Deck 4: Socialization, Interaction, and the Self

Question 1

According to Sigmund Freud, the ________ is the part of the mind that is responsible for representing culture within us and serving as the moral component of our personality in the psychoanalytic theory.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) unconscious

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Individuals who are NOT socialized

A) are likely to produce their own words and create a unique language.
B) are unable to fully develop without contact with others.
C) have a much harder time with reading and math.
D) are more likely to divorce.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The indie rock band the Halo Benders once sang the following: Part environment
And part heredity
What we're born with
And what's been fed to me
What issue is being referenced in this song?

A) the nature vs. nurture debate
B) impression management
C) dramaturgy
D) role conflict

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What do the several cases of children who grew up in extreme social isolation, such as the case of Genie in 1970, suggest?

A) Most of our mental capacities, and perhaps even the ability to think, are learned through social interaction.
B) Human intelligence is almost entirely determined by heredity.
C) The effects of isolation at an early age are easily reversible if caught in time.
D) The effects of extreme isolation in children are irreversible if the situation isn't corrected by the time the child is five years old.

Question 5

Which of the following is accurate about the process of socialization?

A) It eventually stops, generally around adulthood.
B) Society shapes the individual, and the individual shapes society.
C) It stays consistent over time.
D) It stays consistent in most social settings.

Question 6

According to Sigmund Freud, the mind's ________ is composed of biological drives and is the source of psychic energy.

A) looking-glass self
B) id
C) ego
D) superego

Question 7

Recent research by marine biologists suggests that bottlenose dolphins have names for themselves. Scientists played sounds they had identified as the names of particular dolphins by putting them through a synthesizer so that they did not sound like the voices of particular dolphins. The researchers found that dolphins would respond to the names of other dolphins to which they were related or with which they were associated, but they ignored the names of strangers. This discovery suggests a much greater degree of self-awareness in aquatic mammals than was previously suspected. What does this research suggest about dolphins if it is accurate?

A) Dolphins go through stages of socialization.
B) Significant others are as important to dolphins as they are to us.
C) In Goffman's terminology, the ocean may be like a frontstage area.
D) Dolphins have a sense of self similar to that of humans.

Question 8

The story of Christopher Knight is an example of which sociological concept?

A) social isolation
B) feral children
C) looking-glass self
D) dual nature of the self

Question 9

What does the nature vs. nurture debate help us understand?

A) the contradictions between primary and secondary group socialization
B) the complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning
C) why biology has nothing to do with human potential
D) how biology determines physical characteristics, whereas social learning alone determines a person's personality and habits

Question 10

Works of fiction such as The Jungle Book are retellings of myths about feral children. These stories highlight the sociological concept of _______, but some real-world examples of kidnapping and abuse are no myth.

A) the generalized other
B) social isolation
C) the ego
D) the id

Question 11

What did Sigmund Freud suggest in his book The Interpretation of Dreams?

A) Thoughts must originate in both the id and the superego.
B) The conscious level of awareness is the tip of the iceberg, and just below the surface are the subconscious and the unconscious.
C) Dreams result from inconsequential superstitions and have to be "worked through" for analysis to succeed.
D) People are in control of their own dreams and can consciously choose to steer them in one direction or another.

Question 12

Victor of Aveyron was a feral child who wandered out of the woods in 1800 when he was approximately twelve years old. After being reintroduced to human society, Victor was incapable of talking and never fully adjusted to life with other humans. This case shows the importance of

A) impression management.
B) positive sanctions.
C) the superego.
D) socialization.

Question 13

Which part of the mind of feral children would Sigmund Freud expect to be MOST fully developed?

A) the psychosexual side
B) the id
C) the ego
D) the superego

Question 14

Sociologists define the self as

A) the part of an individual that is displayed to other members of a society.
B) only the private, innermost parts of the mind that are not usually shown to others.
C) the experience of an individual's personal identity that is distinct from other people.
D) the parts of the human mind that are created through interactions with others.

Question 15

A goal of socialization is

A) to ensure that society self-evaluates.
B) to teach norms, values, and beliefs.
C) to teach people how to avoid incarceration.
D) to teach the skills necessary to satisfy our love of technology.

Question 16

Socialization is the

A) lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture.
B) fact that human nature is essentially self-centered and must be unlearned.
C) interaction among the cultures of different societies.
D) process by which individuals come to know one another.

Question 17

Sigmund Freud's most significant contribution to the understanding of the self is

A) his use of the terms "generalized other" and "significant other."
B) his theory of the unconscious mind.
C) his theory of the looking-glass self.
D) his research on feral children.

Question 18

Parents often buy their children gender-specific toys. Boys are given action figures that encourage active and aggressive play, while girls are given dolls and toy ovens that reinforce traditional gender roles. This is part of what process?

A) personality
B) socialization
C) social isolation
D) status conflict

Question 19

Children raised with minimal or no human interaction are referred to as

A) feral children.
B) institutionalized children.
C) cognitively disadvantaged children.
D) environmentally challenged children.

Question 20

According to Sigmund Freud's theoretical perspective, the parts of the mind are

A) the looking-glass self and the dual nature of the self.
B) the dual nature of the self, the significant other, and the generalized other.
C) the significant other and the generalized other.
D) the id, ego, and superego.

Question 21

"Each to each a looking-glass, / Reflects the other that doth pass." This line of poetry, associated with sociologist Charles Cooley, indicates that our sense of self originates in

A) basic biological drives.
B) the first stage of sexual development.
C) genetics.
D) interactions with other people.

Question 22

Sigmund Freud once said that the id was like a wild horse and that the ________ was like a rider astride the horse struggling to keep it under control.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) libido

Question 23

Patrick isn't old enough to go to school yet, but he loves to play house. He has a toy stove and pretends to be a stay-at-home father. Playing house sometimes gets boring, so he goes outside, takes a garden hose, and pretends to be a firefighter. George Herbert Mead would say that Patrick is

A) in the play stage.
B) in the game stage.
C) her own generalized other.
D) aware of the roles of others.

Question 24

What does the concept of the looking-glass self help explain?

A) why it is so difficult to see ourselves as others do
B) how we develop a self-concept based on our perceptions of others' judgments of us
C) how young children come to realize that they have an identity separate from others
D) why we respond to the generalized other

Question 25

According to George Herbert Mead, the dual nature of the self refers to the idea that

A) there is both a conscious nature and an unconscious nature of the self.
B) we have both a public self and a private self.
C) we experience the self as both subject and object.
D) there is both a social side and an instinctual side to the self.

Question 26

According to George Herbert Mead, what are children learning when they begin to take the perspective of a generalized other in their games?

A) the values and beliefs of their parents
B) the behaviors associated with particular roles
C) how to imitate behaviors and actions
D) the attitudes and expectations of society as a whole

Question 27

________ argued that the personality passes through four distinct psychosexual stages of development.

A) Charles Cooley
B) Sigmund Freud
C) George Herbert Mead
D) Erving Goffman

Question 28

Julian is a child who consistently earns mediocre grades and is often picked last for team games. He likes to make silly jokes and play pranks, and he notices that people laugh when he does so. The child starts to think that others are laughing with him, not at him. Charles Cooley would say this development is part of

A) the backstage.
B) the preparatory stage.
C) the looking-glass self.
D) impression management.

Question 29

A student sitting through a boring class glances over at a friend and rolls his eyes. Erving Goffman would identify this as

A) a personal front.
B) impression management.
C) an expression of behavior.
D) part of the backstage.

Question 30

Which part of the mind would Freud have described as being like a type of conscience that punishes misbehavior with feelings of guilt?

A) the id
B) the ego
C) the superego
D) the brain

Question 31

According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, the generalized other is

A) the inability of very young children to differentiate between themselves and others.
B) the guidelines and expectations that are associated with a particular role in society.
C) an understanding of the rules that govern a network of different players in related roles.
D) the transition toddlers make from the imitation of infancy to the play stage of childhood.

Question 32

A college student plans to go to graduate school because she thinks of herself as having excellent critical thinking skills and a brilliant mind. Where would Charles Cooley's theory of the looking-glass self suggest that she got these ideas?

A) These ideas are part of the structure of her personality with which she was born.
B) These ideas come from teachers and fellow students expressing admiration.
C) These ideas come from the ease with which she understands new concepts.
D) These ideas come from the confidence she has gained from exceptional intellectual abilities.

Question 33

Read the quote from Freud below, which describes a part of the mind as he theorized it. "It is the dark, inaccessible part of our personality, what little we know of it we have learnt from our study of the dream-work and of the construction of neurotic symptoms. . . . We all approach [it] with analogies: we call it a chaos, a cauldron full of seething excitations."
Which part of the mind was he talking about?

A) the id
B) the ego
C) the superego
D) the conscience

Question 34

In what way is a game of football like society, according to George Herbert Mead?

A) Individuals have to take into account the roles and points of view of others in both football and society.
B) There are winners and losers in both football and society.
C) Both football and society involve a hierarchy and rules that help the elite maintain their status.
D) Both football and society use hegemonic power to maintain order.

Question 35

When a child can internalize the expectations of other specific people, they have learned how to

A) overcome the looking-glass self.
B) take the role of the particular or significant other.
C) take the role of the generalized other.
D) follow the rules of games.

Question 36

Expressions given off

A) are usually verbal.
B) are always intended by the person expressing them.
C) often happen so quickly that the brain cannot process them.
D) are typically nonverbal, but they are observable in various ways.

Question 37

Which theorist argued that if people define a situation as real, it is real in its consequences?

A) W. I. Thomas
B) Erving Goffman
C) George Herbert Mead
D) Charles Cooley

Question 38

According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, playing organized games is important for an older child's development of the self because

A) game playing involves learning emotional self-control.
B) game playing reinforces the primary group ties that are essential to emotional well-being.
C) game playing teaches strict obedience to rules and norms.
D) game playing involves learning to anticipate and coordinate with other players' actions.

Question 39

Which of the following is a step in Charles Cooley's model of the looking-glass self?

A) We interpret others' reactions to us.
B) We imagine our lives as a movie.
C) We experience ourselves in private.
D) We imagine how we look in popular fashions.

Question 40

Some theorists have suggested that all individuals act like mirrors to each other. What do sociologists call this concept?

A) status
B) the looking-glass self
C) the unconscious
D) the particular other

Question 41

Appearance, manner, style of dress, race, gender, and age are all elements of

A) an individual's personal front.
B) a setting or region.
C) expressions given.
D) the superego.

Question 42

It is counterintuitive to tell your opponents that you have a good hand when you play high-stakes poker. However, particularly good poker players say they can read other players' "tells." These are subtle and unintentional facial expressions, mannerisms, and body language that reveal what players are thinking. What would Erving Goffman call tells?

A) expressions given off
B) the dual nature of the self
C) expressions given
D) the social construction of reality

Question 43

Churches usually teach their members rules and often codify these rules into formal commandments to be followed. Given this, churches can be considered

A) dramaturgists.
B) part of the media.
C) total institutions.
D) agents of socialization.

Question 44

A sociologist observes that kindergartners are not just being taught about arts and crafts. They are also being taught how to be students, including skills such as following rules, remaining in their seats, and other things that will be necessary for the rest of their education. What are these skills called?

A) expressions of behavior
B) the hidden curriculum
C) theories of the self
D) the ego

Question 45

Which of the following sources of socialization forms the foundation for all other socializing agents?

A) the family
B) peer groups
C) school
D) the mass media

Question 46

Why might expressions given off seem like more trustworthy guides than expressions given when we try to understand how other people define a situation?

A) Expressions given off are easy to use in deceptive ways.
B) We tend to believe that it is harder to manipulate expressions given off.
C) Expressions given are almost never intentional.
D) Expressions given off are almost always verbal and intentional.

Question 47

Sociologists examine financial collapses such as those of the 1930s. These often occurred because rumors of insolvency, when believed by enough depositors, resulted in real bank failures. What sociological concept describes this phenomenon?

A) expressions given off
B) the Thomas theorem
C) dramaturgy
D) the generalized other

Question 48

What are some examples of things students learn from a school's hidden curriculum?

A) vandalism, truancy, and other forms of deviance
B) punctuality, neatness, and discipline
C) math, reading, and science
D) civics and the principles of American government

Question 49

Erving Goffman theorized social life as a kind of con game in which we work to control the impressions others have of us. What did Goffman call this process?

A) impression management
B) definition of the situation
C) cooling the mark out
D) expressions of behavior

Question 50

What did Harvard Medical School researchers conclude about the effects of the media on young people in Fiji who, until the 1990s, lacked widespread access to television?

A) Television had few effects at first, but it will probably have more over time.
B) Television affected young women's body image.
C) Television increased the level of teen violence.
D) Television had almost no effect whatsoever.

Question 51

Which of the following agents of socialization has the most enduring, lifelong impact on the individual?

A) the family
B) peers
C) the media
D) school

Question 52

What have scholars called Erving Goffman's ideas, given that impression management relies so much on strategies of performance?

A) psychoanalysis
B) the dual self
C) self-centered society
D) dramaturgy

Question 53

Many people are afraid of picking up hitchhikers. Imagine that a hitchhiker, to be offered a ride, makes a suitcase out of a gasoline can so that he looks like he's a stranded motorist rather than a hitchhiker. A sociologist would say that the hitchhiker was working on

A) expressions of behavior.
B) impression management.
C) expressions given off.
D) expressions given.

Question 54

Pablo comes from a low-income family, but he worked hard in school and earned a full scholarship to Stanford University. Pablo is worried that his peers and professors will recognize his background and treat him differently, so he wears new clothes and attempts to hide his accent on the first day of classes. When Pablo goes home for the weekend, he leaves his new clothes behind in his dorm and does not mask his accent. Which sociological concept best explains Pablo's behavior and interactions with others?

A) the looking-glass self
B) impression management
C) the dual nature of the self
D) psychoanalysis

Question 55

A famous monologue from Shakespeare's As You Like It begins as follows: All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances,
And one man in his time plays many parts.
Which theory of social life could be seen as taking its inspiration from these lines?

A) agents of socialization
B) dramaturgy
C) the psychosexual stages of development
D) the social construction of emotions

Question 56

The University of California, Santa Barbara, is located near the Pacific Ocean, and many students live within walking distance of the beach. Most students put on a cover-up or wrap themselves in a towel to make the short walk back to their apartments, though they feel that it's perfectly normal to wear a bathing suit while at the beach. This is because the beach, unlike the street, is a(n) ________, where wearing nothing but a bathing suit is considered normal and acceptable.

A) agent of socialization
B) front
C) generalized other
D) region

Question 57

As children get older, which agent of socialization tends to replace parents as their most intense and immediate influence?

A) peers
B) the media
C) schools
D) religion

Question 58

Research has been conducted regarding why teens engage in smoking and other deviant behaviors. The most important factor in statistically predicting whether or not a teen will engage in a particular deviant behavior is the presence or absence of peers who are also involved in that behavior. This is probably because the other teens are acting

A) in ways that are closely connected to the family.
B) in cooperation with schools and the media.
C) as the most powerful, long-term force in their friends' lives.
D) as agents of socialization.

Question 59

Why does the family have such a powerful impact as an agent of socialization?

A) Respect for parents is one of the key values of modern society.
B) Family plays an important role in our everyday lives no matter what stage of life we are in.
C) Family begins the socialization process before there are any other competing influences.
D) Family values are strong today in the United States.

Question 60

A woman is hired at a restaurant. She is given strict instructions on her first day to always wear black pants with a white shirt, to never carry a notepad, and to always address customers as "Sir" or "Madam." All of these things are elements of the waitress's

A) backstage.
B) looking-glass self.
C) status.
D) personal front.

Question 61

Role conflict occurs when an individual has

A) multiple roles that are in conflict with each other.
B) a role with contradictory expectations that lead to conflict within themselves.
C) a role that requires them to constantly challenge other people, resulting in a great deal of conflict.
D) a role that generates a great deal of controversy and conflict within their social circle.

Question 62

Which of the following is an example of resocialization?

A) a teenager being pressured by his friends to take up smoking
B) fast-food ads that try to convince children to eat more cheeseburgers
C) parents teaching their children how to behave around company
D) a woman learning basic living skills after a car accident

Question 63

In 1998, former NFL linebacker Chris Spielman was forced to choose between staying with his sick wife and playing professional football. What sort of sociological phenomenon was he experiencing?

A) the unconscious
B) role conflict
C) a dual self
D) role strain

Question 64

What is the relationship between Sister Pauline Quinn's program, in which prison inmates train service and therapy dogs, and sociological concepts of the self and of interaction?

A) The process of training dogs helps to resocialize prisoners.
B) The program demonstrates globalization, as it has branches in most prisons in the
United States.
C) Quinn's program was founded on Freudian principles including the id, ego, and superego.
D) Quinn's program was based on the work of George Herbert Mead, who laid the groundwork for research on the self and interaction.

Question 65

Campbell Soup Company launched an ad campaign in 2000 that showed prepubescent boys offering soup to prepubescent girls. The girls declined because they were concerned about their calorie intake. The boys explained that "lots of Campbell's soups are low in calories," which made them OK for the girls to eat. The ads were pulled after parents expressed concern. Why were parents worried?

A) The calorie count was deceptive.
B) Soup isn't part of a healthy diet.
C) The ads taught girls to worry about their weight.
D) Even if they are low in calories, soups are packed with preservatives and sodium.

Question 66

Why are adults unable to be completely socialized?

A) There will always be new situations and roles to learn.
B) People are spending more time in school.
C) The family and schools do a poor job of socializing children.
D) Adults tend to watch more television than adolescents.

Question 67

An achieved status

A) is earned.
B) is located in the physical body.
C) is unalterable, so it is always present.
D) is inherited from one's parents.

Question 68

Resocialization is particularly necessary when people are cut off from society and their former identities are stripped away. Which of the following is an example of a life change that would lead to this more dramatic form of resocialization?

A) remarriage
B) retirement
C) the birth of a first child
D) entry into a total institution

Question 69

Someone who is newly divorced after a long marriage and now wants to start dating again may find that many of the norms of dating have changed. Behaviors like splitting the check or talking about safe sex may be new for this person. This process of having to learn and adjust to the new rules of dating is an example of

A) adaptation.
B) copresence.
C) resocialization.
D) impression management.

Question 70

Young army recruits arriving at boot camp are about to enter a(n)

A) total institution.
B) orientation course.
C) open institution.
D) partial institution.

Question 71

The story about the young girls with eating disorders in Fiji in the late 1990s conveys the strong influence of which agent of socialization?

A) the mass media
B) the family
C) schools
D) peers

Question 72

Which of the following is an example of a total institution?

A) a college
B) a prison
C) a family
D) a workplace

Question 73

One morning, James must decide between being on time for work and helping his child with a homework assignment. What is James experiencing?

A) role conflict
B) role-taking emotions
C) resocialization
D) role strain

Question 74

A traffic cop pulls over a speeder only to discover that the driver is a close friend. The police officer is torn because her professional obligations demand that she punish the speeder, but her personal obligations suggest that she should give a friend a break. This is an example of

A) ego strain.
B) an expression of behavior.
C) role conflict.
D) role strain.

Question 75

A role

A) involves behaviors.
B) supersedes a status.
C) does not involve a status.
D) is earned or imposed in some way.

Question 76

The term "master status" is defined as a

A) set of behaviors that are associated with a particular position.
B) status that generally overrides all other statuses a person possesses.
C) set of expectations that are attached to a specific role.
D) perspective that allows a person to understand many other people's points of view.

Question 77

What sort of status would having a physical disability be?

A) achieved
B) multiplicative
C) embodied
D) ascribed

Question 78

Changes in the importance of socialization's different agents might occur over time within a society. Identify the major agent(s) of socialization that is/are less important to adolescents now than in the late 1800s.

A) the mass media
B) schools
C) peers
D) the family

Question 79

A(n) ________ is a position in a social hierarchy that comes with a set of expectations.

A) role
B) stereotype
C) agent of socialization
D) status

Question 80

Which of the following is an example of the hidden curriculum?

A) Middle and upper class parents teach their children how to successfully navigate the school system.
B) Some students learn exam material from activities outside of class.
C) Students are taught to dress and behave in a specific manner by teachers and other staff members.
D) Parents are expected to supplement homework with other life lessons taught outside of school.