Deck 9: Gender and Work

Question 1

Childcare workers, dental hygienists, and registered nurses are examples of ______.

A) female-dominated occupations
B) male-dominated occupations
C) occupations least impacted by the motherhood penalty
D) occupations most impacted by the motherhood penalty

Answer 1

female-dominated occupations

Question 2

Fidas and Cooper (2015) found that ______ of non-LGBT respondents said it was "unprofessional" to talk about sexual orientation or gender identity at work.

A) 55%
B) 70%
C) 28%
D) 45%

Answer 2

70%

Question 3

Which of the following is a factor in reducing the motherhood penalty?

A) gendered roles in the workplace
B) fathers taking advantage of paternity leave
C) paying women more when they are first hired
D) publicly funded childcare

Answer 3

publicly funded childcare

Question 4

Based on the research, what can you infer about a women who expresses dominance and agentic behaviors in the workplace?

A) a reduction in her hirability and likability
B) a reduction in her likability but an increase in her hirability
C) an increase in her hirability and likability
D) a reduction in hirability but an increase in her likability

Question 5

The idea that women are paid less than men is because they don't negotiate for higher pay as well as men do is an example of ______.

A) the compensation negotiation principle
B) the female deficit explanation
C) gender discrimination
D) gendered negotiation skills

Question 6

One national study (Fidas & Cooper, 2015) surveyed lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people and found that more than half reported hiding their sexual orientation or gender identity in the workplace, and more than one-third reported feeling compelled to lie about their personal lives at work. This is mainly a reflection of ______.

A) the workplace climate
B) explicit discrimination from upper management
C) the majority of colleagues being accepting of gender identities
D) LGBT workers feeling insecure about their identities

Question 7

Kala, a woman, is the founder and leader of the local daycare center. Based on the research, we can infer that her leadership skills will be judged as ______.

A) more effective than a man in her same position
B) less effective than a man in her same position
C) similarly effective as a man in her same position
D) not important when compared to other factors

Question 8

Gendered wording in job ads is an example of ______.

A) explicit sexism and discrimination
B) old-fashioned sexism
C) occupational segregation
D) subtle ways modern sexism persists

Question 9

Research shows that there is typically less gender bias in evaluation of work and hiring decisions when ______.

A) the occupations were segregated
B) the applicant meets all qualifications
C) raters are given more information about the applicant
D) the rater is a woman

Question 10

An intersectional analysis suggest that women in ______ may also experience a more severe motherhood penalty.

A) high-wage work
B) low-wage work
C) the STEM fields
D) stereotypical fields of work

Question 11

Today, women earn about ______ cents for every dollar men earn.

A) 67
B) 76
C) 80
D) 92

Question 12

Women may be promoted and move up in ranks in their company, but there is a point past which they can't seem to rise any further. The term ______ is often used to reflect this phenomenon.

A) workplace climate
B) gender discrimination
C) the glass ceiling
D) the upper limit

Question 13

Occupational segregation by gender, the chronic underpayment of women and of women's work, and the lack of equal opportunities for women are examples of ______.

A) reasons women believe they are more entitled to more pay
B) discrimination in the workplace
C) reasons many women decide to leave the workforce once they have children
D) inequalities in the social structure in the United States

Question 14

Mr. Garcia, who is the president of H & I Enterprises, uses more masculine words (e.g., leader, competitive, dominant) in the job ad he puts out into the newspaper and online. Based on the research, what can we infer that ______.

A) more men work at H & I Enterprises
B) more men than women will apply for that job
C) an equal amount of women and men will apply for the job
D) women will find the job appealing

Question 15

In one study (O'Brien et al., 2012), female and male undergraduates were given a task and then asked to fill out a measure of entitlement, reporting on how much they thought they deserved to be paid for their work. The participants were also given the option of awarding themselves bonuses privately from an envelope containing US$5. The researchers found that women completed more work with greater accuracy than the men. They also found that ______.

A) men reported they deserved higher pay and paid themselves higher in bonuses than women did
B) women reported they deserved higher pay and paid themselves higher in bonuses than women did
C) men reported they deserved higher pay, but women paid themselves higher in bonuses than men did
D) women reported they deserved higher pay, but men paid themselves higher in bonuses than women did

Question 16

The gender difference in outcomes of wage negotiation is dependent on ______.

A) the gender of the supervisor or boss
B) the gender of the worker
C) the context and how much the worker knows about negotiation
D) how negotiable the wage of the occupation is

Question 17

In a classic experiment done by Goldberg, 1968, participants read and evaluated essays written either by a male author or female author. The essays were identical except for the names of the authors. Results showed that ______.

A) essays by female authors were rated more highly than essays by male authors
B) there was no significant gender difference in ratings
C) essays by male authors were rated more highly than essays by female authors
D) essays by female authors were rated more highly than essays by male authors when the topic of the essay was traditionally feminine

Question 18

Bus drivers, editors and reporters, and college and university teachers are examples of ______.

A) male-dominated occupations
B) female-dominated occupations
C) occupations that are close to an equal gender ratio
D) occupations that are further from an equal gender ratio

Question 19

Women having less of a sense of entitlement to high pay than men do leads them to ______.

A) seek wage increases
B) leave the workforce earlier than men
C) tolerate wage injustice
D) seek promotions in order to increase wages

Question 20

Williams et al. (2010) found that the tendency to overestimate men's salaries was linked to the participants' ______.

A) conscious sexism
B) implicit stereotypes
C) explicit biases
D) sense of entitlement

Question 21

Pharmacists, lawyers, computer software engineers, and physicians are examples of the jobs that pay the best for women.

Question 22

Corporations with more women at the top perform better than other corporations.

Question 23

A number of studies have demonstrated that, relative to men, women have a lower sense of entitlement to pay for their work.

Question 24

If Maria has a productive day at work, she might bring feelings of accomplishment and satisfaction home with her, being in a generally positive mood when she interacts with her child and partner. Alternatively, if her child has a tantrum at preschool drop-off, putting Maria in a bad mood just as she starts her workday, it may impact her work. This is an example of ______.

A) compensation
B) quality roles
C) role flooding
D) spillover

Question 25

Livingston et al. (2012) compared evaluations of leaders at the intersection of race and gender, asking participants to rate leaders who were (a) Black or White, (b) female or male, and (c) dominant and assertive or communal and compassionate. The researchers found that ______.

A) White women and Black men were rated similarly regardless of their behavior, while Black women and White men were penalized for expressing dominance
B) White men and Black men were rated similarly regardless of their behavior, while Black women and White women were penalized for expressing dominance
C) White men and Black women were rated similarly regardless of their behavior, while Black men and White women were penalized for expressing dominance
D) Black women and Black men were rated similarly regardless of their behavior, while White women and White men were penalized for expressing dominance

Question 26

Nadya is a supervisor who is known to motivate and mentor her employees. She is working from a ______.

A) transformational leader model
B) dictator boss model
C) democratic leader model
D) nurturing boss model

Question 27

Research indicates that men tend to negotiate better than women.

Question 28

Hochschild (1989, 2012) concluding that, if "work" is defined as including work for pay outside the home plus work done in the home, then women worked, on average, ______ hours more per week than men did.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20

Question 29

As more professional degrees are awarded to women in selected professions in which there have been substantial advances (e.g., dentistry, medicine, law), ______ will surely decrease.

A) gender discrimination
B) explicit sexism
C) occupational segregation
D) the motherhood penalty

Question 30

Most jobs are held by equal proportions of men and women.

Question 31

Overall, the gender gap in housework and childcare appears to have narrowed substantially over the past few decades.

Question 32

Women today constitute only 31% of the American labor force.

Question 33

When considering management style, a female leader would likely receive better evaluations if she adopts a ______ style of leadership.

A) autocratic or dictatorial
B) democratic and nurturing
C) assertive and direct
D) confrontational or bossy

Question 34

The complexities of work-life issues demonstrate the importance of the ______ of roles.

A) quantity
B) quality
C) diversity
D) compensation

Question 35

Research shows that people perceive women less favorably than men as potential occupants of leadership positions. Further, when women engage in leadership behavior, the behavior is evaluated less favorably than the same behavior enacted by a man. These findings support which theory?

A) the glass ceiling theory
B) gender bias theory
C) leadership gender gap theory
D) role congruity theory

Question 36

The perceived gender role incongruity of dominance or assertiveness depends on gender as well as ______.

A) socioeconomic status
B) race
C) culture
D) language

Question 37

The wage gap for women gets smaller over the course of women's careers.

Question 38

The motherhood penalty is greatest for women who have three or more children.

Question 39

Naomi and Angelo are a dual-earner family and just had their first child. Based on the research on the second shift, we can infer that ______.

A) Naomi will likely take on a greater share of childcare
B) Angelo will likely take on a greater share of childcare
C) Naomi and Angelo will likely split childcare fairly equally
D) Naomi and Angelo will likely split childcare fairly equally only if they were splitting household chores equally before having the baby

Question 40

Men are rated more highly than women on many of the characteristics of transformational leadership.

Question 41

Explain the motherhood penalty. How does this compare to fatherhood for men? How does this seem to contribute to the wage gap?

Question 42

Goldberg (1968) found that men's work was rated higher than women's work even when the work was identical. However, several meta-analyses of similar experiments have been conducted and have found little evidence of bias in the evaluation of women's work. Explain and analyze the complexities in this data that tell us there is more to the story and give an example of each. What is an important limitation in these meta-analyses?

Question 43

The wage gap occurs despite the fact that, on average, women are actually better educated compared to men. Identify the factors that influence this circumstance.

Question 44

Define comparable worth and explain one implication of this principle.

Question 45

Compare and contrast what the scarcity hypothesis and the expansionist hypothesis would say to a woman who is considering adopting a baby. She is already happily married, is 35 years old, and has a successful career.

Question 46

Explain how the wage gap between men and women differs when we take an intersectional perspective.

Question 47

Analyze Brenda Major's (1994) theory that explains how social structural factors and psychological factors interact to perpetuate the wage gap.

Question 48

Explain how gender differences in standards of comparison have an impact on women's and men's perceptions of their entitlement to pay. Specifically, why do many women not feel entitled to high pay for their work in the way that men do?

Question 49

Explain how gender roles and social backlash influence the gender difference in outcomes of compensation negotiation.

Question 50

Explain one implication of occupational segregation.