Deck 3: Gender Stereotypes and Gender Differences

Question 1

Research on changes in gender-role attitudes from the last 40 years indicates that ______.

A) Americans now show considerably more support for equal rights for women
B) a backlash has occurred and Americans now more than before believe that women should stay in the home
C) Americans believe in equity for women in employment, but not in politics
D) there has been little or no change in attitudes

Answer 1

Americans now show considerably more support for equal rights for women

Question 2

Researchers have studied implicit gender stereotypes, specifically looking at the stereotype that men are better at science than women. One implication of this implicit gender stereotype is that ______.

A) girls are encouraged to take science courses to catch up to the boys
B) girls are encouraged to spend more time in the science field to gain experience
C) girls are discouraged from taking science courses
D) boys are discouraged from taking science courses

Answer 2

girls are discouraged from taking science courses

Question 3

According to Steele's research on stereotype threat, ______.

A) White people feel threatened by their stereotypes of Black people
B) the performance of low-ability Black students is hurt by stereotype threat, but the performance of high-ability Black students is not
C) Black students' math performance but not verbal performance is hurt
D) highly talented Black students perform worse on a test when stereotypes about Black people are primed.

Answer 3

highly talented Black students perform worse on a test when stereotypes about Black people are primed.

Question 4

Mahzarin Banaji and colleagues measured the association between gender and math and found that people have an implicit association between ______.

A) arts and male, but not female
B) arts and female, but not male
C) math and female, but not male
D) math and male, but not female

Question 5

When people are in a stereotype threat situation, they may ______.

A) underperform due to extra pressure to succeed
B) over perform due to threats to their integrity and feelings of belonging
C) underperform due to hyperactivation of the amygdala
D) over perform due to extra pressure to succeed

Question 6

Black women are often stereotyped as athletic, but that stereotype is not found for Middle Eastern women, Latinx women, White women, or Asian American women. This is consistent with which hypothesis?

A) gender stereotype hypothesis
B) feminist hypothesis
C) stereotype threat hypothesis
D) intersectionality hypothesis

Question 7

Research on gender-role stereotypes and ethnicity indicates that ______.

A) White Americans and African Americans have similar gender-role stereotypes, but Latinos have different gender-role stereotypes
B) White American and Asian American women are stereotypes as intelligent, but African American and Latinx women are not
C) both African American and Hispanic American women are stereotyped as quiet and permissive, but White American women are not
D) both Asian American and African American women are stereotyped as arrogant

Question 8

Tompkins et al. (2015) found that when perspective-taking and humanizing interventions are used, ______.

A) trans prejudice is increased
B) trans prejudice is reduced
C) there is no impact on trans prejudice
D) trans prejudice no longer exists

Question 9

In a study by Mahzarin Banaji and colleagues, researchers measured people's reaction times to the pairing of male and math compared with female and math. They were measuring ______.

A) implicit stereotypes
B) neosexism
C) old-fashioned sexism
D) gender differences in stress reactivity

Question 10

According to research on stereotype threat, Latinas' ______.

A) math performance improves in the threat condition
B) math performance is better than Latinos' performance in the threat condition
C) math performance is doubly hurt in the threat condition
D) math performance is not impacted in the threat condition

Question 11

What does an intersectional approach tell us about gender stereotypes?

A) Gender stereotypes remain fairly similar across ethnic groups.
B) Gender stereotypes may not be the same in different ethnic groups.
C) Gender stereotypes have the same impact across ethnic groups.
D) Gender stereotypes occur for some ethnic groups but not others.

Question 12

Comprehension goals and self-enhancement goals ______.

A) show gender differences, with males higher on self-enhancement and females higher on comprehension
B) are reasons why people stereotype
C) can counteract each other
D) are relevant to racial stereotyping but not gender stereotyping

Question 13

______ are learned, automatic associations between social categories and other attributes.

A) Stereotypes
B) Explicit stereotypes
C) Implicit stereotypes D Unconscious stereotypes

Question 14

"I have behaved violently toward a woman because she was too masculine" is an item from the ______.

A) modern sexism scale
B) genderism and transphobia scale
C) implicit attitudes test
D) stereotype threat scale

Question 15

According to research on gender and stereotype threat, ______.

A) women perform as well as men on a challenging math test if they are told the test is gender-fair
B) when men are told that a math test is gender-fair, they perform better compared with when they are told the test typically shows gender differences
C) men feel threatened by women's advances in society in the last three decades as measured by men's heart rate and blood pressure
D) women perform better than men on a challenging math test if they are told the test typically shows gender differences

Question 16

According to research on stereotype threat, ______.

A) if Asian American women have their gender identity primed, their self-esteem decreases
B) if Asian American women have their ethnic identity primed, they perform better on math problems
C) if Asian American women have their gender identity primed, they perform better on math problems
D) neither gender identity or ethnic identity had any influence on Asian American women's performance on math problems

Question 17

______ can be defined as a situation in which there is a negative stereotype about a person's group, and the person is concerned about being judged or treated negatively on the basis of that stereotype.

A) Hostile stereotyping
B) Stereotype anxiety
C) Stereotype threat
D) Benevolent stereotyping

Question 18

A person who stereotypes a transgender individual as being gay or lesbian ______.

A) is accurate about 90% of the time
B) is applying queer theory
C) is confusing sexual orientation and gender identity
D) is engaging in modern sexism

Question 19

Gender-role stereotypes are defined as ______.

A) false beliefs about the way males and females behave
B) media representations of men and women
C) a set of shared cultural beliefs about males' and females' behavior, personality traits, and so on
D) accurate beliefs about the way males and females behave

Question 20

If a man thinks, "Women are bad at math," this is an example of ______.

A) intersectionality
B) stereotyping for hostile reasons
C) stereotyping for self-enhancement reasons
D) stereotype threat

Question 21

Eagly and Crowley's research shows that gender differences in helping behaviors are dependent on ______.

A) the gender of the recipient of the helping behavior
B) if the individual had a same-gender role model who displayed helping behaviors
C) the type of helping and which gender role it typically falls under
D) if the helping behavior was convenient or inconvenient to the helper

Question 22

A researcher is studying gender differences. She wants to compile the most data in the most reliable way using a large number of studies. Which type of statistical analysis would best fit her goals?

A) meta-analysis
B) chi square analysis
C) one sample t-test
D) compiled analysis

Question 23

In regards to a meta-analysis, a d value of 0.80 is indicative of a ______.

A) no difference
B) small difference
C) moderate difference
D) large difference

Question 24

What is one way to interpret the gender difference in activity level increasing from infancy to childhood?

A) The difference is largely due to children modeling after their parents as they develop.
B) The difference increases because boys are reinforced for active behaviors more than girls, which is referred to as the gender segregation effect.
C) The difference is mainly due to boys becoming more active as they develop due to biological influences.
D) The difference becomes magnified by social interactions, which tend to be impacted by the gender segregation effect.

Question 25

Men's greater tendency toward risk taking has negative implications for their ______.

A) relationships with women
B) health and life expectancy
C) job security
D) parenting abilities

Question 26

Why did previous meta-analysis data show that men tend to display more helping behavior than women?

A) Psychologists were looking at helping behaviors that are typical of men, overlooking the types of helping behaviors that are typical of women.
B) Psychologists were studying areas that had a disproportionate number of men than women available to help.
C) Psychologists were studying relational helping behaviors, which are more typical of men.
D) The majority of the psychologists at the time were men, which led to bias in the results of gender differences in helping behaviors.

Question 27

According to a meta-analysis of research on gender differences in aggression, ______.

A) gender differences were larger for verbal aggression
B) gender differences were larger for physical aggression
C) there were no gender differences for aggression
D) gender differences for aggression became larger as people got older

Question 28

Most studies on gender differences regarding anxiety and fears have found that ______.

A) men are more fearful and anxious than women
B) women are more fearful and anxious than men
C) women and men are equally fearful and anxious
D) there are mixed results regarding this gender difference

Question 29

Spreading degrading rumors or excluding someone from a social group are examples of ______.

A) direct aggression
B) relational aggression
C) verbal aggression
D) intergroup aggression

Question 30

Helping someone change a tire on their vehicle is an example of which type of helping behavior?

A) nurturance and caretaking
B) simple and straightforward
C) extensive and difficult
D) heroic and chivalrous

Question 31

Based on the research regarding self-esteem in general and domain-specific confidence, we can infer that ______.

A) girls have lower self-esteem than boys in general but have higher confidence in certain domain-specific areas
B) boys have lower self-esteem than girls in general but have higher confidence in certain domain-specific areas
C) girls have lower self-esteem than boys in general and have lower confidence in all domain-specific areas
D) girls have the same level of self-esteem as boys in general but have lower confidence in certain domain-specific areas

Question 32

A benefit of using a meta-analysis is that ______.

A) it can be used for synthesizing research that uses a one-group design
B) it is much more reliable than a single study
C) it is a very quick way to analyze data
D) it analyzes similarities between groups

Question 33

According to a meta-analysis of gender differences in impulsivity, ______.

A) men score lower in risk-taking
B) women score lower in reward seeking
C) women score higher in impulse control
D) there were no gender differences in reward sensitivity or impulse control

Question 34

______ is the term for a personality trait characterized by an excessive focus on oneself, along with a grandiose, exaggerated sense of one's own talents, an extreme need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others.

A) Objectified body consciousness
B) Borderline personality disorder
C) Narcissism
D) Extroversion

Question 35

Which of the following is true of activity level in children?

A) research repeatedly shows there are no gender differences in activity
B) there are major gender differences in activity
C) the great majority of hyperactive children are boys
D) girls tend to be slightly more active than boys

Question 36

In one experiment, deindividuation was used to study the influence of gender roles on gender differences in aggressive behavior. The results showed that there were no significant gender differences in aggression in the ______.

A) individuation condition
B) individualized instruction condition
C) deindividuation condition
D) laboratory compared with natural environments

Question 37

A meta-analysis found gender similarities for some facets of narcissism, but men scored higher on the ______ facet.

A) vulnerable narcissism
B) exploitative/entitlement
C) grandiosity
D) ambivalent

Question 38

Using social structural theory (discussed in Chapter 2), we would predict that ______ are more narcissistic because in general ______.

A) women; the female role is more consistent with narcissistic trains than the male role
B) men; the male role is more consistent with narcissistic traits than the female role
C) men; males have more male role models who exhibit narcissistic traits
D) neither; both females and males are discouraged to exhibit narcissistic traits

Question 39

According to a meta-analysis of research on gender differences in relational aggression, ______.

A) girls score higher, but the gender difference is small
B) girls score higher and the gender difference is large
C) boys score higher and the gender difference is large
D) there are no gender differences in relational aggression

Question 40

______ is a statistical technique that allows the researcher to combine evidence from all previous studies on a particular question.

A) Mega-analysis
B) Mega-trends
C) Major-stats
D) Meta-analysis

Question 41

According to the unidimensional, bipolar view of masculinity and femininity, ______.

A) masculinity and femininity are at the opposite ends of a continuum
B) androgyny is possible
C) masculinity and femininity are two overlapping categories
D) there are no differences in personality

Question 42

______ is the name of the 40-item scale that measures androgyny.

A) Bem Sex Role Inventory
B) Bem Androgyny Scale
C) Bem Gender Role Inventory
D) Bem Gender Differences Scale

Question 43

A review of 46 meta-analyses of psychological gender differences found that 78% of the differences were small or trivial. This finding provides evidence for the ______.

A) androgyny hypothesis
B) queer theory
C) social role theory
D) gender similarities hypothesis

Question 44

What is the main difference between androgynous individuals and genderqueer individuals?

A) Androgyny is a gender identity and genderqueer is a sexual orientation.
B) Genderqueer is a gender identity and androgyny is a sexual orientation.
C) Genderqueer individuals tend to be cisgender, whereas androgynous individuals tend to be transgender.
D) Androgyny is about traits and behaviors, whereas genderqueer is a gender identity.

Question 45

What do we know about gender stereotypes and self-report studies?

A) People are typically more honest on self-report studies, so they are very reliable.
B) People usually self-report that they do not fit the stereotype.
C) The stereotype would encourage people to self-report that they fit the stereotype.
D) Stereotypes do not influence self-reports in studies.

Question 46

Someone who has a low score on both femininity and masculinity would be considered ______.

A) androgynous
B) asexual
C) undifferentiated
D) genderless

Question 47

The gender difference in activity starts small in infancy and gets larger throughout childhood.

Question 48

Gender stereotypes have changed little from the 1980s.

Question 49

One cultural stereotype is that women are more anxious than men. This stereotype encourages women to be more honest than men when self-reporting about their anxiety.

Question 50

Research has shown that stereotypes about women remain consistent across different ethnic and racial groups.

Question 51

Someone who has a high score on both femininity and masculinity would be considered ______.

A) intersexual
B) androgynous
C) undifferentiated
D) genderless

Question 52

Even when females are told a task is gender-appropriate for them, they still give lower estimates of their performance than males do.

Question 53

Stereotype threat helps the performance of White men.

Question 54

The best-selling book, Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus (Gray, 1992) enforces the ______.

A) gender similarities hypothesis
B) gender differences model
C) gender variances model
D) gender discrepancies hypothesis

Question 55

Bem's test of androgyny is based on ______.

A) the typological view of masculinity-femininity
B) the unidimensional, bipolar view of masculinity-femininity
C) the two-dimensional view of masculinity-femininity
D) the differences between masculinity and femininity

Question 56

______ is an example of an exception to the gender similarities hypothesis.

A) Self-esteem
B) Impulsivity
C) Aggressive behavior
D) Helping behavior

Question 57

Attitudes about gender roles have changed considerably over the last 30 years.

Question 58

One benefit of a meta-analysis is that it tends to be more reliable than a single study.

Question 59

Researchers have found many exceptions to the gender similarities hypothesis.

Question 60

Research has shown that women exhibit more helping behavior than men.

Question 61

Name the major criticism of Bem's androgyny scale.

Question 62

Name one of the two psychological processes that underlie stereotype threat effects and explain how it works.

Question 63

The research shows evidence of Americans continuing old-fashioned gender stereotypes, even though it also shows evidence attitudes about gender stereotypes have changed considerably over the last 30 years. Explain why this is the case.

Question 64

Give an example of a situation in which men may exhibit more helping behaviors than women and an example of a situation in which women may exhibit more helping behaviors than men.

Question 65

Compare and contrast the concept of androgyny and the concept of genderqueer or transgender.

Question 66

Analyze why people stereotype others. Specifically, what are the two basic goals of stereotyping social psychologists have found? Differentiate between the two and compare the implications of them both.

Question 67

People who are androgynous almost always identify as genderqueer or transgender.