Deck 7: Lifespan Development

Question 1

Much of the gender teaching in parents' talk is ______.

A) subtle and implicit
B) explicit and direct
C) declining over the decade
D) ambiguous

Answer 1

subtle and implicit

Question 2

Between birth and 3 months of age, infants ______.

A) develop the ability to distinguish between female and male faces
B) experience peer influences encouraging stereotyped behavior
C) have a gender identity
D) show gender differences in stranger anxiety

Answer 2

develop the ability to distinguish between female and male faces

Question 3

______ refers to biologically based emotional and behavioral traits that appear early in life and predict later behaviors, personality, and psychological problems.

A) Emotional intelligence
B) Temperament
C) Gender differences
D) Socialized differences

Answer 3

Temperament

Question 4

By 3 years of age, children have a tendency to seek out and play with other children of their own gender, and the all-male groups and all-female groups have different play styles. This is referred to as ______.

A) peer group effect
B) gender segregation effect
C) integration effect
D) gender inclusive effect

Question 5

Infant gender differences have been documented in ______.

A) dependency
B) sociability
C) responses to frustration
D) activity level

Question 6

Olson et al. (2015) conducted a study with transgender children and cisgender children on implicit and explicit gender identity preferences. The results from this study indicated that ______.

A) the majority of the transgender children were pretending or confused
B) the transgender children's gender identity was true to themselves and inconsistent with their gender assigned at birth
C) the transgender children's gender identity was overall consistent with their gender assigned at birth when measuring implicit preferences
D) only about 30% of the transgender children were pretending or confused, whereas the rest displayed gender identities that were true to themselves.

Question 7

By 3-4 months, infants who have female caregivers favor looking at female faces instead of male faces. This research is an example of a researcher utilizing which technique?

A) gender constancy
B) incongruent looking
C) facial recognition
D) preferential looking

Question 8

Gervais et al. (2011) conducted a study where both men and women were subject to an objectifying gaze before completing a math exam. The researchers found that the objectifying gaze led to ______.

A) lower math performance for both women and men
B) lower math performance for women but not for men
C) higher math performance for women but not for men
D) no significant difference between women and men's math performance

Question 9

In a study by Mondschein et al. (2000), mothers of 11-month-old babies were asked to estimate how steep a slope their infant could successfully crawl down. The results indicated that ______.

A) mothers of girls estimated success at steeper slopes than mothers of boys did
B) parents have different expectations for their sons than for their daughters
C) parents have similar expectations for their sons and daughters at early ages, but this changes as they get older
D) mothers of boys estimates success at lower slopes than mothers of girls did

Question 10

Products for girls, like the Bratz dolls and Barbie, are examples of products that ______.

A) segregate based on gender
B) focus on inclusion
C) contribute to sexualization of girls
D) are less likely to be played with by children of color

Question 11

Based on research by Hilliard and Liben (2010), a teacher who makes gender salient in the classroom is more likely to have students who have ______.

A) higher gender stereotypes
B) higher positive ratings of other-gender peers
C) more play with other-gender peers
D) lower positive ratings of the teacher

Question 12

Which of the following is a stage of gender constancy development?

A) gender permanency
B) gender role adherence
C) gender stability
D) appearance flexibility

Question 13

The media, including books, movies, television, and videogames, are ______.

A) helping decrease gender stereotypes
B) powerful socializing agents
C) beginning to promote less stereotypical gender roles
D) the most important socializing factor during childhood

Question 14

According to meta-analysis of studies of gender differences in infancy into early childhood, ______.

A) boys display more perceptual sensitivity
B) girls display more personality
C) girls score higher in inhibitory control
D) boys score higher in focusing attention

Question 15

Mina, a 4-year-old girl, recently decided that she will only wear pink and purple dresses and refuses to wear pants. This is an example of ______.

A) gender consistency
B) appearance rigidity
C) external stability
D) gender identity

Question 16

When children play alone, gender differences in behavior are minimal. When in their same-gender group, gender differences are large and striking. From this finding, we can infer that ______.

A) there is less pressure to conform to gender role norms in same-gender groups
B) peers are the most important gender socializing influence in childhood
C) gender differences in behavior are emphasized regardless of the environment
D) context is important in shaping gender differences in behavior

Question 17

David is a boy and Sasha is a girl. David's mother usually buys him cars and trucks and has never bought him a doll. Sasha's father signs Sasha up for dance instead of baseball. These are examples of ______.

A) differential treatment
B) direct instruction
C) channeling
D) modeling

Question 18

On the basis of research on gender differences in newborn infants, it can be concluded that ______.

A) males and females, for the most part, behave similarly
B) the forces of gender-role socialization are already having a strong effect
C) females are more sociable than males
D) male are generally more difficult to care for

Question 19

Sky is 7 years old and was raised as a male and has been dressed and treated as a male his entire life. However, Sky is starting to realize that he does not really feel like he is a boy and has been asking his parents to buy him "girl clothes" and let him grow his hair out. His parents are confused and Sky begins to feel distressed about his gender label. Sky is likely experiencing ______.

A) gender dysphoria
B) gender identity misunderstanding
C) gender flexibility
D) gender constancy

Question 20

Dinah is a 12-year-old girl and has recently been feeling pressured to wear skirts and dresses like many of the girls at her school and to stop playing basketball so she can pursue cheerleading like many of her friends. Dinah is likely experiencing ______.

A) gender intensification
B) the gender stereotyping process
C) adolescent gender upheaval
D) gender conformity

Question 21

Rita's last child is leaving for college out of state and her older children have their own homes and families now. Rita is entering the phase of family life cycle known as the ______.

A) parental period
B) emerging older adult phase
C) empty nest
D) isolation period

Question 22

Older women are more likely than older men to ______.

A) live in poverty
B) experience depression
C) feel less satisfied in life
D) have higher rates of suicide

Question 23

Preschool children between the ages of 2 and 3 tend to have a strong preference for gender-typed toys and same-gender playmates.

Question 24

The longer life expectancy of women and the tendency of women to marry men older than themselves leads to ______.

A) women living with their adult children in later life
B) higher rates of satisfaction among older women
C) women becoming widowed at higher rates than men
D) higher rates of remarriage among older women

Question 25

The 2015 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges leads to ______.

A) same-gender couples being able to adopt children together
B) same-gender couples having the right to marry
C) polyamorous couples having the right to marry more than one person at one time
D) less rights for same-gender couples

Question 26

Girls who develop breasts and feminine curves earlier than their peers tend to get harassed and sexualized.

Question 27

Fausto-Sterling et al. (2015) found that mothers tended to use more affectionate and caretaking touch with their sons and more stimulatory touch with their daughters.

Question 28

Erikson's theory on girls' and women's identity formation indicates that ______.

A) women are more mature than men because they form their identities first
B) men seek out women to help shape their identity
C) a woman's identity is tied to her husband's identity
D) women's identities are more flexible than men's identities

Question 29

The largest gender difference in appearance rigidity is found among Latinx children.

Question 30

Research shows that 84% of American women have at least one child by age 50. This is likely influenced by ______.

A) the motherhood mandate
B) a woman's innate desire to be a mother
C) her age relative to her husband's age
D) intensive mothering

Question 31

Emily, an 11-year-old girl, says she is fat. Her friend, Deyanna, tells her that Emily isn't, but she herself is. The conversation continues to cycle. This is an example of ______.

A) peer support
B) appearance dysmorphia
C) fat talk
D) a stress-reducing conversation

Question 32

Ellen, a young adult, believes that older adults are generally forgetful, incompetent, and depressed. This is an example of ______.

A) double standard of aging
B) cultural norms
C) devaluation of older adults
D) ageism

Question 33

Research indicates that adolescent girls' identity development focuses primarily on nurturing, whereas boys' identity development focuses mainly on autonomous identity.

Question 34

Stereotype-inconsistent behavior is far less tolerated for girls than it is for boys.

Question 35

Children can recognize gender discrimination as early as 6 or 7 years old.

Question 36

Teachers, on average, pay more attention to and interact more with boys.

Question 37

Whereas in the 1960s, the average age of first birth was _____ for women, today the average age is ______.

A) 17; 20
B) 21; 24
C) 19; 27
D) 19; 30

Question 38

Compared to their White counterparts, divorced Black women are ______.

A) more likely to receive child support and more likely to live in poverty
B) less likely to experience depression as a result of getting divorced
C) less likely to receive child support and more likely to live in poverty
D) more likely to receive alimony and less likely to receive child support

Question 39

A man reaches middle age and beyond and appears more distinguished and handsome. A women of the same age is considered less beautiful or even invisible. This is referred to as ______.

A) cultural norms
B) the double standard of aging
C) ageism
D) the devaluation of older women

Question 40

Friendship networks become ______ across adolescence.

A) more gender-segregated
B) chaotic and imbalanced
C) less intense and more supportive
D) less gender-segregated

Question 41

Define the grandmother effect.

Question 42

Statistics indicate that 40-50% of today's marriages will end in divorce. What is one implication of this research, specifically for women?

Question 43

Define transaffirmative practice (also known as gender-affirming care) and explain why it is important. Specifically, why would it be important for you to practice gender-affirming care in your future profession?

Question 44

Name three of the four ways parents influence their children's gender development and provide one example for each.

Question 45

Define gender constancy. Differentiate between each of the three stages in which it develops and describe what age range each stage typically occurs in.

Question 46

Research indicates that heterosexual marriage provides more benefits to wives than husbands.

Question 47

Explain one of the two lines of reasoning behind researchers spending so much time studying infant gender differences.

Question 48

Provide at least one example of how girls are sexualized in U.S. culture. Explain at least one implication of sexualization of girls and women.

Question 49

Research shows a spike in depression and loneliness in women after the postparental period of life.

Question 50

Kohlberg argued that once children have a concept of gender identity, and especially a concept of gender constancy, they essentially self-socialize. A more contemporary version of Kohlberg's ideas is the gender self-socialization model. Explain the gender self-socialization model, including how it is related to stereotype emulation and identity construction.

Question 51

The American Association of University Women (2011) found that nearly half of students had experienced some form of sexual harassment by peers.

Question 52

Explain how relationships in adolescence serve a developmental function in the transition to adulthood. Specifically, how do these relationships play a role in identity formation?

Question 53

Explain how the motherhood mandate influences women's decisions to become mothers. Specifically, how are child-free women typically treated in U.S. society and does this have an impact on women? How might this impact women who experience infertility?

Question 54

When grandmothers are more involved in the lives of their grandchildren, it can enhance the children's adjustment and protect them from risk factors for poor adjustment.