Deck 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Which factor plays little role in determining adolescent behavior?

A) physical effects of puberty
B) temperament and emotional regulation skills
C) duration and intensity of changes
D) availability of peer mentoring groups in schools

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The biological transition to adulthood is called ______.

A) puberty
B) adolescence
C) menarche
D) spermarche

Answer 2

A

Question 3

G. Stanley Hall is considered the father of ______.

A) sex characteristics
B) adulthood
C) adolescence
D) emotional cognition

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A contemporary perspective of adolescence is that it ______.

A) can be stressful for some, but is typically without developmental problems
B) is a time of storm and stress that is universally experienced
C) is the easiest time for youth and reported to be the best time in a child's life
D) may be the time in the lifecycle where the majority of mental health issues originate

Question 5

Which view of adolescence views it as a time of universal, inevitable, and extreme upheaval triggered by puberty?

A) transitory development
B) generation gap
C) anger and continuity
D) storm and stress

Question 6

Which statement describes secondary sex characteristics experienced in puberty?

A) Many boys experience temporary breast enlargement.
B) Testosterone causes both boys' and girls' voices to deepen.
C) Oil and sweat glands become active in boys only.
D) Breast development is the last clear sign in girls.

Question 7

Lauren is a 14-year-old who is participating in a research study. She is being asked to carry a special phone and is texted randomly throughout the day. When she receives the text, she is asked to report what she is doing at that moment, who she is with, and how she is feeling. What method is the researcher using?

A) running record
B) experience sampling
C) preferential timing
D) direct analysis

Question 8

Nick is an adolescent boy who has been very difficult for his parents. He experiences extreme moodiness fluctuating between depression and intense feeling of anger. He is irritable and gets in fights with his parents and siblings on a daily basis. Based on information about adolescent moodiness, how old is Nick?

A) 12
B) 15
C) 18
D) 23

Question 9

How many years does the entire process of puberty take on average to complete?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 10

The period of storm and stress can be described as ______.

A) being triggered by childhood
B) based on genetic memories
C) a sign of abnormal development
D) specific to Western cultures

Question 11

Which factor influences whether an adolescent will report positive affect and greater enjoyment of activities?

A) number of friends that participate
B) whether their parents are supportive
C) degree of control or choice they feel
D) their physical health

Question 12

At about 10 years of age children begin feeling a sense of sexual attraction due to increases in ______.

A) estrogen
B) testosterone
C) progesterone
D) oxytocin

Question 13

The typical weight gain in adolescents involves ______.

A) boys gaining more muscle overall than girls
B) girls gaining muscle in their upper bodies
C) boys gaining more fat overall than girls
D) girls gaining more fat in their upper bodies

Question 14

Breast development, deepening of the voice, growth of body hair, and changes in the skin are considered secondary sex characteristics because they ______.

A) happen after the maturation of the ovaries and testes
B) indicate physical maturation but are indirectly related to fertility
C) are unimportant changes
D) happen at the end of puberty

Question 15

At which point in puberty do hormones impact an adolescent's feelings of depression, irritability, and aggression?

A) early in puberty
B) at the midpoint of puberty
C) late in pubertal development
D) all the way through puberty

Question 16

Boys end up taller than girls on average because boys ______.

A) are genetically programmed to have more height than girls
B) eat more food during puberty so they tend to achieve greater height
C) start their growth spurt 2 years later than girls giving them additional time for their height to build on
D) get more exercise than girls, which helps aid in their height and weight growth during puberty

Question 17

Adolescents gain a total of about how many inches in height?

A) 6
B) 8
C) 10
D) 12

Question 18

Findings from a classic study of adolescent experience that supports the contemporary perspective of adolescence is that most adolescents reported ______.

A) they were usually happy, got along with their parents, and felt good about their progress toward adulthood
B) they experienced negative emotion on a daily basis, fought with their parents often, and were stressed about the future
C) a balance of stress and calmness, difficult times with parents but also feelings of support, and high pressure to achieve
D) clinical levels of anxiety but received support from their parents and other adults that mediated the anxiousness

Question 19

Joaquin's mother just bought him new shoes for his 13th birthday. Three weeks later they are too small. She bought him another pair and 2 months later those shoes were too small. Joaquin is experiencing ______.

A) an atypical growth spurt
B) the end of his growth spurt
C) too many growth spurts
D) typical adolescent growth spurt

Question 20

What is the first outward sign of puberty?

A) maturation of the ovaries and testes
B) adolescent growth spurt
C) skin problems
D) strength increases

Question 21

Which factor has little influence pubertal timing?

A) physical stress
B) body mass index
C) absence of a biological father
D) number of siblings

Question 22

What triggers the delayed phase preference in adolescents?

A) the increase in stress that adolescents experience resulting in excess cortisol
B) melatonin, which is released about 2 hours later each night in adolescents
C) anxiety that adolescents experience because of social pressures
D) testosterone in adolescent males and estrogen in adolescent females

Question 23

Allison's body has experienced a growth of her uterus and ovaries. What will she experience to show that this primary sex characteristic has occurred?

A) menarche
B) spermarche
C) breast development
D) growth spurt

Question 24

The experience an early maturing girl goes through during puberty is that she ______.

A) tends to feel less positive about her body
B) is less likely to experience depression and anxiety
C) is less likely to be a victim of a bully
D) tends to feel more comfortable in her body

Question 25

Genes play a role in pubertal timing as is demonstrated by ______.

A) puberty triggers being able to be tracked
B) identical twins experiencing menarche in puberty at the same time
C) few consistent reasons for why puberty occurs
D) siblings of all ages experience puberty at about the same age

Question 26

Which factor is thought to delay the onset of puberty?

A) low socioeconomic status
B) being raised by a single mother
C) exposure to small doses of stress
D) exposure to severe stress

Question 27

Josie is an adolescent girl who lives in Chicago, IL. Her parents divorced when she was very young. Josie lives with her mother and her mother's boyfriend. Based on pubertal timing, when will Jennifer experience menarche?

A) early compared to other girls
B) about the same time as the average girl in the United States
C) late compared to other girls.
D) at any point because factors in her life have little effect

Question 28

The change in adolescents' sleep patterns and preferred sleep schedule is called a ______.

A) sleep modification schedule
B) delayed phase preference
C) melatonin induced preference
D) delayed sleep schedule

Question 29

Early-maturing adolescents are more likely to engage in early and risky sexual activity if they spend time with ______.

A) older peers
B) younger peers
C) extended family
D) new friends

Question 30

Around the world, early-maturing boys and girls show higher rates of ______.

A) cognitive maturity
B) risky activity
C) emotional balance
D) forward thinking

Question 31

Parents sometimes report discomfort talking with their sons about reproductive development, particularly ejaculation, because of the close link with ______.

A) feelings of love
B) sexual desire
C) emotional development
D) expression of physicality

Question 32

Who is most likely to experience menarche first?

A) Tasha, who has been sexually abused by her stepfather
B) Deirdre, whose parents argue occasionally
C) Maisie, whose parents are amicably divorcing
D) Sadie, who has a loving, large extended family

Question 33

Which example is of a primary sex characteristic?

A) thickened uterine lining
B) development of pubic hair
C) deepening voice
D) increased oil gland activity

Question 34

Girls who are excluded from interaction with others, including attending school, while menstruating are experiencing which type of influence on puberty?

A) geographical
B) biological
C) emotional
D) cultural

Question 35

Who will most likely experience menarche first?

A) Kaylie, a 10-year-old girl that weighs 90 pounds and plays basketball
B) Nina, a 13-year-old girl that has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa
C) Adriana, a 12-year-old girl that is 20 pounds overweight for her height and sedentary
C) Jennifer, a 14-year-old girl that is a gymnast with much muscle and little body fat

Question 36

Lack of sleep is associated with which state?

A) passivity
B) thoughtfulness
C) anxiety
D) happiness

Question 37

A boy's first ejaculation is called ______.

A) menarche
B) spermatogenesis
C) spermarche
D) oogenesis

Question 38

Which approach would increase sleep for adolescents?

A) have them avoid eating in the middle of the day
B) make them wake up earlier in the morning
C) increase electronic device use before bedtime
D) decrease electronic device use before bedtime

Question 39

Abena is an adolescent girl who lives in an impoverished area of Africa. She has led a life of malnutrition and contracted several infectious diseases in her childhood. She has very little fat stores in her body as a result of her experiences. Based on pubertal timing, when will Abena experience menarche?

A) very early, about age 9
B) early, about age 11
C) average, about age 13
D) late, about age 15

Question 40

The lowering of the average age of puberty with each generation is known as a ______.

A) generational shift
B) pubertal shift
C) secular trend
D) adolescent adjustment

Question 41

When faced with emotionally arousing contexts and stimuli, adolescents tend to show exaggerated activity in which part of the brain?

A) prefrontal cortex
B) cerebellum
C) corpus callosum
D) amygdala

Question 42

Jack is an adolescent that has been known to make some poor choices in his behavior. Most recently, he was caught stealing the answers to an upcoming chemistry exam. When he was caught, the teacher asked why he did it, and he said, "I don't know. I am worried about my grade." Unfortunately, he failed to consider the outcome of cheating which is an automatic failure for the semester. Jack most likely made the poor choice to cheat because ______.

A) his prefrontal cortex developed before the limbic system, producing the hormone melatonin which causes poor impulse control
B) stress from low grades causes a surge of cortisol, which caused him to act impulsively
C) a burst of testosterone interferes with his ability to think clearly when faced with a decision
D) his limbic system developed before his prefrontal cortex, resulting in an emotional response over a reasoned response

Question 43

Abigail was asked to look at pictures of different facial expressions in a study of facial recognition among adolescents. She saw a photograph of people's faces depicting fear. If Abigail is like most adolescents, what did she think the emotion depicted in the photograph was showing?

A) fear
B) surprise
C) anger
D) sadness

Question 44

The limbic system undergoing a burst of development before the prefrontal cortex is part of ______.

A) the cognitive developmental perspective
B) the dual process model
C) socioemotional perception
D) neurocognition

Question 45

At which age do the prefrontal cortex and limbic system experience a shift in neurotransmitter associated with impulsivity, novelty seeking, and reward salience?

A) 7-8
B) 8-9
C) 9-10
D) 10-11

Question 46

Kenzie is a 17-year-old girl who has a well thought out plan for what she wants to major in during college. She has used her time well to gain experience in the community and excel in her schoolwork. She is in advanced classes at school and is in leadership roles in the clubs she belongs to. What area of Kenzie's brain has made advances in development?

A) limbic system
B) frontal cortex
C) occipital lobe
D) brain stem

Question 47

Full development that integrates emotion and reasoning occurs when the prefrontal cortex catches up with the ______.

A) corpus callosum
B) cerebellum
C) limbic system
D) amygdala

Question 48

The impact myelination has on an adolescent's brain is to ______.

A) cause the burst in synaptogenesis
B) cause the synaptic pruning that makes brain functioning more efficient
C) trigger the end of puberty and beginning of adulthood
D) increase the brain's white matter

Question 49

When does facial processing activity in parts of the frontal cortex decrease?

A) childhood
B) early adolescence
C) late adolescence
D) adulthood

Question 50

Which factor contributes most significantly to obesity in adolescence?

A) availability of extracurricular sports programs at schools
B) prevalence of fast food restaurants near schools
C) having a low socioeconomic status
D) spending many hours a day in front of a screen viewing media

Question 51

The frontal cortex is associated with ______.

A) risky behavior and reward gratification
B) weighing risks and rewards
C) emotional arousal
D) response stimulation

Question 52

Which factor speeds communication between the right and left hemispheres in the adolescent brain?

A) corpus callosum increases in size
B) corpus callosum decreases in size
C) gray matter increases in size
D) gray matter decreases in size

Question 53

The effects of family and neighborhood disadvantage on risky behavior is reduced by ______.

A) positive parenting
B) negative parenting
C) teacher involvement
D) law enforcement

Question 54

Like alcohol use, regular marijuana use is associated with brain alterations such as ______.

A) reduced brain and gray matter in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
B) increased brain and gray matter in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
C) reduced myelination in the executive functioning areas of the brain
D) increased myelination in the executive functioning areas of the brain

Question 55

Approximately how much of the U.S. recommendations for vegetables, whole grains, and fruits do adolescents typically consume?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 100%

Question 56

What is occurring in adolescents' brains when they are misinterpreting facial expressions?

A) Myelination is interfering with executive function.
B) The limbic system is active, but the prefrontal cortex is inactive.
C) Areas tied in with attention are having difficulty.
D) The occipital lobes are miscommunicating with the prefrontal cortex.

Question 57

In the research on sleep in puberty, it was discovered that adolescents ______.

A) who attend schools that start at a later time experience improvements in alertness, mood, and health
B) who attend schools that start earlier in the morning will automatically adjust their sleep schedule to get the necessary sleep
C) tend to get more sleep as they move through puberty to accommodate for the growth spurt
D) tend to prefer getting less sleep since amount of sleep had little effect on their bodies

Question 58

Risky activity thought to decline in late adolescence because adolescents ______.

A) have experienced punishment for these behaviors
B) receive societal pressure to do so
C) deal with time constraints of school and community obligations
D) are better at self-control, long-term planning, and inhibition of impulsive behavior

Question 59

Which risk factor is associated with higher rates of obesity in adolescence?

A) diets too low in iron
B) decreased participation in family meals
C) decrease in screen time.
D) high socioeconomic status

Question 60

Karlie's high school is located right across the street from a popular fast-food restaurant. The effect this location of the restaurant will likely have on Karlie's eating behavior is that she will be ______.

A) less likely to eat fruits and vegetables, will drink more soda, and will overeat more
B) so used to its proximity that she will avoid eating there and instead consume healthier foods from home
C) more aware of the negative impact fast food has on an individual so she will try and eat healthier
D) more likely to experience an eating disorder in response to the unhealthy food

Question 61

Taking in, manipulating, and storing information describes a teenager's ______.

A) cognitive system
B) selective attention
C) response inhibition
D) working memory

Question 62

Amanda is given the assignment to create a world on the planet Jupiter in her astronomy class in high school. She needs to study the characteristics of the planet and prepare a plan for how humans could live on the planet. The cognitive advancement that allows Amanda to accomplish this assignment is her ability to ______.

A) think in relativistic terms
B) engage in metacognition
C) use hypothetical-deductive reasoning
D) engage in multidimensional thinking

Question 63

The ability to control and inhibit responses emerges in ______.

A) infancy
B) childhood
C) adolescence
D) adulthood

Question 64

Which reasoning stage of Piaget's scheme of cognitive development corresponds with adolescence?

A) concrete operational
B) formal operational
C) preoperational
D) postformal operational

Question 65

When adolescents misdirect their own preoccupation about themselves on to others and assume that they are the focus of others' attention, they are engaging in ______.

A) social referencing
B) operational reasoning
C) personal fable
D) imaginary audience

Question 66

Drake knows that he needs to read his biology text to learn the material, but he has to see the chapter diagrams to understand the material. He uses acronyms to remember information, and makes up stories about the material. Drake know this is how he learns best because he ______.

A) is capable of hypothetical-deductive reasoning
B) is taught to study in this manner by his teachers
C) has developed the ability for metacognition
D) has seen his brother study this way so he is modeling him

Question 67

Which question is an adolescent capable of solving that a school-age child cannot?

A) Can a person love each person in his or her family equally?
B) Can you put all the balls in three bins or just two bins?
C) Can you divide a container of ice cream into seven equal bowls?
D) How long will it take to clean out the garage?

Question 68

Although adolescents can demonstrate scientific thinking, many tend to consistently prefer which type of solutions to complex real-life problems?

A) single-factor
B) multi-factor
C) linear
D) circular

Question 69

Adolescents express the personal fable by ______.

A) thinking everyone is looking at them and concerned about what they are doing
B) believing that they are special, unique, and invulnerable
C) experiencing heightened self-consciousness
D) telling lies to others in order to make themselves feel important

Question 70

Children in the concrete operational stage differ from those in the formal operational stage in that they are ______.

A) more likely to use metacognition to solve problems, whereas those in the formal operational stage cannot
B) unable to engage in systematic thinking to solve problems, whereas those in the formal operational stage can think systematically
C) able to attend to multiple aspects of a problem, whereas those in the formal operational stage focus their attention more specifically
D) reason cognitively in a more advanced manner than those in the formal operational stage

Question 71

Formal operational reasoning allows adolescents to ______.

A) give in to risky impulses
B) plan their futures
C) solve concrete problems
D) become emotionally involved

Question 72

The ability to consider problems, generate and systematically test them, and draw conclusions is called ______.

A) scientific process
B) metacognition
C) hypothetical-deductive reasoning
D) logical-derivative reasoning

Question 73

Natalie is a good student and likes to participate in class. When she was in third grade, she had a hard times stooping herself from blurting out answers. She wanted to answer every question. Now that she is in 10th grade, she is better at controlling her behavior and only raises her hand once or twice each class. The cognitive advance Natalie has experienced is in ______.

A) metacognition
B) selective attention
C) response inhibition
D) memory

Question 74

Stopping well-learned reactions when they are inappropriate to a situation describes ______.

A) attention control
B) response inhibition
C) working memory
D) deductive reasoning

Question 75

The ability to remain focused on important stimuli while tuning out other stimuli describes ______.

A) attention control
B) response inhibition
C) working memory
D) deductive reasoning

Question 76

Formal operational reasoning involves the ability to think ______.

A) scientifically and without emotion
B) in terms of moral equivalencies
C) abstractly, logically, and systematically
D) about concepts that exist in reality

Question 77

By experimenting with and reflecting on cognitive strategies adolescents begin to appreciate ______.

A) risks
B) logic
C) emotions
D) structure

Question 78

Working memory reaches adult-like levels by about age ______.

A) 16
B) 17
C) 18
D) 19

Question 79

The invulnerability aspect of the personal fable can lead adolescents to believe they are ______.

A) smarter than everyone else
B) connecting with others on an emotional level
C) immune to consequences of risky behavior
D) part of the world's collective consciousness

Question 80

Which ability lies outside the description of formal operational reasoning?

A) abstract thought
B) logical thought
C) systematic planning
D) selective attention