Deck 19: The Urinary System

Question 1

Kidneys regulate blood pH by

A) controlling the level of water in blood
B) secreting the enzyme renin
C) excreting hydrogen ions into the urine and conserving bicarbonate ions
D) excreting bicarbonate ions into the urine and conserving carbonate ions
E) producing the hormones calcitriol and erythropoietin

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The fluid that enters Bowman's space is called the _____ _____.

Answer 2

glomerular; filtrate

Question 3

Identify a characteristic of cortical nephrons.

A) Their renal corpuscles lie deep inside the renal cortex.
B) They have short loops of Henle.
C) Their loops of Henle have thick ascending limbs followed by thin ascending limbs.
D) They help excrete very dilute urine.
E) Their loops of Henle extend to the deepest regions of medulla.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Identify the part indicated in the image below.

A) visceral layer of the Bowman's capsule
B) parietal layer of the Bowman's capsule
C) mesangial cell
D) macula densa
E) juxtaglomerular cell

Question 5

The image below depicts the nephron and the collecting duct. Identify the portion outlined in red.

A) efferent arteriole
B) Bowman's corpuscle
C) loop of Henle
D) proximal tubule
E) distal tubule

Question 6

The image below depicts the three basic functions of a nephron. Identify the process that occurs in the section labeled 2.

A) tubular secretion
B) glomerular reabsorptionv
C) glomerular filtration
D) tubular reabsorption
E) concurrent multiplication

Question 7

The juxtaglomerular apparatus helps regulate blood pressure within the kidneys.

Question 8

Identify the part indicated in the image.

A) renal pelvis
B) renal cortex
C) renal medulla
D) renal pyramid
E) renal corpuscle

Question 9

The renal medulla is composed of several cone-shaped structures called renal _____.

Question 10

The waste products urea, ammonia, creatinine, uric acid, and urobilin are collectively known as glomerular filtrates.

Question 11

A renal corpuscle is made of the _____ and Bowman's capsule.

Question 12

The rate of urinary excretion of any solute is equal to its rate of glomerular filtration, plus its rate of reabsorption, minus its rate of secretion.

Question 13

What are the functional units of the kidneys?

A) medullae
B) tubules
C) cortices
D) nephrons
E) calyces

Question 14

After entering nephrons, the renal artery eventually delivers blood to the

A) afferent arterioles
B) efferent arterioles
C) peritubular capillaries
D) vasa recta
E) renal vein

Question 15

The loop of Henle is a part of the renal corpuscle.

Question 16

The juxtaglomerular cells together with the macula densa constitute the juxtaglomerular _____.

Question 17

The figure below represents an important structure within the kidney. Identify this structure.

A) renal pelvis
B) renal pyramid
C) renal cortex
D) renal medulla
E) renal corpuscle

Question 18

What happens when the kidneys secrete high levels of renin?

A) blood pressure increases
B) blood volume decreases
C) blood potassium decreases
D) blood sodium increases
E) blood pH decreases

Question 19

About 80% of the kidney's nephrons are juxtamedullary nephrons.

Question 20

Tubular secretion is the transfer of substances from blood in the _____ to fluid in the tubular lumen.

A) arcuate vein
B) afferent arteriole
C) efferent arteriole
D) peritubular capillary
E) renal vein

Question 21

Under what condition does blood plasma filter from the glomerulus into Bowman's space?

A) when the net filtration pressure is positive
B) when the net filtration pressure is negative
C) when mesangial cells contract
D) when spaces between pedicels increase
E) when the number of negatively charged glycoproteins increase

Question 22

Glomerular capillaries are leakier than other capillaries because they have

A) low blood pressure
B) a small surface layer for filtration
C) large fenestrations
D) a positively charged podocyte layer
E) narrow mesangial cells

Question 23

What is likely to happen if the basement membrane of the glomerulus fails to function?

A) Blood cells will be allowed to pass through the endothelium.
B) Plasma proteins will enter the glomerular filtrate.
C) The plasma colloid osmotic pressure will decrease.
D) The glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure will decrease.
E) The pedicels will fail to wrap around glomerular capillaries.

Question 24

Identify a hormone that increases glomerular filtration rate.

A) angiotensin II
B) atrial natriuretic peptide
C) calcitriol
D) adrenaline
E) antidiuretic hormone

Question 25

The image below illustrates the filtration membrane. Identify the barrier that is indicated by the arrow.

A) basement membrane
B) slit membrane
C) podocyte
D) fenestration
E) filtration slit

Question 26

What happens when the glomerular filtration rate decreases?

A) blood flow to other body tissues may be inhibited
B) urine output may increase
C) blood flow into the glomerular capillaries may increase
D) excretion of waste products may be hindered
E) afferent arterioles may dilate

Question 27

In the context of glomerular filtration, the pores in the slit membrane permit the passage of molecules with a diameter greater than 7 nm.

Question 28

During renal autoregulation, when glomerular filtration rate is above normal due to elevated systemic blood pressure, filtered fluid flows more rapidly along the renal tubules.

Question 29

Calculate the net filtration pressure from the information given below: Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure - 60 mmHg
Bowman's space hydrostatic pressure - 0 mmHg
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure - 35 mmHg
Bowman's space colloid osmotic pressure - 10 mmHg

A) 35 mmHg
B) -15 mmHg
C) 85 mmHg
D) -85 mmHg
E) 25 mmHg

Question 30

The amount of filtrate formed in all of the renal corpuscles of both kidneys each minute is the _____ _____ _____.

Question 31

In the context of hormonal regulation of glomerular filtration rate, stretching of the atria of the heart stimulates the production of atrial _____ _____.

Question 32

In the context of neural regulation of glomerular filtration rate, a hemorrhage can lead to increased

A) urine output
B) glomerular filtration rate
C) blood flow into glomerular capillaries
D) blood volume
E) blood flow to other tissues

Question 33

A patient is suffering from nephrotic syndrome, and it is found that his urine has an abnormally high level of protein. What is most likely to happen in this scenario?

A) Net filtration pressure will decrease.
B) Bowman's space colloid osmotic pressure will decrease.
C) Plasma colloid osmotic pressure will increase.
D) Blood volume will increase.
E) Interstitial fluid volume will increase.

Question 34

During renal autoregulation, the glomerulus receives feedback from

A) juxtaglomerular cells
B) podocytes
C) smooth muscle cells
D) macula densa
E) mesangial cells

Question 35

Which of the following increases when the filtration membrane is damaged?

A) glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
B) Bowman's space hydrostatic pressure
C) plasma colloid osmotic pressure
D) Bowman's space colloid osmotic pressure
E) mean arterial blood pressure

Question 36

Why does glomerular filtration stop during severe blood loss?

A) Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure drops to 45 mmHg.
B) Net filtration pressure rises above 10 mmHg.
C) Bowman's space hydrostatic pressure rises above 0 mmHg.
D) Plasma colloid osmotic pressure falls below 30 mmHg.
E) Bowman's space colloid osmotic pressure drops to 15 mmHg.

Question 37

Which of the following materials are NOT secreted during tubular secretion?

A) creatinine
B) phosphate
C) ammonium ions
D) penicillin
E) hydrogen ions

Question 38

Identify the true statement about glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure.

A) it promotes filtration
B) it represents a back pressure of about 15 mmHg
C) it is typically about 10 mmHg
D) it is due to the presence of globulins in blood plasma
E) it is considered to be 0 mmHg

Question 39

Increased release of nitric oxide by the juxtaglomerular apparatus causes constriction of afferent arterioles.

Question 40

Renal autoregulation consists of two mechanisms-the myogenic mechanism and the _____ _____.

Question 41

The enzyme _____ converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.

Question 42

When a body is dehydrated, the concentration of antidiuretic hormone in the blood decreases.

Question 43

During tubular reabsorption, the tight junctions along the renal tubule completely seal off the interstitial fluid from the fluid in the tubule lumen.

Question 44

Identify the role played by aquaporin-1 molecules in reabsorption in the proximal tubule.

A) They create an electrochemical gradient for different ions.
B) They increase osmosis across basolateral membrane.
C) They control the diffusion of negatively charged Cl^-.
D) They promote passive diffusion of urea into peritubular capillaries.
E) They promote passive paracellular reabsorption of cations.

Question 45

Cells of the _____ tubule make the largest contribution to the reabsorption process in the renal tubule.

Question 46

Identify the true statement about sodium-potassium pumps.

A) They maintain a large excess of sodium ions inside the cell.
B) They eject potassium ions from the renal tubule cells.
C) They ensure the one-way reabsorption of sodium ions.
D) They are located in the basolateral membranes.
E) They are powered by the formation of adenosine triphosphate

Question 47

_____ is the water channel protein present in the apical membranes of the principal cells.

Question 48

Symporters move two or more substances in opposite directions across a membrane.

Question 49

In what way does the angiotensin II affect the renal physiology?

A) It increases the glomerular filtration rate.
B) It stimulates the adrenal gland to release aldosterone.
C) It decreases blood volume and blood pressure.
D) It helps in the excretion of ammonia in urine.
E) It helps release antidiuretic hormone.

Question 50

The return of most of the filtered water and many of the filtered solutes from the glomerular filtrate to the bloodstream is known as _____.

Question 51

Which hormone is released due to low levels of Ca²⁺ in blood?

A) parathyroid hormone
B) antidiuretic hormone
C) aldosterone
D) angiotensin II
E) atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 52

Angiotensin II increases the glomerular filtration rate by causing vasoconstriction of the afferent and efferent arterioles.

Question 53

In which of the following regions does obligatory water reabsorption take place?

A) distal tubule
B) collecting duct
C) proximal tubule
D) bowman's capsule
E) peritubular capillaries

Question 54

Reabsorption of solutes in the proximal tubule creates an osmotic gradient that promotes the reabsorption of water via osmosis.

Question 55

The secretion of hydrogen ions during tubular secretion helps

A) regulate the osmolality of urine
B) keep blood pH at its normal level
C) in obligatory reabsorption of water
D) in the secretion of sodium ions into tubular fluid

Question 56

Why does obligatory water reabsorption take place in the descending limb of the loop of Henle?

A) It is highly permeable to water.
B) It is regulated by antidiuretic hormone.
C) It restricts the passage of water to the vasa recta.
D) It allows reabsorption through reverse osmosis.
E) It consists of both a thin segment and a thick segment.

Question 57

Cells lining the proximal tubule and the descending limb of the loop of Henle are especially permeable to water because they have many molecules of _____.

Question 58

Identify a characteristic of the fluid that enters the loop of Henle from the proximal tubule.

A) rich in glucose and amino acids
B) hyperosmotic to blood
C) isoosmotic to blood
D) has the same chemical composition as the glomerular filtrate
E) lacks sodium and potassium ions

Question 59

In the late distal tubule, reabsorption of Na⁺ and secretion of K⁺ are brought about by

A) intercalated cells
B) principal cells
C) mesangial cells
D) smooth muscle cells
E) endothelial cells

Question 60

In the context of hormonal regulation of tubular reabsorption and secretion, what happens when there is a decline in the levels of antidiuretic hormone?

A) blood vessels become wider
B) blood pressure increases
C) water permeability of the principal cells decreases
D) blood volume increases
E) plasma osmolarity in blood decreases

Question 61

If the renal plasma clearance of a substance is equal to the glomerular filtration rate, it means that the substance is

A) filtered and undergoes net secretion
B) filtered and undergoes net reabsorption
C) filtered but neither secreted nor reabsorbed
D) filtered, secreted, and reabsorbed
E) not filtered

Question 62

Countercurrent flow through the descending and ascending limbs of the _____ of _____ establishes an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla.

Question 63

Which of the following is responsible for the production of concentrated urine?

A) high intake of fluids
B) reduced permeability of the late distal tubule
C) high level of antidiuretic hormone
D) minimal loss of fluid
E) low reabsorption of water

Question 64

The higher the concentration of solutes in the urine, the lower the specific gravity.

Question 65

Around 5% of normal urine consists of proteins and blood cells.

Question 66

_____ acid is present in normal urine due to the breakdown of nucleic acids.

Question 67

People with end-stage renal failure need dialysis therapy.

Question 68

Identify the component of the urinary system that is indicated by the arrow.

A) ureters
B) urethra
C) urinary bladder
D) urethral openings
E) urethral orifice

Question 69

Which solute indicates an abnormality if present during a urinalysis?

A) urea
B) creatine
C) glucose
D) urobilin
E) ammonia

Question 70

The ability of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to cause excretion of concentrated urine depends on the presence of a/an _____ _____ of solutes in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla.

Question 71

Identify the factor that promotes reabsorption of water from the tubular fluid of the collecting ducts.

A) renal autoregulation
B) functional incontinence
C) micturition reflex
D) renal plasma clearance
E) urea recycling

Question 72

An alternative to administering inulin to determine the glomerular filtration rate is measuring the

A) creatinine clearance
B) level of serum creatinine
C) level of blood urea nitrogen
D) renal plasma flow
E) level of insulin

Question 73

The long loop of Henle maintains the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla by countercurrent exchange.

Question 74

Discharge of urine from the urinary bladder is called _____.

Question 75

Identify a characteristic of acute renal failure.

A) high volume of blood
B) increase in glomerular filtration rate
C) high production of calcitriol
D) suppression of urine flow
E) irreversible decline in kidney function

Question 76

The solute concentration of the interstitial fluid in the kidney increases from 300 mosmol/litre in the renal cortex to about 1200 mosmol/litre in the renal medulla. Identify a solute that contributes to this high osmolarity.

A) glucose
B) creatinine
C) urea
D) urobilin
E) uric acid

Question 77

The long loop of Henle functions as a countercurrent multiplier.

Question 78

During micturition, the action potentials transmitted by stretch receptors in the urinary bladder into the spinal cord cause relaxation of the detrusor muscle.

Question 79

Which of the following functions as a countercurrent exchanger in the kidney?

A) renal artery
B) loop of Henle
C) posterior pituitary gland
D) proximal tubule
E) vasa recta

Question 80

The urinary bladder is smaller in females because the uterus occupies the space just above the urinary bladder.