimulates platelets to help repair damaged blood vessel walls
B) it causes proliferation of vascular smooth muscle fibers
C) it binds to platelet receptors to initiate signal transduction pathways
D) it inhibits the contraction of vascular smooth muscles
E) it facilitates the formation of a platelet plug

Question 31

One mechanism that reduces blood loss is

A) opsonization
B) blood doping
C) phagocytosis
D) vascular spasm
E) agglutination

Question 32

Identify the type of leukocyte shown in the image.

A) lymphocyte
B) eosinophil
C) basophil
D) neutrophil
E) monocyte

Question 33

Identify the true statement about leukocytes.

A) they contain the pigment hemoglobin
B) they appear pink under a light microscope without artificial staining
C) they are nucleated structures
D) they transport carbon dioxide in blood
E) they function as determinants of various blood groups

Question 34

Basophils stain blue-purple with an alkaline dye.

Question 35

The precursor cell that synthesizes hemoglobin during erythropoiesis is known as a reticulocyte.

Question 36

Which of these is a constituent of the globin portion of hemoglobin?

A) amino acids
B) magnesium
C) nucleic acids
D) enzymes
E) iron

Question 37

What is the function of a platelet plug?

A) to restrict leukocyte transportation
B) to prevent the occurrence of inflammation
C) to stop blood flow to sites of tissue injury
D) to stop blood loss from damaged blood vessels
E) to stop the expulsion of nitrogenous wastes

Question 38

When iron is removed from heme, its non-iron portion is first converted to

A) bilirubin
B) stercobili
C) urobilin
D) biliverdin
E) urobilinogen

Question 39

If a blood cell stains red-orange for a particular dye, it can be concluded that the cell is a/an

A) basophil
B) monocyte
C) neutrophil
D) eosinophil
E) erythrocyte

Question 40

An individual undergoes a weight-loss surgery in which the surgeons remove a quarter of the person's stomach. Two weeks after the surgery, the individual develops pernicious anemia. What is likely to have caused the development of this form of anemia?

A) excessive hematocrit production
B) inadequate hemolysis
C) inadequate secretion of erythropoietin
D) excessive iron absorption
E) inadequate absorption of vitamin B₁₂

Question 41

Blood is categorized into different blood groups based on

A) the hemoglobin concentration of the blood
B) the presence or absence of various antigens
C) the presence or absence of the Rh factor
D) the different types of antibodies present in the blood
E) the leukocyte concentration of the blood

Question 42

A person with type O blood can receive blood from a person with type AB blood.

Question 43

A person whose erythrocytes are as seen in the image below is likely to have a blood group of type AB.

Question 44

Identify the true statement about intravascular clotting.

A) Roughened endothelial surfaces of a blood vessel initiate this type of clotting.
B) This clotting process is dependent on the activation of protein C.
C) This process involves clot formation in the autonomous nervous system.
D) Clot formation in this process is unlikely to result in a pulmonary embolism.
E) This clotting process is independent of the rate of blood flow.

Question 45

Why do people with slow lipid absorption rates experience uncontrolled bleeding?

A) Deficiency of vitamin K in such individuals affects the synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X .
B) Vitamin K deficiency results in the inactivation of clotting factor XIII.
C) Reduced lipid absorption causes deactivation of the enzyme prothrombinase.
D) Excess lipid concentration in the blood of these individuals inhibits the process of clot retraction.
E) Deficiency of vitamin K lowers Ca²⁺ levels in the blood and affects the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.

Question 46

During platelet activation, phosphorylation of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE proteins) triggers

A) formation of second messengers inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)
B) exocytosis of platelet granules
C) reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton
D) activation of protein kinase C
E) release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 47

Identify a scenario where agglutination is likely to occur.

A) a person with type A receives blood from a person with type A blood
B) a person with type B receives blood from a person with type O blood
C) a person with type AB receives blood from a person with type B blood
D) a person with type B receives blood from a person with type AB blood
E) a person with type AB receives blood from a person with type O blood

Question 48

How does a lack of activated protein C affect an infant?

A) The infant has hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) due to Rh incompatibility.
B) The infant suffers from an aggravated case of hemophilia.
C) The infant exhibits symptoms consistent with vitamin K deficiency.
D) The infant is anemic due to dissociation of iron from hemoglobin.
E) The infant dies of blood clots due to interruption of clotting factors.

Question 49

One of the functions of the protein Rho is

A) releasing calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum
B) activating protein kinase C
C) synthesizing inositol trisphosphate (IP₃)
D) activating a type of G protein called G₁₂
E) altering the shape of platelets

Question 50

In the formation of a platelet plug, the chemical involved during platelet adhesion is

A) thromboxane A₂
B) von Willebrand factor (VWF)
C) serotonin
D) transferrin
E) platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

Question 51

Which of the following activates phospholipase C during platelet activation?

A) G₁₂ protein
B) Rho protein
C) G_q protein
D) protein kinase C
E) phospholipase A₂

Question 52

Identify the step of the blood clot formation process depicted in the image.

A) extrinsic pathway
B) intrinsic pathway
C) Rho activation
D) platelet release reaction
E) clot retraction

Question 53

The process of dissolution of a clot is called _____.

Question 54

Substances that delay, suppress, or prevent blood clotting are known as _____.

Question 55

In the common pathway, what happens during thrombin's second positive feedback loop?

A) von Willebrand factor (VWF) production
B) release of tissue factor
C) acceleration of prothrombin formation
D) platelet activation
E) histamine production

Question 56

If you are being treated with the drug desmopressin, you are likely to be suffering from

A) reactive hyperemia
B) emphysema
C) hemophilia
D) sickle-cell disease
E) leukemia

Question 57

The series of chemical reactions that culminates in the formation of fibrin threads is known as

A) agglutination
B) hemorrhage
C) coagulation
D) transfusion
E) thrombopoiesis

Question 58

Clotting factor II combines with clotting factor X in the presence of Ca²⁺ to form the active enzyme prothrombinase.

Question 59

Agglutination is mostly associated with

A) T-lymphocytes
B) platelets
C) erythrocytes
D) enzymes
E) B-lymphocytes

Question 60

Which of the following is a process associated with clot retraction?

A) release of factor XIII by platelets
B) release of phospholipids by platelets
C) activation of the enzyme prothrombinase
D) activation of clotting factor XII
E) conversion of plasminogen to plasmin

Question 61

The blood group of a person is B+. What does this mean?

A) This person has anti-B antibodies and A antigens.
B) This person has anti-B antibodies but no Rh antigens.
C) This person has both B and Rh antigens.
D) This person has both A and B antigens.
E) This person has B antigens but no Rh antigens.

Question 62

Endothelial cells lining the hypothalamus help produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and contribute to the blood-brain barrier.

Question 63

An infant is likely to develop hemolytic disease of the newborn when he or she has the same blood group and Rh antigen as his or her mother.

Question 64

An individual presents with symptoms consistent with pulmonary embolism. What approach should the doctor use to treat the individual?

A) inject the patient with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
B) start the patient on citrate phosphate dextrose
C) administer an intramuscular injection of anticoagulants to the patient
D) administer heparin to the patient orally
E) inject the patient with thrombolytic agents

Question 65

To which part of the human body does the blood deliver calcium and phosphate ions?

A) the respiratory system
B) the skeletal system
C) the nervous system
D) the integumentary system
E) the muscular system

Question 66

Identify the true statement about people with type O blood.

A) They are also known as universal recipients.
B) They have both A and B antigens on their erythrocytes.
C) They have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma.
D) They can only donate blood to people with type O blood.
E) They are at a higher risk of developing vitamin K deficiency.

Question 67

How do you prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn during pregnancy?

A) by giving a transfusion of Rh⁺ blood
B) by giving a transfusion of Rh^- blood
C) by administering prostacyclin intravenously
D) by administering anti-Rh gamma globulin
E) by administering an intramuscular injection of heparin