Deck 6: Deviance

Question 1

What has most of the sociological literature on deviance traditionally focused on?

A) crime
B) mental illness
C) the extremely wealthy
D) the emotional appeal of deviant acts

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The Amish have neither the resources nor the desire to use prison as a sanction against members of their community who violate the rules. What sanction do they use instead?

A) Offenders are flogged or put in stocks to be publicly humiliated for a short period of time.
B) Monetary fines are used for most norm violations.
C) They use meidung, or shunning, which is a process whereby community members will not associate with a rule breaker for a set period of time.
D) The offender is mandated to provide physical labor for the community.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Some subcultures have adopted branding as a form of body art, though it is no longer used as a form of punishment in the United States. This demonstrates that

A) what is considered deviant changes over time.
B) many people find punishment desirable.
C) some acts are simply inherently deviant.
D) deviant acts of the past eventually become mainstream acts of the future.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which theory suggests that crimes committed by the upper classes are typically treated more leniently than crimes committed by the lower classes because laws represent the interests of those in power?

A) differential association theory
B) conflict theory
C) principled deviance
D) functionalist theory

Question 5

Corporal punishments like branding or amputation, commonly used in colonial America, were designed to

A) encourage deviance but not crime.
B) mark the offender.
C) make the offender impossible to marry.
D) promote differential association theory.

Question 6

________ proposed social control theory, which suggests that individuals with stronger bonds are LESS likely to commit crime.

A) Robert Merton
B) Travis Hirschi
C) Richard Quinney
D) Edwin Sutherland

Question 7

Some Americans are angry about how many immigrants enter the country every year. A supporter of structural functionalism would argue that this anger

A) hurts the economy by preventing immigration.
B) is unequally distributed, since it is mainly aimed at poor and working-class immigrants.
C) is a form of cyberbullying, since the anger is generally expressed online.
D) promotes social cohesion among nonimmigrants as they come together and label immigrants as outsiders.

Question 8

Which of the following would sociologists consider the best definition of deviance?

A) actions that are harmful to society
B) violations of social norms
C) criminal activities
D) immoral or unethical behaviors

Question 9

A behavior, trait, or belief is considered deviant if it

A) inspires feelings of revulsion or disgust.
B) departs from a norm and results in a negative reaction.
C) causes harm or injury to someone.
D) violates a law.

Question 10

Why was having a hand cut off a typical punishment for a pickpocket in colonial America?

A) The hand is a part of the body that can usually be safely amputated without risk of infection.
B) It was easy and convenient.
C) It was considered symbolically appropriate to punish the part of the body most directly connected with the crime.
D) It was considered the most painful punishment that could be administered.

Question 11

Some people worry about maintaining a tan. If they do not have the time to tan naturally, they sometimes go to a tanning salon or use chemicals to simulate a tan. This might seem bizarre in some cultures, which can help us realize that

A) the line between beauty and deviance is fluid and changes across time and place.
B) there are some types of body modification that are never tolerated anywhere.
C) the rest of the world keeps backward practices and superstitions.
D) people who get fake tans are deviant.

Question 12

Why would using the wrong fork to eat a salad at a dinner party NOT usually qualify as deviance?

A) American society no longer has rules and etiquette governing which utensil to use for salads.
B) Most dinners are eaten with friends who do not apply sanctions for deviant behavior.
C) There are not norms governing food and eating.
D) It is not a serious enough norm violation to provoke sanctions.

Question 13

Imagine that a powerful and influential person living in San Francisco decides to tattoo most of her face with symbols. Would she be seen as deviant?

A) No, powerful people are often allowed to do things that others find strange.
B) Yes, face tattooing is always a deviant act.
C) No, there are several cultures in which face tattoos are common.
D) Yes, but only because she lives in the United States where face tattoos are not the norm.

Question 14

Imprisonment was a rare type of punishment before the nineteenth century because earlier societies

A) did not have sufficient resources to operate prisons.
B) believed physical punishments such as branding would better deter future crimes.
C) were crueler and therefore more accepting of harsh physical punishment.
D) believed punishments like shunning and banishment were more humane.

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding prison as a mechanism for punishing crime?

A) Throughout history, most societies have used prison to punish the most serious crimes.
B) Historically, only humane and ethical societies have used prison as a form of punishment.
C) Prison was rarely used before the nineteenth century.
D) Prison is commonly used as a punishment because it is extremely cost-effective.

Question 16

There are usually serious consequences when a politician is caught cheating on his spouse. In some cases, the politician is forced to resign from office when his constituents express their unhappiness with such behavior. According to Émile Durkheim, what function does this reaction serve?

A) It helps to deter politicians from cheating in the future.
B) It helps to clarify moral boundaries and reinforce the idea that marital infidelity is wrong.
C) The public outcry helps rehabilitate the offender so he won't cheat in the future.
D) It helps protect the family members of the politician from scrutiny and media coverage.

Question 17

John is the CEO of a large bank who is charged with fraud. John pays $13 billion to settle the case, and he does not go to jail. Andy is arrested for stealing money out of a parked car. Andy spends a month in jail while waiting for his trial since he is unable to pay his bail or bond. John and Andy exemplify the perspective of

A) functionalists like Émile Durkheim.
B) symbolic interactionists like Edwin Sutherland.
C) label theorists like Howard Becker.
D) conflict theorists like Richard Quinney.

Question 18

Which of the following describes how deviance can be explained from the functionalist perspective?

A) Deviance breaks down social cohesion and leads to revolution.
B) Deviance makes it easier for the upper class to control the poor.
C) Deviance helps the upper class maintain its power and influence in society.
D) Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms.

Question 19

Robert Merton's typology of deviance outlines the strain that people experience as they attempt to access cultural goals through legitimate, institutionalized means. In which of the following categories would gangsters and con artists be found?

A) conformity
B) innovation
C) ritualism
D) retreatism

Question 20

In the United States, imprisonment as a method of punishment was rare until the ________ century.

A) seventeenth
B) eighteenth
C) nineteenth
D) twentieth

Question 21

What did David Rosenhan describe in "On Being Sane in Insane Places"?

A) Although it may be difficult for the rest of us, psychiatrists can easily differentiate between those who are mentally ill and those who are not.
B) Researchers posing as "pseudo-patients" in a mental hospital but otherwise acting normally were treated as mentally ill by the hospital staff.
C) Patients were unable to determine who among them were really researchers posing as "pseudo-patients."
D) Researchers working in mental hospitals started to develop higher rates of mental illness.

Question 22

How do self-fulfilling prophecies work?

A) We respond not only to the objective features of a situation but also to its meaning. Once meaning has been assigned to our behavior, the consequences of that behavior are determined by the meaning.
B) We learn to be deviant through our interactions with others who break the rules.
C) We tend to respond to the physical and social marks that discredit our identities and leave us vulnerable to negative social judgments.
D) Our social locations are a crucial factor in determining how others see us; therefore, social status is the most important determinant of deviance.

Question 23

What is one of the principal reasons people turn to deviant behavior in the United States, according to the structural strain theory of deviance as articulated by Robert Merton?

A) There are a lot of people with inborn antisocial tendencies.
B) American society is very lax in enforcing laws.
C) The media sensationalizes deviant behavior, which is why it becomes increasingly attractive to young people.
D) The goal of success is shared by a majority of people, but not everyone has equal means for achieving that goal.

Question 24

A person arrived at a company party dressed in a bunny costume only to discover that the party was not a costume party and he had been tricked by a co-worker. Everyone from then on saw him as crazy and eccentric and eventually he came to think of himself in this way too. The initial mistake at the party is an example of

A) a stigma.
B) primary deviance.
C) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) tertiary deviation.

Question 25

________ argues that punishments for rule violators are unequally distributed, with those near the top of society subject to more lenient rules and sanctions than those at the bottom.

A) Labeling theory
B) Conflict theory
C) Functionalist theory
D) Symbolic interactionism

Question 26

Robert Merton's structural strain theory sees deviance as the result of a person's position in a social structure. What do you think Jack Katz, author of Seductions of Crime, would say about structural strain theory?

A) Merton's analysis fails because it does not understand that some people will reject both mainstream cultural goals and the institutionalized means to achieve them.
B) Merton's analysis was correct in that background factors are almost always the most effective way to predict who will commit deviant acts.
C) A focus on social position fails to consider the emotional appeal that a deviant act has for an individual.
D) Merton needs to look at a broader range of background factors, including age and sexuality.

Question 27

For Robert Merton, a prediction that came true only because the prediction was made is a

A) defining prophecy.
B) Thomas prediction.
C) self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) labeling prophecy.

Question 28

What happened to the pseudo-patients in David Rosenhan's "On Being Sane in Insane Places"?

A) Several of them finally broke out.
B) One of them turned out to be genuinely mentally ill and was never released.
C) They were all released once doctors realized that they were not actually mentally ill.
D) They were all finally released, but their "illnesses" were considered "in remission."

Question 29

Robert Merton developed structural strain theory to explain why deviance occurs. What is the cause of the strain suggested by the name of the theory?

A) strain between deviant and nondeviant citizens
B) strain between social norms that are codified in laws and those that are not
C) strain between different value systems within a society
D) strain between socially approved goals and the means of achieving them

Question 30

A man tries to find unconventional and even illegal ways of making money. Into what category does this fit, according to Robert Merton's typology?

A) ritualism
B) rebellion
C) innovation
D) retreatism

Question 31

A deviant label transitions from primary to secondary deviance when the deviant label is

A) applied by a large number of people.
B) applied by someone very powerful.
C) internalized.
D) applied later in life.

Question 32

W. I. Thomas famously argued that "if men define situations as real,

A) others will label them as deviant."
B) it will lead to tertiary deviance."
C) they will be forced to provide evidence."
D) they are real in their consequences."

Question 33

Stealing avocados or almost any other agricultural product is a felony in California if the product is worth more than $100. A ________ would say that such laws target homeless people who have little power in society and are simply trying to eat.

A) conflict theorist
B) functionalist
C) symbolic interactionist
D) follower of Robert Merton

Question 34

________ suggests that individuals learn to be deviant by interacting with others who are already deviant.

A) Conflict theory
B) Self-fulfilling prophecy
C) Differential association theory
D) Labeling theory

Question 35

According to labeling theory, none of the pseudo-patients in David Rosenhan's "On Being Sane in Insane Places" were discovered because

A) they all were mentally ill, at least to some extent.
B) they were too "clean-cut" to be considered mentally ill.
C) they were well-coached in the symptoms real patients would experience.
D) it is difficult for anyone to see past the label once a person has been labeled "mentally ill."

Question 36

Nowhere to Grow by Les Whitbeck and Dan Hoyt explored the lives of homeless and runaway teens in the Midwest. The authors found that "associating with deviant peers" had a dramatic effect on a wide range of deviant behaviors including increasing "the likelihood of serious substance abuse almost 32 times." What theory of deviance considers the way in which such interpersonal relationships help to predict deviant behavior?

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) retreatism
C) differential association
D) labeling theory

Question 37

Samantha believes that corporations are not punished enough for polluting the planet, manufacturing unsafe products, and manipulating prices while, at the same time, homeless people are punished too much for crimes such as stealing food. She believes we should all have access to basic needs like food regardless of wealth. Samantha has taken a ________ perspective to explain the way deviance is viewed in society.

A) structural functionalist
B) symbolic interactionist
C) conflict theory
D) retreatist

Question 38

Why does Elijah Anderson, in his book Streetwise, argue that young African American men are more likely to be arrested?

A) They commit more flagrant crimes.
B) They are more likely to engage in deviant behavior.
C) They are more likely to be poor.
D) They are perceived as more criminal than others.

Question 39

A woman attributes her teenage son's deviant behavior to him "falling in with a bad crowd." Which symbolic interactionist theory of deviance does this explanation MOST closely resemble?

A) differential association
B) labeling theory
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) structural strain theory

Question 40

What might a conflict theorist conclude about deviance if an upper-middle-class white college student is sentenced to rehab for the same drug crime that a lower-class black man is sentenced to jail for committing?

A) Different levels of punishment are functional, as they keep the most productive members of society out of jail.
B) Criminals from the lower class should be more harshly punished, as they are more likely to re-offend.
C) The two criminals probably had very different motives for committing their crimes, and this explains the difference in punishment.
D) The rules are applied unequally, and those with power or influence are punished much less harshly than others.

Question 41

A gay man who joins a dating website tells his friends that he is frustrated when other men on the website describe themselves as "straight-acting, straight-appearing." He believes that these men are treating gay identity as a stigmatized identity by

A) passing.
B) in-group orientation.
C) deviance avowal.
D) symbolic interactionism.

Question 42

Regarding stigma, symbolic interactionists are interested in

A) how people manage their stigmatized identities on an everyday basis.
B) which stigmas are fair and which are unjustly applied.
C) how stigma always leads to positive life outcomes.
D) how stigma leads to increased self-esteem.

Question 43

An educator is disgusted with teaching methods that lead students to simply gain a credential rather than actually learn about the world. She decides to start a charter school that employs innovative teaching methods, doesn't give students grades, and encourages creative thinking over rote learning. How would Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance classify this educator?

A) as an innovator
B) as a ritualist
C) as a rebel
D) as a retreatist

Question 44

Brooke is a PhD candidate in the field of nanophysics. She is aware that only 4 percent of physics professionals are women. Brooke has heard peers and even instructors say that this is because women struggle to comprehend complex mathematics. What may Brooke be experiencing when she scores below her male counterparts on an exam?

A) stereotype promise
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
C) tertiary deviance
D) stereotype threat

Question 45

According to Erving Goffman, when one is labeled a deviant and experiences stigma, what does that individual acquire?

A) outsider status
B) deviance avowal
C) differential association
D) spoiled identity

Question 46

An example of ________ is Asian American students being more likely to be placed in Advanced Placement classes, earn higher grades, and be treated well by teachers.

A) a stereotype promise
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy
C) tertiary deviance
D) a stereotype threat

Question 47

Which of the following situations is an example of deviance avowal?

A) A man decides to quit smoking but asks his friends and family to identify him as a smoker, not an ex-smoker, because he believes the addiction is lifelong.
B) A person whose drinking is getting in the way of their daily activities insists they are not an alcoholic.
C) A young drug addict successfully hides her habit at work, and all her colleagues believe she is drug free.
D) A person owns a large collection of Harley Davidson motorcycles but doesn't allow their family and friends to refer to them as a "biker."

Question 48

Maria is the school chess champion and is invited to compete at a regional tournament. An opponent tells Maria that men are naturally better at chess than women. Upon hearing this, Maria becomes upset and worried about her performance and subsequently loses her first match. What has Maria just experienced?

A) stereotype promise
B) stereotype threat
C) tertiary deviance
D) differential association

Question 49

Almost any ________ can have a stigmatizing effect, including a physical disability, an addiction, or a mental illness.

A) departure from the norm
B) social control
C) secondary deviance
D) conformity

Question 50

In Mama Lola: A Vodou Priestess in Brooklyn, Karen McCarthy Brown studied practitioners of the Vodou religion living in the United States. However, she went far beyond the usual role of scientific observer and became a member of the religious group she was studying. She also gave her key informant veto power over certain elements of her work. Why would this be helpful?

A) It helped her learn all the secrets that practitioners of Vodou would not tell outsiders.
B) It gave her better insight into how to convert practitioners away from Vodou.
C) It helped her set aside preconceived notions about Vodou to understand it on its own terms.
D) It would not be helpful; without doubt, it crippled her ability to make objective judgments.

Question 51

Although the term often references race, which of the following is also an example of "passing"?

A) A Jewish man attends church with his Christian wife.
B) An overweight person embraces his body type.
C) A man with wrist scars from an attempted suicide covers them by wearing long sleeves, even in the summer.
D) A man who doesn't drink goes to a bar for a social event.

Question 52

Hate crimes targeting Arab Americans and those mistakenly identified as Arab increased after Arab identity became stigmatized. What sort of stigma was this?

A) moral
B) symbolic
C) religious
D) tribal

Question 53

A researcher examines the effects of learning communities on a college campus. In these communities, students live in a small dorm hall together, have one faculty advisor, attend a first-year seminar together, and participate in social activities together. After completing her study, the researcher finds that compared to students living in regular dorms or off-campus, students in these communities are less likely to engage in either academic cheating or underage drinking and have fewer disciplinary actions on their records. Which sociological perspective best explains this finding?

A) conflict theory
B) social control theory
C) structural strain theory
D) structural functionalism

Question 54

An example of in-group orientation is when a

A) light-skinned African American woman claims to be white in order to avoid discrimination and violence.
B) man renounces society and moves to a cabin in the woods.
C) man wears a T-shirt identifying him as a member of a popular fraternity.
D) woman writes on her social media, "I am black, trans, and proud!"

Question 55

American criminologist Richard Quinney theorized that capitalism-and the exploitation and oppression of the working class-make deviant and even criminal behavior nearly inescapable for workers. The ruling class can make laws that target the poor. When the poor act out against repression, they become targets for law enforcement, while the rich and powerful remain free to do what they like. Quinney's theory falls under which sociological perspective?

A) conflict theory
B) social control theory
C) structural strain theory
D) structural functionalism

Question 56

Jewish Americans, African Americans, and Hispanic Americans were not permitted to purchase houses in the suburb of Lakewood, California when it was first built in 1950. However, the developers reversed this policy within a few years and started selling homes to families regardless of religious faith or ethnicity. What does this tell us about stigma?

A) Stigma leaves permanent marks on those it affects.
B) Stigma is only a problem in areas where money is involved.
C) Stigmatized identities can be overcome through passing.
D) Stigmatized identities change over time.

Question 57

There are several ways in which gays and lesbians in the United States have chosen to manage their stigma. What strategy are gay rights activists using when they chant the slogan "We're here, we're queer, get used to it"?

A) passing
B) assimilation
C) bureaucratic mediation
D) in-group orientation

Question 58

David Rosenhan argues that misdiagnosis is particularly a problem for psychologists, as a diagnosis of a mental illness is as influential on the patient as it is on their relatives and friends. It should not surprise anyone that the diagnosis acts as a(n)

A) act of tertiary deviance.
B) sign of structural strain.
C) gesture of passing.
D) self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 59

According to Erving Goffman, stigmatized individuals who do not believe they should have to change or conceal their identities to make "normal" people more comfortable have

A) secondary deviance.
B) in-group orientation.
C) self-esteem.
D) deviance avowal.

Question 60

Sociologists studying deviance often focus on the most obvious and extreme forms of deviant behavior. What are the consequences of this approach?

A) Only those deviant individuals who embrace their deviant labels will be studied.
B) Only the deviant behaviors of the rich and powerful will be studied.
C) The values and norms of the powerful are left unexamined, while the deviance of the poor is scrutinized.
D) Few, if any, of the most serious problems in a given society can be identified.

Question 61

What evidence shows that the number of women who commit crimes is related to social structure?

A) Female arrest rates have remained remarkably steady over the course of American history.
B) Male and female arrest rates tend to change at about the same rate.
C) There are approximately as many women in prison as men.
D) Female arrest rates have increased as women have gained more presence in the labor market.

Question 62

How does the FBI's Uniform Crime Report measure crime?

A) A random sample of citizens is asked what crimes they have been the victims of in the past twelve months.
B) A random sample of police officers is asked what crime levels they have observed.
C) Every crime reported by over 18,000 law enforcement agencies in the United States is tabulated.
D) The convictions of every district attorney in the United States are tabulated.

Question 63

Martha Stewart was convicted of obstruction of justice after lying to the FBI during an investigation of her sale of a stock that dramatically fell in value immediately after she sold it. Her conviction was unusual, as this sort of white collar crime is much more likely to be dealt with in civil, rather than criminal, court. How does the tendency to deal with white collar criminals in civil court bias our understanding of the demographics of crime?

A) It causes us to underestimate the number of property crimes committed each year.
B) It encourages us to equate cash register honesty with real honesty.
C) It leads us to overestimate the relationship between poverty and crime.
D) It creates a false relationship between gender and crime.

Question 64

According to Jack Katz, what do muggers gain from their crimes, aside from material objects?

A) He argues that they are often trying to return to prison, where they feel more secure.
B) He argues that they seek power and control over their victims.
C) He argues that they mug for a sense of satisfaction and excitement.
D) He argues that they mug for a steady living that allows them to move up in social status.

Question 65

Which of the following statements helps describe how Jack Katz's book Seductions of Crime explained deviance in a new way?

A) Conflict theorists have frequently argued that differences in economic resources give elites the ability to control the coercive apparatus of the state. Pronounced economic differences also provide elites with a need to maintain order.
B) Three decades ago, criminologists widely decried the failure of rehabilitative efforts to reduce recidivism. This "nothing works" attitude permeated the field of criminal justice, and a period of punitive justice was ushered in.
C) The social science literature contains only scattered evidence of what it means, feels, sounds, tastes, or looks like to commit a particular crime.
D) Society should be considered as a cross between the cultural "goals" for which it believes its members should strive and the "means" that are believed, legally or morally, to be legitimate ways in which individuals should attain these goals.

Question 66

Who is MOST likely to commit murder according to the Uniform Crime Report?

A) dating partner
B) friend or relative
C) stranger
D) gang member

Question 67

Why might teenagers shoplift, according to Jack Katz's Seductions of Crime?

A) They feel strain between their means and the goals society tells them are desirable.
B) They want the thrill of getting away with breaking the rules.
C) They come from a low socioeconomic class.
D) Young people are inherently predisposed to crime.

Question 68

Some people utilize social media as an enhanced form of condescending attacks known as

A) deviance.
B) criminology.
C) white collar crime.
D) cyberbullying.

Question 69

A man's computer is hacked and the individual responsible steals his identity, which makes it possible for the hacker to steal money from the man's bank account. The man is a victim of

A) property crime.
B) violent crime.
C) cyberbullying.
D) cybercrime.

Question 70

The vast majority of crimes come to the attention of the police in response to citizen complaints. Citizens do not usually bother to inform the authorities if they do not think a crime is serious enough or feel that nothing can be done. This means that there might be serious bias in the

A) symbolic interactionist theory of deviance.
B) way conflict theorists understand deviance.
C) value of punishment for deterrence.
D) Uniform Crime Report.

Question 71

According to Jack Katz, there are several reasons why adolescents might shoplift. One reason is the material appeal of the objects that are taken, but, more importantly, they

A) can gain entrance to gangs if they are successful.
B) often have a vendetta against a particular store or small business owner.
C) regard "getting away with it" as a demonstration of personal competence.
D) usually need to make money by selling the objects they steal.

Question 72

Most sociological studies of deviance focus on elements of an individual's background that would make them more likely to act in deviant ways. What is the key problem with such an approach?

A) It cannot explain why some people with very similar backgrounds act differently.
B) It requires a great deal of statistical analysis.
C) It focuses too much on the emotional appeal of certain types of crime.
D) It requires psychiatric evaluations.

Question 73

What does the sociologist Jack Katz think sociologists should study when trying to understand deviance instead of solely examining background factors?

A) the deviant's own experience of committing a deviant act
B) the correlation between deviance and poverty
C) the way deviance tends to be handed down through generations
D) the role poverty plays in encouraging deviance

Question 74

What is the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?

A) a report that assigns funding to different areas of federal law enforcement
B) an official measure of all the norm violations that occur
C) sentencing guidelines as they relate to race and class
D) an official measure of crime in the United States

Question 75

Construction crews are constantly annoyed at the way people, mostly teenage boys, steal the orange cones and flashing pylons that mark construction zones. Why does this sort of deviance happen, according to Jack Katz?

A) The thieves find these items aesthetically appealing, but they do not know where to buy them.
B) The thieves are afflicted with a psychological disorder like kleptomania, which compels them to steal.
C) The thieves are usually planning on reselling the materials on the black market.
D) This sort of deviance produces a thrill and excitement.

Question 76

Given Jack Katz's theory of crime, what do you think would be the best subtitle for his book The Seductions of Crime?

A) The World of the New Urban Poor
B) Social Structure and Anomie
C) Attractions of "Doing" Deviance
D) The Careers of Persistent Thieves

Question 77

Which factor makes sociologists question the relationship between youth and crime?

A) Official crime statistics show that middle-aged people commit a large percentage of crimes.
B) Young people may commit crimes that are more visible and, therefore, are arrested more often.
C) Young people commit more property crimes, but older people commit more violent crimes.
D) Young people are stronger and more fit, so they can find jobs instead of resorting to criminal activity for income.

Question 78

An individual who works at a bookstore routinely takes home ballpoint pens and Post-it notes, uses the copy machine to make personal copies, and makes long-distance phone calls on the store's line. However, he would never consider stealing money from the cash register even if he knew he could get away with it. What is this behavior called?

A) stigmatizing
B) pilfering
C) self-fulfilling property
D) criminology

Question 79

What is the justification for harsh sentencing guidelines like California's controversial "three strikes" law?

A) deterrence of future crimes
B) rehabilitation of criminals
C) retribution for crimes
D) reform of individual criminals

Question 80

What do we call norm violations that are codified into law?

A) crimes
B) taboos
C) violent crimes
D) mores