Deck 6: Delinquency Risks and Disproportionate Impact

Question 1

States in the ______ have the highest proportion of the nation's poor children (about 42%).

A) north
B) south
C) west
D) east

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Delinquency risk factors during early childhood include a difficult temperament, impulsive behavior, aggressiveness, and a(n) ______.

A) early interest in sex
B) inattentive personality
C) poor peer group
D) truancy problem

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following types of students are disproportionately involved in school disciplinary protocols?

A) children living in middle-class homes
B) White children
C) children who change schools often
D) adoptive children

Answer 3

C

Question 4

______ have the greatest likelihood of growing up poor.

A) Hispanic children
B) White children
C) Black children
D) Native American children

Question 5

Compared to White children, minority children experience foster care placements that are typically ______ months longer.

A) 3
B) 6
C) 9
D) 12

Question 6

More than two-thirds of minority children born into poverty will be ______.

A) institutionalized
B) persistently poor
C) raised by a single mother
D) separated from both parents

Question 7

Two thirds of Black children born between 1985 and 2000 were raised in neighborhoods with ______.

A) high poverty rates
B) low divorce rates
C) misaligned infrastructures
D) too few schools

Question 8

Which of the following are experiences that decrease the likelihood of harmful outcomes, such as involvement with the juvenile court?

A) absolutive factors
B) insulation factors
C) protective factors
D) safety factors

Question 9

______ are disproportionately more likely to be offered kincare placements.

A) Black families
B) Hispanic families
C) Native American families
D) White families

Question 10

It is twice as likely that a Black or non-Hispanic Indian child, compared to a White child, will ______.

A) be placed in foster care
B) dropout of school
C) expelled from school
D) grow up in substandard housing

Question 11

Which of the following is a school-related factor of delinquency?

A) bullying
B) mental health
C) maltreatment
D) peers

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of a dynamic risk factor?

A) school connectedness
B) race
C) sex
D) socioeconomic status

Question 13

Based on ______, the Howell model combines developmental theory and interactional theory of risk and protective factors across stages within the ecological/psychosocial framework.

A) cross-sectional studies
B) detailed case studies
C) longitudinal studies
D) unilateral studies

Question 14

When children's protective services utilize a ______ they place the child with family members outside the immediate family (e.g., grandmothers).

A) kincare placements
B) sustainable placements
C) foster placements
D) transitional placements

Question 15

More than 20% of children grow up ______.

A) without adequate healthcare
B) without a father figure
C) living in poverty
D) living in unsafe environments

Question 16

Some youths experience the effects of numerous risk factors at the same time, referred to as ______.

A) comorbidity
B) conjunction
C) synchronicity
D) simultaneity

Question 17

For adolescents, the same risk factors related to ______ are also related to delinquency.

A) academic performance
B) poor peer relations
C) special education disabilities
D) tramatization

Question 18

Experiences, traits, or issues that make an outcome more likely are referred to as ______.

A) aggravating factors
B) mitigating factors
C) risk factors
D) experimental factors

Question 19

Which of the following refers to characteristics that either cannot be changed or are difficult to change.

A) asymmetrical risk factors
B) dynamic risk factors
C) static risk factors
D) immutable risk factors

Question 20

The ______ the onset of behavior difficulties, the greater chance there is for adolescent delinquency.

A) earlier
B) varied
C) later
D) more recent

Question 21

Almost half of all incarcerated youthful offenders with special education disabilities have been identified with a(n) ______.

A) emotional disturbance
B) impoverished childhood
C) lengthy history of delinquency
D) unstable home life

Question 22

The most likely students to be diagnosed with learning disabilities are ______.

A) students of color
B) white students
C) LGBT students
D) middle-class students

Question 23

LGBT stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and ______.

A) trying
B) transitional
C) transgender
D) trysting

Question 24

The majority of youthful offenders are arrested for ______ offenses.

A) minor
B) serious
C) violent
D) property

Question 25

Up to 40% of ______ adolescents are LGBT.

A) bullied
B) Black
C) homeless
D) poor

Question 26

Many schools are ______ by class and race.

A) integrated
B) diversified
C) unified
D) segregated

Question 27

Although Blacks and Hispanic youth represent one third of this country's adolescent population, they account for more than two thirds of ______ youth.

A) arrested
B) detained
C) incarcerated
D) waived

Question 28

For adolescents, one of the strongest family-related risk factors is ______.

A) poor school performance
B) intrafamilial violence
C) lack of a peer network
D) sexual dysfunction

Question 29

The cumulative impact of maltreatment, in addition to other risks associated with maltreatment, such as substance abuse and school difficulties, may have a greater negative effect on ______.

A) young children
B) adolescents
C) male children
D) female adolescents

Question 30

Schools with a greater proportion of ______ students have increased zero tolerance policies and use harsher discipline, compared to diversion or in-school discipline measures.

A) poor
B) black
C) immigrant
D) underachieving

Question 31

The safest environment for children and teens is a(n) ______, which build relationships and trust.

A) athletic team
B) family
C) peer network
D) school

Question 32

Upwards of 50% of girls in the California juvenile system are ______.

A) aggressive offenders
B) Black
C) LGBT
D) undocumented immigrants

Question 33

The term ______ refers to the ability of youth to adapt and thrive in spite of difficulties encountered.

A) adaptability
B) flexivity
C) persistency
D) resiliency

Question 34

______ adolescents are nearly 3 times more likely to report being a victim of childhood physical or sexual abuse than other adolescents.

A) Employed
B) LGBT
C) Poor
D) Minority

Question 35

______ that affect the likelihood of school discipline or juvenile justice system involvement are difficult to identify and measure.

A) Aggravating factors
B) Mitigating factors
C) Protective factors
D) Risk factors

Question 36

The vast majority of incarcerated youth, who are minorities, are ______.

A) Asian
B) Black
C) Hispanic
D) Native American

Question 37

In strict discipline-focused school environments, the chance for exclusion is greatest for ______ students.

A) poor White male
B) poor Black male
C) poor Hispanic male
D) poor Native American male

Question 38

______ youth are referred to the juvenile courts for delinquency at a rate 140% greater than White youthful offenders.

A) Asian
B) Black
C) Hispanic
D) Native American

Question 39

During ______, children's focus shifts from parents or guardians to peers.

A) early childhood
B) later childhood
C) adolescence
D) early adulthood

Question 40

Part of the explanation for higher delinquency risks in unstable communities is that poorer and more unstable neighborhoods have weaker ______.

A) community bounds
B) group efficacy
C) social controls
D) social support networks

Question 41

Adolescents of color are overrepresented at each of the decision-making points within the juvenile justice system.

Question 42

Explore the concept of disproportionate impact of some risk factors on a youth's involvement in the juvenile justice system and school discipline. What is the role of inherent bias (implicit and explicit bias) and targeting in creating this disproportionate impact? How does the idea of bias influence such factors as segregation of schools?

Question 43

The connection across child maltreatment, school performance and exclusion, and juvenile delinquency is an underinvestigated relationship.

Question 44

The greater involvement of poor families with children's protective services can be explained by the difference in the number of abuse and neglect incidents by social class.

Question 45

Most individuals have stereotypes that may unknowingly affect their perceptions of others.

Question 46

In the majority of instances, it is a single experience or risk factor that leads to students' involvement in the juvenile court system.

Question 47

Counter to expectations, poverty has very little impact on children's educational outcomes.

Question 48

Discuss the concept of protective factors. What is a protective factor? Why are protective factors difficult to study? What effects do risk factors have?

Question 49

Discuss the idea of maltreatment and other trauma as a risk factor in delinquency and involvement in the juvenile justice system. Why is it difficult to identify and prevent? What are the effects of maltreatment and other traumas on youths? How does it intersect with other risk factors for juvenile justice involvement?

Question 50

Young people typically experience increased risk of involvement with delinquent behaviors and the juvenile courts as a result of a single risk factor.

Question 51

Students with special education disabilities are at a reduced risk for delinquency adjudication, detention, and incarceration.

Question 52

Whenever we find that two variables are related, we call that relationship a causal relationship.

Question 53

Establishing a causal relationship requires use of a rigorous experimental design.

Question 54

Emerging evidence suggests that LGBT adolescents are twice as likely to be arrested and detained for status and other nonviolent offenses.

Question 55

Students who identify as LGBT have been found to be at reduced risk for involvement in school discipline, delinquent activities, and the juvenile courts.

Question 56

Most studies find that the students who are disproportionately involved with school discipline and the juvenile courts do not misbehave more than other students.

Question 57

Discuss the effects of a youth identifying as LGBT. In what ways are there biases against such youths? In what arenas of life do these biases appear?

Question 58

Discuss the concept of risk factors. Explain and define the various types of risk factors. Be sure to provide examples of each type. How are risk factors related to delinquency and the juvenile justice system?

Question 59

Protective factors for delinquent activities and formal juvenile court involvement have been more widely researched than risk factors.

Question 60

Since 1975, Black students have been suspended from school at 2-3 times the rates of White students.