Deck 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood

Question 1

Which factor plays the largest role in how long a person lives?

A) genetics
B) lifestyle choices
C) desire for fulfillment
D) intelligence

Answer 1

B

Question 2

When telomeres shorten past a critical length cause the cell to stop dividing all together, leading to increases in ______.

A) health
B) muscle strength
C) body fat
D) disease

Answer 2

D

Question 3

A description of hearing loss in middle adulthood is that it ______.

A) is primarily related to biological decline and cannot be prevented
B) is first limited to low-pitched sounds
C) tends to be more apparent in settings with background noise
D) stays limited to high-pitched frequencies

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What forms when oxygen corrodes a cell and strips off an electron?

A) free radicals
B) antioxidants
C) telomeres
D) aging biomarker

Question 5

Ben's grandfather died at the age of 85. Ben's father died at the age of 84. Based on genetics, it is most likely that Ben will ______.

A) live longer than his father and grandfather because of evolutionary changes
B) die sooner than his grandfather or father because his father failed to live longer than his grandfather
C) die at about the same age as either his father or grandfather
D) live to an unpredicted age due to environmental factors his father and grandfather had little to do with

Question 6

Which factor is associated with both free radicals and the shortening of telomeres?

A) stress
B) diets low in fat
C) excessive exercise
D) genetics

Question 7

Middle adulthood is defined as the ages ______.

A) 35-45
B) 45-55
C) 40-65
D) 50-75

Question 8

Michelle is trying to clasp her necklace. She cannot seem to focus and cannot see to hook the clasp. She has to ask her daughter to fasten the necklace. What is Michelle experiencing?

A) presbycusis
B) presbyopia
C) nearsightedness
D) colorblindness

Question 9

Women tend to experience age-related skin changes sooner and more quickly than men because women ______.

A) are more likely to spend time outdoors in the sun
B) are exposed to more toxic chemicals
C) have a thinner dermis and a reduction of estrogen
D) are genetically preprogrammed to do so

Question 10

Which condition is age-related?

A) increased ability to see in dim light
B) decreased color discrimination
C) decreased farsightedness
D) increased night vision

Question 11

Loss of fat in the hypodermis results in ______.

A) higher rates of osteoporosis
B) greater metabolic function
C) wrinkling and loosening of the skin
D) decrease in muscle strength and size

Question 12

Protection against damage from free radicals is provided by a diet rich in ______.

A) fiber
B) beta carotene
C) niacin
D) low fat

Question 13

What is cause of age-related hearing loss?

A) a misfiring due to a breakdown in myelin between neurons in the brain from the ear to the temporal lobe
B) natural cell death that results in the deterioration of the ear structures that convert sound into neural impulses
C) a decline in intermodal perception that is required to connect what is seen with what is heard
D) greater sensitivity to speech sounds that results in less activation of the auditory cortex

Question 14

Men are more susceptible to presbycusis because they ______.

A) tend to be exposed to intense noise and loud work environments
B) have a genetically different physiological auditory system than women
C) prefer to sit quietly with their thoughts
D) fail to engage in selective attention easily

Question 15

Roslyn is very concerned about looking older. She is constantly looking at her face and watching for wrinkles. Where will she see them appear first?

A) on her forehead
B) around her eyes
C) on her neck
D) around her mouth

Question 16

Corinne is 53 and concerned about the effects aging is having on her body. Which factor should she be able to maintain throughout her adulthood without special exercises?

A) overall endurance
B) bone density
C) muscle mass
D) isometric strength

Question 17

Which activity requires isometric strength?

A) yoga
B) running
C) cycling
D) swimming

Question 18

In which age range does the rate of decline in muscle mass and strength tend to accelerate?

A) 30s
B) 40s
C) 50s
D) 60s

Question 19

Which layer consists of connective tissue that gives skin its flexibility?

A) subcutaneous
B) epidermis
C) dermis
D) muscular

Question 20

Farsightedness or the inability to focus the lens on close objects is called ______.

A) presbyopia
B) glaucoma
C) presbycusis
D) retinopathy

Question 21

In which age range does bone loss start increasing significantly in women?

A) 30s
B) 40s
C) 50s
D) 60s

Question 22

Which factor is related to losses in bone density?

A) exposure to vitamin D
B) cigarette smoking
C) excessive calcium intake
D) over exercising

Question 23

Which woman is most likely to have a positive view of menopause and fewer reports of menopausal symptoms?

A) Laura, a white high school graduate who never gave birth and lives in poverty
B) Anne, a white college graduate who has three children, and is currently unemployed
C) Sheri, an African American woman with a PhD who has two children, and is the head of a prosperous company
D) Karen, an Asian high school graduate who never gave birth and lives in a lower socioeconomic status neighborhood.

Question 24

Which woman is most susceptible to early menopause?

A) Jean, who smokes, never gave birth, and lives in poverty
B) Ashley, who smokes, has three children, and is considered to be middle class
C) Ericka, who never smoked, has two children, and is the founder of a prestigious company
D) Lauren, who smokes, never gave birth, and is considered to be middle class

Question 25

Who is least likely to be diagnosed with osteoporosis?

A) Debbie, a 60-year-old woman who runs a marathon every year, never smoked, and has a large frame
B) Raymond, an 85-year-old man who is sedentary, and has several alcohol drinks each night
C) Andrew, a 75-year-old man who is fairly active but drinks alcohol to excess about every other week
D) Rhonda, a 65-year-old woman who exercises frequently, smokes cigarettes, and has a small frame

Question 26

What is the most common symptom of perimenopause that women experience?

A) bloating
B) reduced vaginal lubrication
C) hot flashes
D) increased appetite

Question 27

Which approach slows the decline in the musculature in middle adulthood?

A) reducing caloric intake to match metabolic needs
B) decreasing activity level
C) taking dietary supplements
D) eating a low-fat diet with lots of dairy and grains

Question 28

What percentage of men retain testosterone levels in the normal range?

A) 50%
B) 60%
C) 75%
D) 85%

Question 29

Which physical change in middle adulthood shows a gender difference?

A) weight gain
B) location of fat accumulation
C) farsightedness
D) alteration in metabolism

Question 30

Which factor can reduce testosterone levels in men?

A) biological inevitability
B) children at home
C) diet low in protein
D) sexual inactivity

Question 31

A woman is said to have reached menopause how long after her last menstrual period?

A) 4 months
B) 6 months
C) 1 year
D) 2 years

Question 32

Osteoporosis involves bones becoming ______.

A) cancerous
B) soft
C) diseased
D) brittle

Question 33

Marybeth is 44 years old, and had started getting a shorter menstrual cycle. Sometimes her period was absent in a month. She was very surprised to find out that she became pregnant when she turned 45, because she thought she was too old to be fertile. What stage has Marybeth entered into?

A) menopause
B) perimenopause
C) reproductive latency
D) sexually vitality

Question 34

Menopause means ______.

A) increased fertility
B) cessation of ovulation and menstruation
C) cessation of sexual interest and activity
D) increased hormone production

Question 35

What is the average age women experience menopause?

A) 51
B) 45
C) 59
D) 55

Question 36

What is the earliest at which some men's reproductive ability can begin declining?

A) 50
B) 40
C) 30
D) 60

Question 37

Donna is concerned about her aging muscles. What will her doctor recommend to help prevent loss of muscle mass?

A) drink more milk.
B) take supplements
C) develop an exercise routine
D) develop a positive attitude

Question 38

The transition to menopause that can extend 3 years before and after is called ______.

A) fertility
B) fecundity
C) premenopause
D) perimenopause

Question 39

Menopause is experienced more positively if it is seen as ______.

A) a life transition or symbol of aging
B) a medical event that requires treatment
C) happening far in the future
D) losing reproductive ability

Question 40

Which cultural perspective on menopause is accurate?

A) Japanese women lose power and responsibility with advancing age and menopause.
B) Mayan women of the Yucatán achieve increased status with menopause along with freedom from child-rearing.
C) In the United States, postmenopausal women tend to view menopause more negatively than do younger women.
D) In India, postmenopausal women had fewer positive attitudes about menopause and aging than did perimenopausal women.

Question 41

Marcia tested positive for the genetic mutation for breast cancer. What is the highest probability she will develop it?

A) 25%
B) 40%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 42

Cancer cells undergo uncontrolled growth due to ______.

A) nutritional deficiency
B) genetic suppression
C) mutations from toxins
D) exposure to hormones

Question 43

About 40% of men and women age 40-59 have ______.

A) cancer
B) heart disease
C) diabetes
D) liver disease

Question 44

Cancer rates are higher among people of low socioeconomic status because of ______.

A) low levels of stress
B) greater likelihood of being single
C) diets high in vegetables and fiber
D) inadequate access to medical care

Question 45

Hormone replacement therapy is associated with which health risk?

A) osteoporosis
B) heart disease
C) kidney disease
D) lymphoma

Question 46

Which factor contributes to hypertension?

A) excessive exercise
B) sleep
C) poor diet
D) potassium

Question 47

Which condition is the most common cause of stroke?

A) cancer
B) cardiovascular disease
C) diabetes
D) respiratory disease

Question 48

Women are more likely to die from cardiovascular disease, especially heart attacks because ______.

A) their symptoms seem less severe and life threatening
B) their symptoms go away upon rest
C) health care professionals fail to take their symptoms seriously
D) male patients with symptoms are a higher priority

Question 49

The cardiovascular risks associated with hormone replacement therapy start at age ______.

A) 50
B) 55
C) 60
D) 65

Question 50

Of these women who tested positive for the mutation for breast cancer, who is most likely to develop it?

A) Gloria, who eats a low fat diet and does weight training
B) Nona, who is overweight and uses oral contraceptives
C) Carmen, who drinks moderately and is sedentary
D) Reese, who uses oral contraceptives and swims regularly

Question 51

A description of late-onset breast cancer is that it is ______.

A) largely inherited
B) a quickly spreading disease
C) less biologically aggressive
D) often invasive

Question 52

The most common form of cancer is ______.

A) lung
B) skin
C) breast
D) prostate

Question 53

Dennis has been diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. His doctors have decided that Dennis needs coronary bypass surgery followed by medication and dietary changes. The conclusion about his cardiovascular disease based on these recommendations is that Dennis has a ______.

A) treatment plan that is merely precautionary
B) non-life-threatening form
C) serious case
D) treatment plan that is the same for everyone else

Question 54

Which man has the highest risk of developing cancer?

A) Edmond, who is Black
B) Derrick, who is White
C) Anselmo, who is Hispanic
D) Yoshi, who is Asian

Question 55

Which approach may reduce hypertension and cholesterol levels?

A) increase fish oil
B) decrease sleep time
C) decrease physical activity
D) increase salt intake

Question 56

Which factor increases the risk for cardiovascular disease?

A) sleeping too much
B) exercising moderately instead of vigorously
C) diet high in unsaturated fats
D) diet high in saturated and trans fatty acids

Question 57

Rupert just had a stroke. This means that ______.

A) cancer has invaded his brain cells
B) there is a blockage of blood flow through his heart
C) there is a blockage of blood flow to his brain cells
D) his heart has stopped beating

Question 58

Since 1991, cancer-related mortality rates have ______.

A) declined
B) risen
C) remained the same
D) increased dramatically

Question 59

Men are diagnosed with cancer at higher rates than women because of ______.

A) economic advantages
B) willingness to go to doctors
C) fewer screenings being available
D) workplace exposure to toxins

Question 60

Where is cancer ranked as a cause of death in middle adulthood?

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth

Question 61

Which person is at the lowest risk for developing diabetes?

A) Jacob, who is African American
B) Maribel, who is Mexican American
C) Jesse, who is Canadian Aboriginal
D) Louis, who is European American

Question 62

Who is most likely to experience negative cardiovascular side effects of stress?

A) George, who just retired from being the chief financial officer of a large business
B) Caroline, who is a stay-at-home mom of three children in an affluent suburb
C) Everett, who is in the process of starting his own yoga studio
D) Alice, who works as a cashier and lives in a low socioeconomic neighborhood

Question 63

When middle-aged adults are pressed to meet the demands of career and family but also caring for their aging parents, they are considered to be ______.

A) the sandwich generation
B) overachievers
C) the privileged generation
D) millennials

Question 64

A characteristic of hardiness is that it ______.

A) is innate
B) can be learned
C) is part of passive-aggressive behavior
D) can rarely be shared in groups

Question 65

Which symptom is related to diabetes?

A) diminished thirst
B) brittle bones
C) frequent infections
D) diminished urine

Question 66

Which hormone maintains a steady concentration of glucose in the blood?

A) testosterone
B) insulin
C) adrenaline
D) estrogen

Question 67

What percentage of adults over the age of 65 have diabetes?

A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 25%
D) 30%

Question 68

Rebecca has three children, ages 3, 7, and 9. Her father passed away and she is responsible for taking care of her elderly mother who uses a wheelchair. Rebecca works part-time in the morning after she takes her children to preschool and school. At noon she goes to her mother's apartment and makes her lunch and gives her medication. She takes her mother to the doctor every other Wednesday. Based on her responsibilities, what generation is Rebecca in?

A) millennial
B) baby boomer
C) sandwich
D) status seeking

Question 69

The people most at risk for heart disease and atherosclerosis are those who score high on measures of ______.

A) optimism
B) conscientiousness
C) neutrality
D) hostility

Question 70

A hardy individual can be described as ______.

A) using coping styles based on emotion
B) avoiding problems
C) feeling a sense of control
D) being at greater risk for mental health issues

Question 71

Which statement describes the effects of diabetes?

A) Men with diabetes experience a much larger risk for heart attack and stroke than women.
B) Diabetes has few cognitive effects on executive function and processing speed.
C) Depression is two to three times less common among people with diabetes compared to peers.
D) There increased risk of heart attack, stroke and circulation problems in the legs with diabetes.

Question 72

Which statement describes hyperglycemia?

A) glucose levels are too low
B) glucose levels are too high
C) increased chance of infections
D) diminished urine output

Question 73

Individuals who show less psychological reactivity to and improved recovery from stressors are those who are ______.

A) younger
B) older
C) physically fit
D) emotionally aggressive

Question 74

What is the most effective way to prevent diabetes 2?

A) take insulin supplements
B) eat only unrefined sugar
C) maintain healthy weight through diet and exercise
D) exercise at least twice a month and minimize dairy intake

Question 75

Who is most likely to show adaptive responses to stress and have the most feelings of well-being?

A) Carl, who is 62 and is deciding to retire because his company has started downsizing
B) Angie, who is 45 and is caught unaware when she discovers her husband cheating on her
C) Mori, who is 38 and is receiving the news he and his wife are having triplets on his salary as an auto mechanic
D) Shenae, who is 26 and is unsure how to interview for a job since she has been in college and graduate school for 8 years

Question 76

The process occurring in diabetes 2 is that the body ______.

A) cannot process salt
B) reabsorbs too much water
C) fails to produce insulin
D) becomes less sensitive to insulin

Question 77

Which statement describes hypoglycemia?

A) glucose levels are too low
B) glucose levels are too high
C) increased chance of infections
D) diminished urine output

Question 78

Which disorder is directly associated with stress?

A) leukemia
B) anemia
C) anxiety
D) osteoporosis

Question 79

Which strategy is effective for controlling reactions to stress?

A) ignoring the precipitating event
B) biofeedback
C) reliving the precipitating event
D) drinking alcohol

Question 80

Which factor is associated with an increased risk of diabetes?

A) being underweight at any point during life
B) being overweight at any point during life
C) excessive sodium intake
D) excessive dairy intake