Deck 14: Health and Illness

Question 1

What type of diseases come on suddenly and are often contagious?

A) crisis
B) acute
C) curative
D) preventive

Answer 1

B

Question 2

________ is the type of care we are practicing when we focus on making a person comfortable at the end of life.

A) Palliative
B) Crisis
C) Chronic
D) Preventive

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Good health is

A) only important to Western societies.
B) biologically determined.
C) culturally relative.
D) consistent around the world.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In his film Sicko, Michael Moore brings attention to the difference between the health insurance of the wealthy and that of the poor. What sociological theory treats health insurance as a resource to explain this difference?

A) socialized medicine theory
B) structural functionalism
C) conflict theory
D) symbolic interactionism

Question 5

Obesity is now often treated with surgery. Weight loss was previously not often considered a medical problem that could be addressed through surgery. This is evidence of

A) increases in psychiatric approaches to care.
B) medicalization and the social construction of health and illness.
C) an approach to an acute condition.
D) how people today tend to follow television stars' behavior.

Question 6

Denise feels horrible, so she visits a doctor. The doctor tells Denise that she has a bad cold and should feel better soon. How would Denise's illness be classified?

A) chronic
B) acute
C) crisis
D) preventive

Question 7

More than half of American women gave birth at home in the early 1900s, while around 99 percent of all births take place in hospitals today. This is an example of

A) chronic care.
B) medicalization.
C) palliative care.
D) the tragedy of the commons.

Question 8

A highly vaccinated community maintains ________, a kind of group resistance that helps protect even the unvaccinated from contracting the disease.

A) acute immunity
B) herd immunity
C) epidemiological resistance
D) medicalization resistance

Question 9

A reality television program called The Swan (2004-2005) intended to give women extreme makeovers. This was done by radically changing their appearance, in part through plastic surgery. Of what is this an example?

A) the medicalization of beauty
B) the epidemiology of beauty
C) deprivation amplification
D) complementary medicine

Question 10

The Pacific Gas and Electric Company poisoned the water in Hinkley, California. The poisoned water system had sickened many Hinkley, California residents with ailments like liver damage and cancer. How would the illnesses of the Hinkley residents be classified?

A) crisis diseases
B) curative diseases
C) acute diseases
D) chronic diseases

Question 11

The most prevalent causes of death in the United States are due to chronic illness, while people in the developing world are continually affected by the threat of acute illnesses. This discrepancy indicates that

A) illness is a biological event.
B) palliative care is necessary.
C) illness is impacted by social factors.
D) we can prevent deaths in the United States but not in the developing world.

Question 12

Ori got food poisoning at his favorite restaurant and was treated right away. This type of illness would be classified as

A) palliative.
B) chronic.
C) acute.
D) lifestyle based.

Question 13

Siobhan recently learned that he has a mental illness. Since her diagnosis, she has begun to act according to the illness and in ways that she thinks others expect someone with a mental illness to act. Which theory of health and illness best explains her situation?

A) curative medicine
B) structural functionalism
C) conflict theory
D) symbolic interactionism

Question 14

Kea tries to take good care of herself by regularly exercising, getting an appropriate amount of rest, and eating a healthy diet. Her approach to health is MOST closely aligned with

A) palliative medicine.
B) chronic illness.
C) preventive medicine.
D) lifestyle medicine.

Question 15

Researchers often conduct studies on American college students. What is one organization that conducts such research to determine health behaviors as well as develop support programs and services on a wide variety of health-related issues?

A) World Health Organization
B) United Nations
C) Surgeon General's office
D) American College Health Association

Question 16

It important to be concerned that approximately 75 percent of patients die in settings like hospitals instead of at home because it

A) helps researchers find data on the cause of death.
B) indicates that death is a major life event.
C) shows how death has been medicalized.
D) is a sign that more people are dying earlier.

Question 17

In the United States, we value slim, athletic builds and consider people with these body types to be healthier than people with more fleshy builds. But in Dakar, Senegal, people tend to value body types that in the United States would be considered clinically overweight. Senegalese women, in particular, associate these body types with both health and wealth: slimmer women actually want to gain weight in order to attain the "desirable," "healthy," "well-fed" build. What does this example suggest contributes to our ideal of a healthy body?

A) biology
B) genetics
C) epidemiology
D) social factors and culture

Question 18

What do sociologists ask you to consider regarding health and illness?

A) how biomedical models are superior to other explanations
B) the physical roots of health and illness
C) how health and illness are shaped by social factors
D) similarities throughout the world

Question 19

Dr. Robinson believes that the ongoing Flint water crisis in Michigan is only still a problem because the affected population is mostly black and poor. He believes the slow response of government officials is a result of this population's lack of economic and political power. With which theoretical viewpoint do Dr. Robinson's beliefs align?

A) conflict theory
B) structural functionalism
C) symbolic interactionism
D) modernism

Question 20

As the process of ________ develops, we will be less likely to treat someone who has a mental health issue as having something they should just "deal with" alone. We will instead be more likely to think of the issue as having to do with a disease.

A) medicalization
B) acute care
C) hospitalization
D) the professionalization of doctors

Question 21

A/An ________ occurs when the number of cases of a particular disease during a particular time is significantly higher than it might be otherwise.

A) epidemic
B) pandemic
C) epidemiology
D) distribution issue

Question 22

________ gather and analyze data on particular illnesses. They are interested in how, where, and to whom the illnesses are spread as well as how to stop their spread.

A) Sociologists
B) Psychologists
C) Epidemiologists
D) Entomologists

Question 23

Epidemiologists predict that rates of certain diseases or viruses may dramatically increase when vector organisms enter new ecosystems due to global climate change. Which of the following have epidemiologists linked to climate change?

A) diabetes
B) obesity
C) malaria
D) HIV/AIDS

Question 24

The ________ approach to addiction suggests that people of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to be scrutinized as problem drinkers or drug addicts.

A) structural functionalist
B) conflict theory
C) symbolic interactionist
D) sick role

Question 25

Which of the following statements highlights the idea that mental illness can be socially constructed?

A) Mental illness is clearly definable using the latest DSM produced by the American Psychiatric Association.
B) An individual can determine for themselves if they have a mental illness.
C) The meanings and definitions of mental illness varies over time and place.
D) An individual with a mental illness may not show external signs.

Question 26

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was not recognized by the American Psychiatric Association in the form we now know it until 1987, despite the fact that children exhibited the same symptoms of ADHD before 1987. What sociological concept does this highlight?

A) epidemic
B) pandemic
C) medicalization
D) cultural competence

Question 27

What disorder does the American Psychiatric Association define as "a complex development disorder that can cause problems with thinking, feeling, language, and the ability to relate to others"?

A) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
B) autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
C) obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
D) bipolar disorder

Question 28

Malaria is a serious health concern in Cambodia. The rate of malaria infection is 40 percent in some villages, especially those surrounded by forests. If you have been asked to research the problem for the World Health Organization due to your extensive professional experience with the study of social disease patterns, you are MOST likely a(n)

A) psychologist.
B) politician.
C) integrative medicine doctor.
D) epidemiologist.

Question 29

Which of the following carry and spread pathogens in geographic locations around the world?

A) vaccines
B) vector organisms
C) bioethics
D) eugenics

Question 30

What is HIV/AIDS considered?

A) an epidemic
B) a pandemic
C) a sick role
D) a rescission

Question 31

Approximately ________ people have died from having contracted HIV/AIDS since the virus was first identified in the early 1980s.

A) 35,000,000
B) 250,000
C) 3,000,000
D) 100,000,000

Question 32

What are epidemiologists currently studying the role of in the global spread of diseases?

A) alternative medicine
B) integrative medicine
C) cultural competence
D) climate change

Question 33

Research shows that the odds of a patient being diagnosed with autism ________ in the years when the diagnostic criteria of autism changed.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) remained stable
D) fluctuated

Question 34

A/An ________ is an epidemic that spans across national borders, across continents, or around the world.

A) epidemiology
B) vector organism
C) deprivation amplification
D) pandemic

Question 35

In the ________ approach to addiction, people who become addicted may be responding to strains in the social system and their own lives by escaping through drugs and alcohol.

A) structural functionalist
B) conflict theory
C) symbolic interactionist
D) sick role

Question 36

Epidemiologists are currently studying the role of climate change in the global spread of diseases. They have found that increases in temperature can also increase the numbers of

A) vector organisms.
B) food deserts.
C) chronic diseases.
D) pathogens.

Question 37

In the early twentieth century, unmarried women who had children were considered to be feebleminded or to suffer from mental problems. They were also thought more likely to give birth to children who were also feebleminded. Today, this attitude seems ridiculous. This is an example of

A) preventative medicine.
B) epidemiological change.
C) the social construction of mental illness.
D) a disease risk being amplified by social factors.

Question 38

Kendra is a lower-class American who lives in public housing, did not finish high school, experiences lapses in employment, and has a hard time paying her bills. Kendra is twice as likely as people who are not living in poverty to

A) visit a doctor for yearly checkups.
B) have an above-average life expectancy.
C) report having good physical well-being.
D) suffer from depression.

Question 39

Why is intravenous drug use responsible for most HIV/AIDS cases in Central Europe and Central Asia, while HIV/AIDS is a general problem spread through the entire population in sub-Saharan Africa?

A) HIV/AIDS is a different disease depending on where it is.
B) HIV/AIDS is a different epidemic depending on where it is.
C) HIV/AIDS is distributed equally throughout the world.
D) HIV/AIDS spreads differently based on climate.

Question 40

________ is the study of the social aspects of diseases.

A) Eugenics
B) Physiology
C) Medicalization
D) Epidemiology

Question 41

Is medicine in the United States a social institution?

A) Yes, because doctors need licenses to practice.
B) No, because it is more of an ideal than a social institution.
C) Yes, because organizations like the American Medical Association set policy and shape definitions of health and illness throughout the nation.
D) No, because organizations like the American Medical Association are brick-and-mortar places and not really large-scale patterns of interaction.

Question 42

C. Wright Mills used the term "sociological imagination" to refer to important interconnections between personal troubles and public issues. What would he have said about deprivation amplification?

A) Public issues cause poor health, so work must be done to more properly address disease rates solely at the public level.
B) Personal troubles cause poor health, so work must be done to more properly address disease rates solely at the personal level.
C) Both public issues and personal troubles contribute to poor health, so work must be done at both levels to more properly address disease rates.
D) Neither public issues nor personal troubles contribute to poor health, so work done at these levels would not address disease rates any differently.

Question 43

Researchers found that poorer Louisville residents suffered greater rates of illness and died earlier than wealthier ones. Of what is this an example?

A) deprivation amplification
B) food deserts
C) an epidemic
D) the sick role

Question 44

The more strongly men identify with stereotypical ideas about masculinity, the more likely they are to

A) come into contact with vector organisms.
B) have a longer life expectancy than women.
C) avoid risky lifestyle behaviors (such as smoking, drinking, and driving fast).
D) avoid preventive health care.

Question 45

Emily Rosenbaum (2008) found that it was more common for ________ to live in substandard housing located in marginalized neighborhoods of New York City.

A) whites and Asians
B) Asians and blacks
C) blacks and Hispanics
D) Hispanics and whites

Question 46

Both classic and more recent studies of hospital experiences have found

A) that the hospital experience is often dehumanizing, and the power of the institutions to define diagnoses is heavily skewed.
B) that the hospital experience is usually highly satisfactory to patients and doctors alike.
C) mixed results, as studies are of varying ages.
D) mixed results, as different studies used different research methods.

Question 47

What is the concept of acknowledging and incorporating a patient's cultural background as part of the treatment process called?

A) patient rights
B) cultural competence
C) the Association of American Medical Colleges
D) crisis medicine

Question 48

What have studies of doctor-patient relations found?

A) In a medical setting, doctors automatically have more status and power.
B) In the sick role, patients automatically have more status and power.
C) Doctors and patients interact as equals unless they disagree about the diagnoses.
D) Status and power vary and are established in the doctor-patient interaction.

Question 49

Many health inequities that people of lower socioeconomic status experience are worsened in ________ groups.

A) older
B) family
C) minority
D) majority

Question 50

How large is the gap in life expectancy between the richest 1 percent of women and the poorest 1 percent of women?

A) 10 years
B) 5 years
C) 3 years
D) 15 years

Question 51

What is there evidence of that make(s) men more sick?

A) biological factors
B) traditional male gender role expectations
C) traditional female gender role expectations
D) gender inequality

Question 52

A/An ________ is a community that has no grocery store, but more liquor, convenience, and fast food outlets than most other residential areas.

A) social institution
B) epidemic
C) pandemic
D) food desert

Question 53

Mark lives in a densely populated American city and buys groceries from the nearby corner store. The corner store mostly sells food that is canned or frozen and doesn't have a lot of variety. What can we conclude about Mark?

A) He lives in a food desert.
B) He practices alternative medicine.
C) There is a large grocery store nearby, but he prefers the corner store.
D) He eats nutritious meals every day.

Question 54

The American Medical Association

A) creates, maintains, legitimizes, and controls medicine in the United States.
B) really has had a hands-off approach to medicine, while corporations have had more say.
C) really has had a hands-off approach to medicine, while the government has had more say.
D) is a complicated organization with a long history of social policy advocacy around improving health for all Americans regardless of social class, racial or ethnic group, or gender.

Question 55

Justin caught the flu and was urged by his employer to take a few days off to recover. However, on the third day of missing work, Justin's employer sees him at lunch with some friends. His employer approaches him and Justin suggests he's still very sick and will need a few more days to recover. Justin tells his employer he has not seen a doctor or taken any medicine. Justin is not fulfilling his duties as part of the

A) doctor-patient relationship.
B) medicalization of health.
C) social/medical interactionism.
D) sick role.

Question 56

You are an American with a lower socioeconomic status. You are also a racial minority living in public housing and working a physically demanding job to financially support a family of four. It is likely that you

A) have a number of ailments like arthritis and asthma.
B) view physical labor as preventative medicine.
C) report having good physical well-being.
D) engage in regular good health practices.

Question 57

Death and illness in a population are bad for the productivity of the system and are destabilizing forces. Which theory takes this approach to medicine?

A) structural functionalism
B) conflict theory
C) symbolic interactionism
D) the sick role

Question 58

People living in what type of an area have an increased risk of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease?

A) densely populated urban area
B) sparsely populated rural area
C) East Coast city
D) food desert

Question 59

What did Talcott Parsons research from a structural functionalist perspective?

A) the medical establishment
B) cultural competence
C) the sick role
D) doctors' power and status

Question 60

________ occurs when our individual, genetic, and physiological illness and disease risks are worsened by social factors like the neighborhood where we live, inequality, and corporate and governmental policies and practices?

A) Medicalization
B) Deprivation amplification
C) A food desert
D) Impression management

Question 61

The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) has recommended changes regarding cultural competence as well as ways in which these changes can be evaluated.

Question 62

________ is a group of medical treatments, practices, and products that includes practices like acupuncture, homeopathy, hypnosis, and meditation as well as traditional healers like shamans.

A) The 2010 Health Care Reform Act
B) Curative medicine
C) Bioethics
D) Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)

Question 63

Acute diseases have a sudden onset, whereas chronic diseases develop over a period of time.

Question 64

________ health care makes ill patients more comfortable and prepares them for the end of life.

A) Integrative
B) Alternative
C) Palliative
D) Comprehensive

Question 65

Which of the following U.S. presidents described comprehensive health-care reform as the highest priority on his unfinished agenda for America?

A) Franklin Delano Roosevelt
B) Richard Nixon
C) George W. Bush
D) Bill Clinton

Question 66

________ is the study of controversial moral or ethical issues related to scientific and medical advancements.

A) Curative medicine
B) Bioethics
C) Medicalization
D) Conflict theory

Question 67

Health and illness are impacted by social class, race, and gender inequality.

Question 68

Deprivation amplification involves disease risks being increased or amplified by genetic factors.

Question 69

The 2010 Affordable Care Act (commonly called "Obamacare")

A) allowed insurance companies to deny coverage to anyone with preexisting conditions.
B) required births to occur in a hospital instead of at home.
C) included many insurance reforms and aimed to increase the number of Americans receiving health care.
D) provided universal health care for all citizens by providing each person with state-run insurance.

Question 70

Jordan has been suffering from sinus pain for several months, and his physician prescribes over-the-counter decongestants and acupuncture. This is an example of ________ medicine.

A) conventional Western
B) alternative
C) curative
D) integrative

Question 71

Genetic testing in utero can inform parents of possible genetic mutations in the embryo. There are ethical concerns regarding this type of genetic testing because some individuals believe the selection of only healthy babies is a form of

A) eugenics.
B) epidemic.
C) genocide.
D) bioethics.

Question 72

Paolo broke a finger playing soccer and was seen by a medical practitioner soon after the accident. How would his ailment be classified?

Question 73

Complementary medicine and alternative medicine are not synonymous and cannot be used interchangeably given they are very different types of medicine.

Question 74

Rescission refers to

A) stabilizing the price of health care.
B) insurance companies canceling a client's coverage only after the person gets sick.
C) insurance companies denying health-care coverage due to a preexisting condition.
D) a client's inability to pay for health insurance due to economic hardship.

Question 75

What approach to medicine are we using when we take care of a person at the end of their life, consider their quality of life, and ensure their comfort and safety?

Question 76

The Hmong people are an ethnic group native to the mountainous regions of mainland Southeast Asia. What is the traditional Hmong understanding of epileptic seizures?

A) An evil spirit meddles with the soul.
B) The body is imitating a nonhuman life form recently touched, such as an animal or a plant.
C) An excess of life force causes all muscles to be activated at once.
D) The good and evil elements in the body are at war with each other.

Question 77

In a 2016 study, Tsugawa and colleagues found that elderly patients who were hospitalized had better health outcomes if male doctors rather than female doctors treated them.

Question 78

________ is a scientific endeavor that seeks to identify and map the genes that make up human DNA.

A) Medicalization
B) The Human Genome Project
C) Eugenics
D) The 2010 Health Care Reform Act

Question 79

The sick role, which consists of the actions and attitudes expected of ill individuals, is most associated with structural functionalist Robert Merton.

Question 80

A pandemic occurs when the number of cases of a disease is much higher than expected, while an epidemic has occurred if a disease has spread across large geographical regions such as national borders.