Deck 23: The Reproductive Systems

Question 1

The image below represents one of the male reproductive organs. Identify the structure indicated by the arrow.

A) vas deferens
B) epididymis
C) seminiferous tubule
D) rete testis
E) connective tissue

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The _____ glands are pea-sized structures located below the prostate gland that protect sperm by secreting an alkaline fluid to neutralize the acidic component in urine.

Answer 2

bulbourethral/Cowper's

Question 3

What happens during the interphase that precedes meiosis I?

A) The centromeres begin to form spindle fibers.
B) The nonsister chromatids undergo crossing-over.
C) The sister chromatids are paired through synapsis.
D) The chromosomes of the diploid cell start replicating.
E) The chromosomes move to the metaphase plate of the cell.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What is a difference between a somatic cell and a gamete?

A) A somatic cell has a mitochondria, while a gamete lacks a mitochondria.
B) A somatic cell undergoes meiotic division, while a gamete undergoes mitotic division.
C) A somatic cell is diploid with 46 chromosomes, while a gamete is haploid with 23 chromosomes.
D) A somatic cell is responsible for reproduction, while a gamete is responsible for growth.
E) A somatic cell contains unpaired chromosomes, while a gamete contains homologous chromosomes.

Question 5

What is the function of the blood-testis barrier?

A) facilitates transport of nutrients from the blood to the developing gametes
B) acts as a bridge between Sertoli cells to facilitate passage of substances
C) prevents immune responses against the surface antigens of spermatogenic cells
D) prevents contact between the blood and the spermatogonia
E) prevents the entry of substances for sperm cell maturation into the Sertoli cells

Question 6

Which is a process that takes place in the epididymis?

A) Enzymes required for the acrosome of the sperm are synthesized.
B) The spermatogonia proliferate into primary spermatocytes.
C) The spermatid matures into the sperm with a head, a midpiece, and a tail.
D) Sperms acquire motility and the ability to fertilize an egg.
E) The sperms that are not ejaculated differentiate to form spermatocytes.

Question 7

_____ cells are responsible for the secretion of the most prevalent androgen, testosterone, which promotes a man's libido and the development of masculine characteristics.

Question 8

Identify a step that does NOT occur in meiosis II.

A) spindle formation
B) chromatids separation
C) crossing-over
D) cytokinesis
E) karyokinesis

Question 9

Identify the true statement about vas deferens.

A) It is the site of testosterone production.
B) It ejaculates sperms into epididymis.
C) It connects the epididymis to the Sertoli cells.
D) It is the site of sperm maturation.
E) It can store sperm for several months.

Question 10

The image below represents a stage of meiosis I. Identify the stage.

A) metaphase
B) prophase
C) interphase
D) anaphase
E) telophase

Question 11

Which is a step included in the process of spermatogenesis?

A) The spermatogonia near the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules degrade.
B) The spermatogonia pass the blood-testis barrier to differentiate into primary spermatocytes.
C) The spermatogonia undergo meiosis to produce haploid primary spermatocytes.
D) The secondary spermatocytes in the seminiferous tubules undergo DNA replication.
E) The primary diploid spermatocytes undergo mitosis to produce secondary haploid spermatocytes.

Question 12

How many chromosomes does a human somatic cell have?

A) 36
B) 45
C) 22
D) 46
E) 23

Question 13

What is a function of the Sertoli cells in the testes?

A) They nourish spermatocytes, spermatids, and sperm.
B) They stimulate immune responses against spermatogenic cells.
C) They absorb excess fluid secreted for sperm transport.
D) They secrete testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone.
E) They prevent the release of sperm directly into the seminiferous tubule.

Question 14

In which stage of meiosis I does the crossing-over of nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes occur?

A) interphase
B) prophase
C) anaphase
D) telophase
E) metaphase

Question 15

What happens in the process of spermiogenesis?

A) spermatogonia squeeze through the blood-testis barrier
B) secondary spermatocytes mature to form spermatids
C) primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis to form haploid cells
D) spermatogonia divide to form primary spermatocytes
E) spherical spermatids transform into elongated, slender sperm

Question 16

The temperature of the scrotum is maintained at a temperature 3°C below the body's core temperature because

A) of its tight and wrinkled state
B) the scrotum tissues have high water content
C) it is an encapsulated organ
D) spermatogenesis in the scrotum generates minimal heat
E) it is located outside the pelvic cavity

Question 17

The condition in which the testes do not descend into the scrotum during fetal development is called

A) seminoma
B) hydrocele
C) hypogonadism
D) cryptorchidism
E) hypospadias

Question 18

Which of the following does NOT happen during the proliferation of spermatogenic cells?

A) complete cytoplasmic separation
B) complete chromosome separation
C) chromosome replication
D) centromere formation
E) complete nuclear division

Question 19

Identify a function of the testes.

A) produce sperms at sites called seminiferous tubules
B) secrete hormones such as progesterone and relaxin
C) regulate the temperature of the scrotum
D) inhibit the secretion of luteinizing hormone
E) inhibit the production of steroid hormones

Question 20

In this image of the sperm, label A points to the

A) mitochondria
B) acrosomes
C) nuclei
D) Golgi bodies
E) lysosomes

Question 21

Which uterine layer sloughs off every month in a nonpregnant woman?

A) stratum basalis
B) stratum spinosum
C) stratum lucidum
D) stratum corneum
E) stratum functionalis

Question 22

What is a function of the nitric oxide released by parasympathetic nerves during erection?

A) It causes relaxation of the smooth muscle in the walls of arterioles supplying the penis.
B) It restricts the amount of blood entering the blood sinuses of the erectile tissue.
C) It causes the dilation of the veins that drain the penis to increase the blood outflow.
D) It facilitates the inactivation of mechanoreceptors in the spinal cord.
E) It inhibits secretion of mucus for penile lubrication by the bulbourethral glands.

Question 23

This image is a cross-sectional view of the ovary. When is the indicated structure formed?

A) during the early stages of oogenesis
B) when the oocyte is not released into the pelvic cavity
C) when the released oocyte fails to undergo fertilization
D) during ovulation
E) when the oocyte does not undergo mitotic division

Question 24

What happens to the remnants of a ruptured graafian follicle in an ovary?

A) It develops into a structure called corpus luteum.
B) It undergoes structural modifications to host other oocytes.
C) It develops into a structure called corpus spongiosum.
D) It degenerates to form a clear fluid rich in glycoproteins.
E) It is phagocytosed by the cells of the ovary.

Question 25

How is the milk produced by the mammary glands propelled toward the nipple?

A) by the contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli
B) by segmentation of the myometrium of mammary glands
C) by the contraction of milk-secreting glands called the alveoli
D) by the peristaltic movement of mammary glands
E) by mass movement in response to external stimuli

Question 26

Identify the female reproductive structure that is correctly matched with the respective homologous male reproductive structure.

A) ovaries: testes
B) egg: prostate gland
C) labia majora: shaft of penis
D) clitoris: scrotum
E) paraurethral glands: sperm cells

Question 27

The dome-shaped part of the uterus above the fallopian tubes is called the _____.

Question 28

In this image of the female reproductive system, the line points to the

A) ovary
B) fallopian tube
C) uterus
D) pubic symphysis
E) clitoris

Question 29

In this image of the female breast, the line points to the

A) adipose tissue
B) lobule containing alveoli
C) pectoralis major muscle
D) milk duct
E) areola

Question 30

How does the fallopian tube transport an oocyte from the ovary to the uterus?

A) Electrical impulses cause segmentation of the fallopian tube that helps to transport the oocyte.
B) The capillary action of the fallopian tube facilitates the movement of the oocyte from the ovary to the uterus.
C) A combination of ciliary and peristaltic movements in the fallopian tube make this transport possible.
D) Mass movement of the fluid released by the fallopian tube helps to transport the oocyte to the uterus.
E) Ciliary movements of the fimbriae of the fallopian tube initiate local currents that transport the oocyte to the uterus.

Question 31

What is a function of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the male human body?

A) reduce the rate of spermatogenesis
B) stimulate the release of luteinizing hormone by the hypothalamus
C) block the parasympathetic axons to prevent nitric oxide release
D) facilitate the development of male secondary sex characteristics
E) inhibit the process of protein synthesis

Question 32

There are three masses of erectile tissues in the shaft of the penis. What is the lower mass called?

A) corpus fibrosum
B) corpus callosum
C) corpus spongiosum
D) corpus cavernosum
E) corpus luteum

Question 33

Which of the following is true of the stratum basalis layer of the endometrium?

A) It gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation.
B) Its epithelium and connective tissues provide support to the uterus.
C) It is released as blood and tissues every month in a process known as menstruation.
D) Its coordinated contractions enable the delivery of a fetus.
E) It secretes the hormone oxytocin.

Question 34

What is a function of luteinizing hormone in the male reproductive system?

A) stimulates the Leydig cells to secrete the hormone testosterone
B) triggers the release of progesterone
C) stimulates Sertoli cells to release androgen-binding protein
D) stimulates the parasympathetic axons to release nitric oxide and acetylcholine
E) promotes the release of follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 35

What is a clitoris?

A) the fatty area that covers the joint between the pubic bones
B) a gland located near the vaginal orifice
C) the space between the labia minora
D) a thin membrane covering the vaginal orifice
E) a mass of erectile tissue located at the front end of the vulva

Question 36

Identify a feature of the female organ of copulation.

A) It is lined by finger-like projections called fimbriae.
B) It has an acidic environment due to its fluid contents.
C) It functions as an outlet for the passage of urine.
D) It is surrounded by a fatty area called the mons pubis.
E) It ends in a mass of erectile tissue.

Question 37

Using the image as a reference, identify the function of acetylcholine in penile erection.

A) It helps to convert guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP).
B) It triggers the release of nitric oxide from the parasympathetic axons.
C) It binds to and activates cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) phosphodiesterase.
D) It binds to and activates the enzyme guanylyl cyclase.
E) It activates the enzyme nitric oxide synthase to increase nitric oxide production.

Question 38

Which of the following hormones inhibits contractions of uterine smooth muscle?

A) estrogens
B) inhibin
C) relaxin
D) progesterone

Question 39

What is a difference between oogonia and secondary oocytes?

A) Oogonia are surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells, while secondary oocytes are surrounded by a single layer of theca cells.
B) Oogonia are diploid cells, while secondary oocytes are haploid cells.
C) Oogonia are formed after the completion of meiosis I, while secondary oocytes are formed after meiosis II.
D) Oogonia undergo meiotic division, while secondary oocytes undergo mitotic division.
E) Oogonia are formed every month post-puberty, while secondary oocytes are formed just before birth.

Question 40

What is a function of the seminal fluid?

A) protects the sperm from the inactivating acidic environment of the male urethra
B) provides cytoplasm for the sperm
C) provides the required alkaline environment for spermatogenesis
D) facilitates phagocytosis of sperm cells that are defective in structure or motility
E) acts as an anti-clotting agent for sperms

Question 41

Identify the true statement about the postovulatory phase of the female reproductive cycle in the absence of fertilization.

A) the levels of estrogens, progesterone, and inhibin increase
B) there is an increased release of anterior pituitary hormones
C) corpus luteum persists for more than two weeks
D) production of human chorionic gonadotropin prevents degeneration of the oocyte
E) the stratum functionalis layer of the endometrium sloughs off

Question 42

Which of the following changes occurs in the orgasm phase for men during sexual intercourse?

A) They experience a sudden decrease in their respiratory rates.
B) Skeletal muscle tone decreases throughout their bodies.
C) The accessory sex glands stop secreting lubrication fluid.
D) Smooth muscle in the walls of the vas deferens relax.
E) Smooth muscle in the walls of the epididymis contract.

Question 43

Which gene causes the primitive gonads to differentiate into testes around the seventh week of development?

A) SOX1 gene
B) PAX3 gene
C) Hox gene
D) SRY gene
E) Gap gene

Question 44

When is the final phase of sexual intercourse likely to take place at a slower pace?

A) in response to mild sexual excitement
B) in the absence of emission
C) in the absence of orgasm
D) when the refractory period is short
E) when ejaculation is intermittent

Question 45

The recovery time during which a second ejaculation and orgasm is physiologically impossible for men is called the _____ period.

Question 46

Identify a likely consequence in women who have reduced production and release of the luteinizing hormone.

A) hypergonadism
B) atresia
C) amenorrhea
D) cryptorchidism
E) atelectasis

Question 47

Which of these is a step involved in the ovulation phase of a female reproductive cycle.

A) Excess of luteinizing hormone stimulates the rupture of the graafian follicle.
B) A drop in the luteinizing hormone levels stimulates the formation of corpus luteum.
C) Primordial follicles develop into primary follicles.
D) The hypothalamus releases the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin.
E) The thickness of the endometrium reduces to 2-4 mm.

Question 48

A woman suffering from female athlete triad is likely to exhibit

A) excessive menstrual bleeding
B) increase in estrogen levels
C) loss of bone mineral density
D) increase in amount of body fat
E) loss of sexual desire

Question 49

Identify an event that happens in the uterus during the preovulatory phase.

A) The anterior pituitary gland is stimulated to release luteinizing hormone.
B) Stratum functionalis is discharged from the endometrium.
C) Estrogen and progesterone levels decrease.
D) There is a decrease in the secretion of the follicle-stimulating hormone.
E) Estrogens released by the ovarian follicles initiate the repair of the endometrium.

Question 50

In the postovulatory phase, what triggers the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?

A) increase in ovarian hormonal levels
B) release of stratum functionalis
C) rupture of the dominant follicle
D) fertilization of the oocyte
E) degeneration of the corpus luteum

Question 51

What causes an embryo to develop female external genitalia?

A) production of testicular androgens
B) absence of testicular androgens
C) production of estrogens
D) deficiency of estrogens
E) presence of both androgens and estrogens

Question 52

The image below indicates the changes in concentration of female reproductive hormones over the course of a 28 day cycle. Identify the hormone that is indicated by the arrow.

A) follicle-stimulating hormone
B) progesterone
C) gonadotropin-releasing hormone
D) estrogens
E) luteinizing hormone

Question 53

What happens during the excitement phase of heterosexual copulation?

A) skeletal muscle tone decreases
B) blood pressure decreases
C) the bartholin's glands produce excessive mucus for lubrication
D) the genital tissues get engorged with blood
E) rate of ventilation decreases

Question 54

The image below shows undifferentiated internal reproductive structures. In a male, what will structure A differentiate into?

A) vas deferens
B) gonads
C) fallopian tubes
D) Sertoli cells
E) rete testes

Question 55

Which is a likely cause for the absence of menstrual flow in a nonpregnant woman?

A) The myometrium experiences excessive contractions in the menstrual phase.
B) Estrogen concentration is significantly reduced.
C) Prostaglandins are not released in the menstrual phase.
D) The corpus luteum does not release the hormone relaxin.
E) Uterine arteries are constricted in the menstrual phase.

Question 56

What happens in the ovaries during the menstrual phase of the female reproductive cycle?

A) A number of primordial follicles develop into primary follicles.
B) Developing follicles rupture to release undeveloped oocytes into the fallopian tube.
C) Luteinizing hormone stimulates the formation of corpus luteum.
D) The walls of the ovaries secrete progesterone, which stimulates follicle development.
E) The primary follicles develop into one dominant follicle.

Question 57

The sex chromosome in all sperms is the Y chromosome.

Question 58

In the preovulatory phase, what is a possible outcome if estrogens and inhibin do not decrease the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone?

A) The dominant follicle will be less than 20 mm in diameter.
B) Ovulation will be delayed until later than 13 days.
C) The dominant follicle will fail to rupture.
D) There will be two or three codominant follicles in the ovaries.
E) Secondary follicles will fail to mature into graafian follicles.

Question 59

How does progesterone prepare the endometrium of the uterus for the possible implantation of a fertilized egg?

A) It initiates coordinated contractions of the endometrium.
B) It stimulates the endometrial glands to secrete glycogen and lipids.
C) It inhibits the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by the hypothalamus.
D) It triggers the release of the stratum functionalis layer of the endometrium.
E) It stimulates proliferation of the stratum basalis layer.

Question 60

What happens in the plateau phase of heterosexual sexual intercourse?

A) the vaginal opening undergoes rapid dilation
B) blood vessels in all parts of the body become constricted
C) vasocongestion in the vaginal tissues reduces
D) the head of the penis increases in diameter
E) the testes shrink in size

Question 61

A series of functional changes initiated by the secretions of the female reproductive tract that enhance the ability of sperm to fertilize an egg is called

A) capacitation
B) fertilization
C) ejaculation
D) conception
E) gastrulation

Question 62

A 26-year-old woman in the third week of her pregnancy is started on a drug called methotrexate. What could be a possible effect of this drug on the woman's pregnancy?

A) The woman's fallopian tube will be immune to microbial infections.
B) The movement of the smooth muscles of the woman's fallopian tube will be impaired.
C) The developing embryonic cells will disintegrate.
D) The cilia in the woman's fallopian tube will be paralyzed.
E) The fertilized egg will undergo scarring.

Question 63

Which is the first layer of the egg that a sperm should penetrate to fertilize the egg?

A) the zona pellucida
B) the oocyte plasma membrane
C) the theca cells
D) the corona radiata
E) the oocyte cytoplasm

Question 64

How does the absence of an acrosome affect the functioning of the sperm?

A) the sperm dies immediately after ejaculation
B) the sperm becomes non-motile
C) the sperm is unable to penetrate the egg
D) the sperm lacks progressive movement
E) the sperm loses its ability to stimulate uterine motility at the time of intercourse

Question 65

Testicular feminization syndrome is unlikely to occur if the

A) SRY gene expression is downregulated
B) production of Müllerian-inhibiting substance is inhibited in a male embryo
C) testosterone and dihydrotestosterone receptors are present and functional
D) enzyme 5 α-reductase is blocked
E) production of estrogens and progesterone is adequate

Question 66

This is a sign of menopause.

A) enhanced sexual desires
B) vaginal dryness
C) thickened endometrium
D) increased bone density
E) sudden weight loss

Question 67

The trophoblast seen during the formation of a blastocyst ultimately develops into the

A) chorion
B) allantois
C) yolk sac
D) amnion
E) blastocyst cavity

Question 68

How is polyspermy prevented during the fertilization of an egg?

A) the corona radiata hardens
B) the ZP3 glycoproteins are inactivated
C) the egg secretes toxins that kill other penetrating sperms
D) the acrosomal enzymes harden the zona pellucida
E) the cell membrane of the oocyte polarizes

Question 69

This image depicts one of the stages of embryo implantation. Identify a unique development that takes place during this stage.

A) the yolk sac becomes small and empty
B) the stratum functionalis layer becomes thin
C) the amnion develops into inner cell mass
D) the three primary germ layers are formed
E) the chorion develops into trophoblast

Question 70

The image below shows the two-cell stage of cleavage of a zygote. Identify the name of the structures indicated by the arrows.

A) glastulae
B) blastocysts
C) trophoblasts
D) morulae
E) blastomeres

Question 71

A 15-year-old individual with feminine physical traits consults a physician for delayed menarche. The physician conducts certain tests that reveal that the individual lacks a uterus and has undescended testes, despite having external female genitalia. What defect does this individual have?

A) XX male syndrome
B) triple X syndrome
C) 5 α-reductase deficiency
D) adrenogenital syndrome
E) androgen-insensitivity syndrome

Question 72

Identify the structure indicated by the arrow in the image below.

A) amnion
B) umbilical cord
C) yolk sac
D) chorion
E) allantois

Question 73

Identify an event that occurs during the development of male reproductive structures in an embryo.

A) the SRY gene is downregulated
B) testosterone production is inhibited
C) Müllerian-inhibiting substance is secreted
D) estrogen secretion is inhibited
E) Wolffian-inhibiting substance is secreted

Question 74

Which of the following signals the onset of puberty?

A) excessive sweating especially at skin folds
B) loss of skeletal muscle tension
C) significant decline in bone mineral density
D) development of secondary sexual features
E) development of external genitalia

Question 75

What is a function of the amniotic fluid that surrounds a fetus?

A) provides nutritional support to the fetus
B) produces the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
C) helps regulate fetal body temperature
D) facilitates gas exchange and waste removal
E) prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum

Question 76

During the eighth week of embryonic development, if the presence of dihydrotestosterone is high, the structure indicated by the arrow will develop into the

A) shaft of penis
B) labia majora
C) scrotum
D) glans penis
E) vestibule

Question 77

Identify the true statement about dizygotic fraternal twins.

A) they are genetically nonidentical
B) they are formed when one oocyte is fertilized by two sperms
C) they are phenotypically identical
D) they are always of the same sex
E) they are generally conjoined twins

Question 78

What is most likely to happen if chorionic villi on the embryo do not develop?

A) The lining that prevents moisture loss from the fetal skin in underdeveloped.
B) Fetal body temperature is unregulated.
C) The fetal part of the placenta fails to develop.
D) There is no production of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
E) There is no shock-absorbing layer surrounding the fetus.

Question 79

Which of these is the autosomal recessive disorder in which a female has an enlarged clitoris and a fused labia?

A) testicular feminization syndrome
B) adrenogenital syndrome
C) 5 α-reductase deficiency
D) endemic goitrous cretinism
E) congenital hepatic fibrosis

Question 80

What is the effect of 5 α-reductase deficiency?

A) the male internal reproductive tract is not formed
B) the penis formed is small and resembles a clitoris
C) the scrotum is completely formed
D) excessive dihydrotestosterone is produced
E) dihydrotestosterone gets converted to testosterone