Deck 10: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Children evaluate their characteristics, abilities, and performance in comparison with their ______.

A) parents
B) peers
C) teachers
D) idols

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which area of the brain is especially active during self-reflection tasks?

A) cerebellum
B) amygdala
C) medial prefrontal cortex
D) ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Jeannie thinks that she is a good friend. She explains that she is popular because she helps other people and smiles at people. She understands that when she is in a bad mood she is more likely to be rude, but she apologizes afterward. Jeannie's description is describing ______.

A) social comparison
B) social status
C) self-esteem
D) self-concept

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which example demonstrates self-concept in middle childhood?

A) Maya, who is proud that she can walk the dog by herself
B) Jordan, who tells everyone about the big tower he built
C) Kaylie, who says that she is a kind person
D) LaShawn, who can describe the route he takes to school every day

Question 5

Owen describes himself as someone who is a really good athlete but NOT so good at academics. He says he is happy with who he is and isn't worried about his lower grades in school. Owen is describing ______.

A) self-concept
B) social comparison
C) self-esteem
D) social status

Question 6

Success at which type of skills influences a child's feeling of competence?

A) culturally valued tasks
B) personally fearful tasks
C) emotional responses
D) bonding abilities

Question 7

Which aspect of self-concept is Kaz demonstrating when he talks about winning the fencing championship over his friends?

A) physical
B) social
C) cognitive
D) athletic

Question 8

Which aspect of self-concept is Anna-Maria demonstrating when she talks about how many friends she has?

A) physical
B) social
C) behavioral
D) emotional

Question 9

Children who adopt internal explanations and a growth mindset tend to have a strong ______.

A) belief in luck
B) behavior that is maladaptive
C) mastery orientation
D) learned helplessness orientation

Question 10

Self-esteem is influenced by children's self-conceptions as well as the ______.

A) number of things they are good at
B) importance they assign to the particular ability
C) information they read in books
D) age that they are

Question 11

A fixed mindset is a characteristic of a ______.

A) willingness to learn new strategies
B) behavior that is adaptive
C) mastery orientation
D) learned helplessness orientation

Question 12

According to Erik Erikson, school-age children face the task of developing a sense of ______.

A) generativity over stagnation
B) industry over inferiority
C) initiative over guilt
D) autonomy over shame

Question 13

Which type of parenting will most likely result in a child with a learned helplessness orientation?

A) growth mindset
B) authoritative
C) supportive
D) fixed mindset

Question 14

Because children are actively constructing their self-descriptive attributes, their brains show ______.

A) greater involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex
B) more activity in the lateral temporal cortex
C) less activation of semantic knowledge stores
D) less distribution of semantic knowledge stores

Question 15

Which advances in cognitive development lead children to make more complex descriptions and evaluations of themselves?

A) perspective taking and social comparison
B) social referencing and habituation
C) selective attention and greater working memory
D) divided attention and a reduction in impulsivity

Question 16

Viewing skills and characteristics as malleable or changeable describes ______.

A) growth mindset
B) attributes
C) mastery orientation
D) learned helplessness orientation

Question 17

Curtis has a mastery oriented focus. This means that when he is faced with failure he will ______.

A) determine new strategies for success
B) blame someone else
C) be incapable of changing his focus
D) hope his luck changes for the better

Question 18

Children with low self-esteem tend to emphasize their weaknesses and downplay their ______.

A) parents
B) peers
C) emotions
D) strengths

Question 19

Which type of parent does the most to help children appreciate their own competence?

A) punishment and reward
B) authoritative
C) controlling
D) fixed mindset

Question 20

Which aspect of self-concept is Harper demonstrating when she wishes she has curly hair like her friend, Emma?

A) physical
B) social
C) behavioral
D) emotional

Question 21

Eliana is the child of a single mother who works two jobs to make ends meet. Often, Eliana is left to babysit her two younger brothers, even when her mother is home because her mother is exhausted. Eliana has difficulty in school, and tends to give up easily when she fails to understand a topic. Which reason could be why Eliana has low level of achievement motivation?

A) She fails to take learning opportunities her mother provides her.
B) She fails to tell her mother about the extra activities she is involved in.
C) Her mother lacks energy and time to devote to her.
D) Her mother places too much pressure on her for academic success.

Question 22

North American parents tend to pay attention to children's success and its relevance for ______.

A) moral responsibility
B) social bonding
C) self-reflection
D) self-esteem

Question 23

Cognitively, peer evaluations are important sources of ______.

A) self-control
B) self-esteem
C) achievement
D) empathy

Question 24

The degree to which a child is viewed by fellow children as worthy for socializing with is called ______.

A) prosocial behavior
B) prosocial cognition
C) peer acceptance
D) peer support

Question 25

A child of which age would be the most upset at losing a friend and find making friends more challenging?

A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 10

Question 26

A statement that describes children without friends is that they ______.

A) tend to report less loneliness than others do
B) are cognitively prepared for interaction
C) may just prefer to be alone
D) are severely maladjusted

Question 27

Which girl is most likely a friend to Teresa, a White school-age girl from the suburbs whose parents are considered to be upper middle class?

A) Julio, a school-age boy from the inner city who moved to the United States from Mexico 3 years ago
B) Jeffrey, a school-age white boy who lives down the street from Teresa and is friends with Julio
C) Shanna, a school-age white girl who sits next to Teresa in homeroom, goes to the same church, and lives next door
D) Monica, an African American girl who is 1 year younger than Teresa and lives next door to Teresa

Question 28

Which factor is necessary for children in middle childhood to develop more complex peer relationships?

A) the capability of having more than one close friend
B) an ability to understand others' perspectives
C) independence and autonomy to spend time with friends
D) parental models of positive friendships

Question 29

Which person would Alexa, an African American 9-year-old girl from urban Chicago who loves to play basketball, choose as a friend?

A) Jessica, an African American 9-year-old girl that lives in an apartment two floors above Alexa that is on the same basketball team
B) Jerry, an African American 10-year-old boy that lives next door to Alexa and plays basketball at the same park as she does
C) Olivia, a Caucasian 9-year-old girl that lives in a suburb outside of Chicago who sits next to Alexa in school and is on the same basketball team
D) Ariel, a seven-year-old girl that is Hispanic, lives down the street from Alexa, and likes to play video games

Question 30

Children who grow up in high-SES families have more opportunities which means they tend to have ______.

A) lower mastery orientation
B) higher levels of achievement
C) fixed mindsets
D) learned helplessness orientations

Question 31

A characteristic of children in cross-race friendships is that they ______.

A) are less prone to peer victimization
B) show a higher tolerance for excluding others
C) are more likely to feel less socially safe
D) tend to feel more vulnerable at school

Question 32

Who will tend to spend the most time with friends?

A) Asha, who is 5
B) Tarique, who is 6
C) Rory, who is 7
D) Meghan, who is 9

Question 33

A teacher is more likely to have mastery-oriented students if they ______.

A) say that getting ahead in the world is usually due to luck
B) stress performance goals over learning goals
C) have a system of rewards and punishments
D) relate failures back to efforts

Question 34

Older children tend to choose friends who have similarity in ______.

A) world views
B) sibling structure
C) play preferences
D) parental structure

Question 35

If a friendship is lost and fails to be replaced, children are more likely to experience ______.

A) emotional balance
B) adjustment difficulties
C) stronger bonds with parents
D) increased academic achievement

Question 36

Parents in many Asian countries tend to hold a growth mindset and to view the application of effort as ______.

A) a moral responsibility
B) setting unrealistic standards
C) a reward for individuality
D) relevant to self-esteem

Question 37

Ramona is White and Arianna is Hispanic, and they are best friends. They met when Ramona moved to the same neighborhood in third grade. What can be concluded about Ramona's and Juanita's social development is that they may most likely ______.

A) become victims of bullies in the school
B) let anyone who wants to be friends with them to join them
C) feel emotionally unsafe at school and will always be on guard
D) hide their friendship in order to feel less vulnerable at school

Question 38

Who is likely to keep more of their friendships across the school year?

A) first graders
B) second graders
C) third graders
D) fourth graders

Question 39

Peer evaluations are important sources of ______.

A) self-validation
B) academic success
C) empathy
D) sympathy

Question 40

Which age period is peer acceptance most important?

A) toddler years
B) preschool
C) early childhood
D) middle childhood

Question 41

Zoe and Adalyn are friends, and spend as much time together as possible. They have told each other secretes they have not told their other friends, and always sit together at the head of a table during lunch. One day, Zoe overhears Adalyn telling another friend that she can't go to Zoe's upcoming birthday party because relatives are coming into town, and she doesn't know how to tell Zoe. Zoe responds by refusing to talk to Adalyn, making sure the table in the lunchroom is filled so there is nowhere for Adalyn to sit, and posting on Adalyn's social media site that Adalyn failed a test she told everyone she had passed. What type of behavior is Zoe engaging in?

A) physical aggression
B) relational aggression
C) assertiveness
D) intrusion

Question 42

Which characteristic does a popular child have?

A) carelessness about social situations
B) average problem solving skills
C) advanced emotional regulation skills
D) engenders conflicts for sense of power

Question 43

John is a boy who is always acting out in class. One day on the playground, someone accidentally hit him with a ball. He walked up to the boy who threw the ball and yelled at him for hitting him deliberately. What type of child is John considered?

A) withdrawn-rejected
B) aggressive-rejected
C) neglected
D) unpopular

Question 44

Children who are confrontational, hostile toward other children, impulsive, and hyperactive are considered ______.

A) aggressive-rejected
B) withdrawn-rejected
C) unpopular
D) prosocial

Question 45

Which action is the most effective for stopping bullying?

A) awareness and change within the school
B) bystanders to write down what they witness
C) parents to receive a report about what happened
D) victims to learn avoidance strategies

Question 46

Which characteristic is consistent with children who are bullied?

A) hyperactive behavior
B) poor school achievement
C) lower rates of depression
D) parents who are intrusive

Question 47

Daniel has little understanding of how others feel. He assumes that everyone is trying to be mean to him, and reacts in anger toward his peers. He is described by his teachers as impulsive and hyperactive. What peer status does Daniel's behavior describe?

A) withdrawn-rejected
B) neglected
C) indifferent
D) aggressive-rejected

Question 48

Abby is a 9-year-old girl who is described by her teachers as confrontational, impulsive, and has a difficult time taking the perspective of others. She very often takes the ball away from children who are playing kickball and runs around the playground with it playing "keep away." At school conferences, the teacher has documented that her parents show her little affection and are suspected of using harsh discipline. What type of child is Abby considered?

A) aggressive-rejected
B) withdrawn-rejected
C) indifferent
D) hostile

Question 49

An aggressive response that is preceded by an insult, confrontation, or frustration is called ______.

A) overt aggression
B) passive aggression
C) reactive aggression
D) relational aggression

Question 50

Randy is the tallest boy in his class. He is very assertive and impulsive. He is confident when talking to other people, and tends to make friends easily. Randy tends to get angry very quickly when he perceives someone criticizing him. Randy is most likely a ______.

A) child of an overprotective parent
B) bystander in a classroom with bullies
C) bullying victim
D) bully

Question 51

Ongoing interactions in which a child repeatedly attempts to inflict physical, verbal, or social harm on another child is called ______.

A) withdrawn-rejection
B) peer victimization
C) peer antisocialism
D) aggressive-rejection

Question 52

Children who are victims of bullying tend to respond by ______.

A) having a good school attendance record
B) refusing to give in to demands
C) being more likely to show relational aggression
D) being more likely to show reactive aggression

Question 53

Which characteristic would an unpopular child have?

A) helpfulness
B) cliquish exclusion
C) assertiveness
D) emotional regulation

Question 54

Isaac tends to sit by himself at lunch and plays alone on the playground. He is described as timid and anxious. He only talks to teachers at school and only if he is called on. He has never been invited to a birthday party or sleepover. What peer status does Isaac's behavior describe?

A) withdrawn-rejected
B) indifferent
C) neglected
D) aggressive-rejected

Question 55

Children who isolate themselves from peers, rarely initiate contact with peers, and speak less frequently than their peers are considered ______.

A) aggressive-rejected
B) withdrawn-rejected
C) unpopular
D) prosocial

Question 56

A child who bullies tends to be motivated by ______.

A) showing insecurity
B) lack of popularity
C) maintaining prestige
D) relieving social anxiety

Question 57

Being disliked and shunned by fellow children is called ______.

A) peer rejection
B) unpopularity
C) maladaptation
D) peer socialization

Question 58

Ryan's parents are both very intrusive. They are so overprotective that they do not let him go outside alone, even though he is 9 years old. They are very critical of him and nag him daily about trivial things. Based on Ryan's home environment, he is most likely going to ______.

A) be a bully
B) become aggressive against others
C) be a victim of a bully
D) get poor grades

Question 59

Bullies would tend to choose to victimize a child who is ______.

A) bigger than they are
B) less cautious than others
C) older than peers
D) quiet around them

Question 60

Aggressive-rejected and withdrawn-rejected children are similar in that they both ______.

A) misinterpret other children's behaviors and motives
B) engage in relational forcefulness
C) engage in overt forcefulness
D) have at least one friend they can count on

Question 61

In terms of socioeconomic status, children who are more likely to live in poverty are those raised in ______.

A) single-mother homes
B) single-father homes
C) homes headed by a married couple
D) homes with two same-sex parents

Question 62

Children in which ethnic group are most likely to live in a single-parent home?

A) Asian American
B) Hispanic
C) non-Hispanic White
D) African American

Question 63

Children who are securely attached to parents tend to develop ______.

A) positive emotional regulation
B) negative emotional regulation
C) learned helpless orientation
D) aggressive bullying behavior

Question 64

Diane is the mother of twin 8-year-olds. She has found that when she explains the consequences of their actions, such as telling them if they don't wear their coats they will be cold, they are more likely to comply with her requests. What discipline technique does Diane use?

A) indirect
B) authoritarian
C) conventional
D) inductive

Question 65

When school-age children become more independent they ______.

A) have a friendlier relationship with their parents
B) spend less time with parents, but when they do, it is in task-oriented activities
C) spend more time with parents
D) have more respect for parental authority than they did when they were younger

Question 66

Approximately house many single parent households are headed by men?

A) one eighth
B) one fourth
C) one third
D) one half

Question 67

Poor-quality parent-child relationships in middle childhood are often associated with ______.

A) learned helplessness
B) prosocial behavior
C) fear of authority
D) delinquency

Question 68

Children raised by LGBT parents have been found to ______.

A) be more empathetic and better at emotional regulation
B) score higher in social and academic competence
C) have more flexible gender role development
D) display a gay orientation in adulthood

Question 69

What can happen because of Obergefell v. Hodges?

A) Every state permits joint adoption by married couples, regardless of sexual orientation.
B) Every state permits joint adoption by married couples, unless the couple is same-sex.
C) Only a few states allow joint adoption by married couples, regardless of sexual orientation.
D) None of the states allow joint adoption by married couples, unless the couple is same-sex.

Question 70

Richard and Johan have been married for 4 years, and have just adopted 3-month-old Matilda, who joins her older sister, 2-year-old, Gracie. Richard and Johan can expect that, as they grow up, Matilda and Gracie are likely to ______.

A) score the same as other children on measures of emotional development
B) show higher social and behavioral problems than other children
C) have a higher probability than other children of becoming gay
D) score lower in social and academic competence than other children

Question 71

Parents of school-age children are more likely to use which style of parenting?

A) less direct management and more sharing of power with their children
B) more strictness and directness with their children as they tend to rebel
C) an authoritarian style of parenting to combat the disrespect shown to them from the children
D) conventional discipline to motivate the children to behave because of how the family is viewed

Question 72

The least important variable in a child's development and well-being is the ______.

A) strength of the relationships in the family
B) presence of stigma
C) sexual orientation of the parents
D) social and economic resources

Question 73

Children in single-parent families tend to display ______.

A) greater academic achievement
B) physical problems
C) greater dependence on peers
D) fewer behavior problems

Question 74

Single mothers report more of which issue than married mothers?

A) psychological problems
B) job loss
C) rage episodes
D) social isolation

Question 75

LGBT parents are more likely to raise children that ______.

A) come from foster situations
B) they have adopted
C) are their own biologically
D) come from relatives

Question 76

When school-age children and their siblings reach middle childhood they tend to ______.

A) spend more time with each other than with their parents
B) spend less time with each other than with their parents
C) ignore each other the majority of the time
D) fight more and pay attention less

Question 77

Pointing out consequences of a child's behavior and appealing to the child's self-esteem are part of which type of discipline?

A) passive
B) authoritarian
C) inductive
D) harsh

Question 78

Interactions with parents help children practice, rehearse, and refine skills that are important for ______.

A) peer relationships
B) interactions with teachers
C) employment opportunities
D) academic achievement

Question 79

Obergefell v. Hodges is the landmark 2015 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that ______.

A) outlawed same-sex marriage nationwide
B) legalized same-sex marriage nationwide
C) said the same-sex marriage allowed adoption as determined by each state
D) said that same-sex marriage failed to qualify people to adopt

Question 80

A benefit of having siblings is that children can learn ______.

A) they are alone when it comes to managing stress
B) relationships continue even through arguments and anger
C) that anxiety and depressive symptoms are normal
D) standing on their own two feet is the primary way to get through life