Deck 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood

Question 1

Which event is considered a traditional marker of adulthood?

A) choosing a major in college
B) entering a career
C) deciding whether to continue living with parents
D) beginning to explore romantic relationships

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What is the most important criterion for adulthood across most cultures?

A) making independent decisions and being financially independent
B) accepting responsibility for consequences of actions
C) capacity to care for young children
D) having good control over emotions

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Emerging adulthood may be interwoven with socioeconomic status is shown by the fact that most research is conducted on ______.

A) college students
B) high school dropouts
C) young parents
D) workers right out of high school

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Evan has just graduated college and is trying to decide what her next step is. Which status would she most likely say she is in?

A) end of emerging adulthood
B) end of adolescence
C) adulthood
D) in-between adolescence and adulthood

Question 5

Senescence is defined as ______.

A) rapid, abnormal age-related declines in physical functioning
B) gradual age-related declines in physical functioning
C) cognitive deficits resulting from substance use
D) physical deficits resulting from substance use

Question 6

Which characteristic is typical of emerging adulthood?

A) stability
B) identity confirmation
C) feeling like an adult
D) sense of optimism

Question 7

Russell is 24 years old. Which age category is he in?

A) progressive
B) senescence
C) emerging adult
D) young adult

Question 8

Who is most likely to have experienced the most emerging adulthood?

A) Madison, who is deciding whether she wants to attend medical school
B) Jun, who started working right out of high school to help her family
C) Chaz, who became a father at a young age
D) Ollie, who lives in an impoverished neighborhood

Question 9

Lila is in emerging adulthood. That means she is most likely to ______.

A) be financially stable
B) get married and have children
C) be on a chosen career path
D) have optimism about life

Question 10

Karen is 28 and concerned about losing muscle strength. She speaks to a sports medicine physician to find out what she should do. The doctor recommend will most likely recommend that Karen ______.

A) realize lack of fitness is normal as a person gets older
B) start a training program and exercise the way an athlete does
C) find protein building supplements to take
D) drink more milk and eat healthier

Question 11

What amount of 18- to 20-year-olds consider themselves to be adults?

A) one fourth
B) two fifths
C) one third
D) two thirds

Question 12

Which factor is responsible for 80% of skin changes in adulthood?

A) use of moisturizers
B) birth control pills
C) cigarette smoking
D) exposure to the sun

Question 13

Which physiological function peaks around age 30?

A) muscle development
B) reproductive health
C) skin elasticity
D) cardiovascular health

Question 14

William has had three different jobs in the last year, and two different girlfriends. Which marker of emerging adulthood does this describe?

A) instability
B) identity exploration
C) feeling between adolescent and adult
D) sense of optimism

Question 15

The majority of research on emerging adulthood is based on samples from which culture?

A) Middle Eastern
B) Asian
C) Latin American
D) Western

Question 16

Developmental scientists pose that recent social changes mean that traditional markers of adulthood are ______.

A) delayed
B) speeded up
C) nonexistent
D) irrelevant

Question 17

Cultural aspects of emerging adulthood is illustrated by which example?

A) Japan changing from a collectivistic society to one of individualistic collectivism
B) as countries become developed the transition to adulthood begins to shorten
C) non-Western societies marking entry to adulthood by rituals that are the same for everyone
D) college students and nonstudents from a rural village in India still viewing themselves as children

Question 18

By which age have most people started living independently and identified a career path?

A) early 20s
B) mid-20s
C) early 30s
D) mid-30s

Question 19

What is the most important criterion for adulthood in North America?

A) being financially independent
B) accepting responsibility for consequences of actions
C) capacity to care for young children
D) having good control over emotions

Question 20

Which factor plays the largest role in maintaining endurance throughout adulthood?

A) getting enough sleep
B) having good nutrition
C) avoiding smoking cigarettes
D) performing physical activity

Question 21

Dasha has quite a bit of stress from her job as an assistant to a local politician. Lately, she has noticed she has been having some mood swings at work, and sometimes delays going in because she thinks she is handling the stress poorly. Which recommendation may be the most helpful for Dasha?

A) increase her caloric intake for energy
B) drink more caffeinated beverages to get through the day
C) spend more time relaxing by watching television
D) engage in regular physical activity

Question 22

Which symptom is associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy?

A) lethargy
B) suicidality
C) hypertension
D) vomiting

Question 23

Which reason is why young adults find it difficult to eat healthily?

A) presence of parental controls
B) limited access to food
C) inadequate nutritional knowledge
D) busy, stressful lives

Question 24

People in their 30s can make better parents because of ______.

A) identity exploration
B) financial stability
C) greater reproductive capacity
D) having optimism about life

Question 25

Which percentage of individuals with a history of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury showed chronic traumatic encephalopathy symptoms?

A) 20%
B) 40%
C) 60%
D) 80%

Question 26

The number and quality of sperm produced by a man declines beginning at about age ______.

A) 35
B) 40
C) 50
D) 65

Question 27

Which individual is most likely to recover the fastest after an illness?

A) Deborah, a young adult that engages in moderate exercise regularly
B) Andrew, a middle-aged adult who is overweight but has high good cholesterol
C) Trisha, a young adult that avoids exercise but eats healthy
D) David, a middle-aged adult that works in a sedentary job and eats moderately well

Question 28

The most common fatal injuries among young adults under age 25 involve ______.

A) drug overdoses
B) motor vehicle accidents
C) sports trauma
D) firearms

Question 29

Effective weight loss interventions are the ones that emphasize ______.

A) writing about feelings
B) eating low amounts of carbohydrates
C) behavioral changes
D) drinking a lot of water

Question 30

Which statement accurately reflects the recommended exercise necessary for improved health?

A) It is best to perform the majority of weekly exercises in a single block of time for optimal benefits.
B) National guidelines recommend engaging in at least 150 minutes of moderate activity each week.
C) It is better to engage in vigorous activity than it is to engage in moderate activity.
D) Adults should reduce their weekly exercise each decade after the age of 30.

Question 31

Conception is more difficult as women age because ______.

A) the body requires a minimum level of ova reserves
B) the uterus becomes less hospitable to implantation with age
C) extra ova will most likely be released every month
D) prior pregnancies interfere with ovulation

Question 32

The most common fatal injuries among young adults over age 25 involve ______.

A) drug overdoses
B) motor vehicle accidents
C) sports trauma
D) firearms

Question 33

It is difficult to avoid overeating as people age because ______.

A) they spend more time socializing around meals and eating higher caloric foods
B) caloric needs increase and metabolic rate gradually increases as fat cells increase in number and size
C) they get busier and have less time for and interest in healthy meals
D) caloric needs drop and metabolic rate gradually falls as muscle cells decline in number and size

Question 34

Beverly was diagnosed with ovarian cancer when she was 35. At age 38, Beverly and her partner want to start a family. Beverly should know her chances of getting pregnant involve ______.

A) little difficulty because many women wait until they are older to have a child
B) her previous illness increasing the chance of having multiple births
C) getting pregnant fairly easily, but having difficulty carrying a baby to full term
D) very low odds since her previous illness can cause infertility

Question 35

Which factor contributes to obesity?

A) Screen time tends to stimulate physical activity which feels tiresome.
B) Fast-food restaurants tend to be more prevalent in low income areas.
C) Healthier diets are cheaper than fast food but people dislike them.
D) Desk jobs are more coveted than jobs involving physical activity.

Question 36

What percentage of American adults over the age of 20 are considered overweight?

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 33%
D) 45%

Question 37

Athletes who are at risk for chronic traumatic encephalopathy are ones who experience ______.

A) migraine headaches
B) hypertension
C) head injuries
D) shock

Question 38

Dax is concerned that his weight gain during college and in the 2 years since he graduated has made him obese. What would his body mass index be at or above for him to be considered obese?

A) 25
B) 30
C) 35
D) 40

Question 39

What percentage of American adults over the age of 20 are considered obese?

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 33%
D) 45%

Question 40

Weight gain throughout early adulthood predicts illnesses such as ______.

A) cardiovascular disease
B) autoimmune disease
C) allergic reactions
D) migraine headaches

Question 41

Research with college students suggests that binge and heavy drinking occur because young adults ______.

A) are reacting in defiance of previous parental control
B) are more driven to engage in risk-taking behavior
C) have anxiety related to academic pressure in college
D) have increased risk from the transition out of high school

Question 42

Sexual activity outside of romantic relationships is referred to as what type of sex?

A) casual
B) consensual
C) premarital
D) extramarital

Question 43

Of the roughly 12,000 hookup encounters reported by students, what percentage included sexual intercourse?

A) 29%
B) 40%
C) 50%
D) 69%

Question 44

What is the leading cause of disease in the United States?

A) pollution
B) smoking
C) obesity
D) alcohol

Question 45

How many women experience sexual assault over their lifetime?

A) 1 in 2
B) 1 in 3
C) 1 in 4
D) 1 in 5

Question 46

If Rafael is consuming five drinks in one sitting, he is engaging in what type of drinking?

A) social
B) solitary
C) binge
D) alcoholic

Question 47

Which young adult is least likely to have marijuana-related problems?

A) Lauren, who uses marijuana because all her friends do
B) Roger, who uses marijuana because it is enjoyable
C) Martina, who uses marijuana to deal with the stress of her job
D) Devin, who uses marijuana as a form of experimentation

Question 48

Which factor is most likely to change an individual's smoking behavior?

A) satisfaction with intimate relationships
B) recognition of job performance
C) failing out of college
D) stable living arrangement with roommates

Question 49

Tolerance, cravings, and withdrawal are symptoms of ______.

A) alcohol dependence
B) social drinking
C) binge drinking
D) alcohol poisoning

Question 50

Each year alcohol is implicated in how many traffic fatalities?

A) one eighth
B) one fourth
C) one third
D) one half

Question 51

What percentage more carcinogens does marijuana smoke have than tobacco smoke?

A) 50%
B) 60%
C) 80%
D) 90%

Question 52

A description of hookups is that they ______.

A) often occur within the context of office parties
B) rarely cause distress
C) most frequently involve alcohol use
D) give women higher social status

Question 53

Effective sexual assault prevention involves ______.

A) educating women on how to dress in a nonsexual manner
B) debunking rape myths such as sexuality provoking an attack
C) telling women they need to report a sexual attack to the police
D) educating men on being clear about their sexual intentions

Question 54

The key to identifying sexual assault is that it ______.

A) happens only to women
B) is usually perpetrated by an acquaintance
C) involves alcohol intake
D) is nonconsensual

Question 55

Substance use tends to decline in young adulthood because young adults ______.

A) are maturing and transitioning into new family roles
B) experience more peer pressure to avoid using substances
C) have less interest in engaging in it
D) have less time to engage in it

Question 56

Which reason for marijuana use is least likely to be associated with marijuana-related problems?

A) social enhancement
B) enjoyment
C) general relaxation
D) experimentation

Question 57

Jeannie only smokes cigarettes when she goes out to a bar with friends. According to the data on smokers, when asked if she is a smoker, what would be her most likely response?

A) Yes, because a smoker smokes cigarettes at any time
B) No, because I only smoke occasionally
C) Yes, but only a semi-smoker because it isn't every day
D) No, because I could quit anytime I want

Question 58

Heavy marijuana use impairs the ability to ______.

A) shift attention from one item to another
B) recognize emotional expression in others
C) engage in self-reflection
D) read and write

Question 59

Perpetrators of sexual assault are most often ______.

A) acquaintances of their victims
B) strangers to their victims
C) misunderstood by their victims
D) lured into their actions by their victims

Question 60

A description of sexual activity throughout the lifespan is that it ______.

A) is only slightly higher in young adulthood than middle age
B) declines rapidly for people in their fifties
C) is lowest in young adulthood and gradually increases into middle age
D) stagnates for people in their thirties

Question 61

If a person says, "I really can't choose a point of view on this issue. It depends on your beliefs since there is no way of proving either one . . . I believe they're both the same as far as accuracy," he or she is demonstrating which type of thinking?

A) autonomous
B) reflective
C) dualistic
D) relativistic

Question 62

Coordinating dynamic roles as a spouse, parent, friend, employee, and manager effectively requires which type of reasoning skills?

A) pragmatic
B) dualistic
C) relativistic
D) autonomous

Question 63

Which individual is demonstrating pragmatic thought?

A) Hannah gives several different perspectives every time she is asked a question about a situation involving ethics.
B) Julio comes up with several ways to solve a problem in his job as an outreach coordinator for youth.
C) Dalia feels lost in her philosophy class because it is difficult for her to identify a correct answer.
D) Luc understands that at his new job the senior engineer makes decisions and assigns him projects.

Question 64

Who is most likely to display dualistic thinking?

A) Cho, who is 18 and has just started college
B) Yesenia, who is 26 and in graduate school
C) Isaiah, who is 32 and transitioning into his second job
D) Alberto, who is 44 and thinking about moving to a new city

Question 65

Which statement describes post-formal thought?

A) It is universal across cultures.
B) Ultimately, few adults demonstrate reflective judgment.
C) Social interaction is unrelated to it.
D) Beginning college students are more likely to use reflective judgment.

Question 66

Reasoning that synthesizes contradictions among perspectives is called ______.

A) reflective judgment
B) dualism
C) relativistic thinking
D) metacognition

Question 67

The most likely to display dualistic thinking are people who are ______.

A) 18 and beginning college
B) 28 and starting a career
C) 35 and moving to a new location
D) 39 and going back to graduate school

Question 68

Which type of thinking is most likely to involve the acceptance of inconsistencies and use reasoning to determine the best alternatives?

A) pragmatic
B) dualistic
C) relativistic
D) reflective

Question 69

Which type of reasoning is illustrated by these questions: "When approaching a problem, there are probably several ways to do it. What are they? Which one's most efficient? Which one will give us the most accurate results?"

A) autonomous judgment
B) reflective judgment
C) dualistic thinking
D) relativistic thinking

Question 70

Pragmatic thought entails acceptance of inconsistency and ambiguity; therefore, it is most like which type of thinking?

A) autonomous
B) reflective
C) dualistic
D) relativistic

Question 71

As Keisha progresses toward adulthood, her thinking most likely becomes increasingly ______.

A) abstract
B) concrete
C) emotional
D) practical

Question 72

Ways in which individuals understand the nature of knowledge and how they arrive at ideas, beliefs, and conclusions is called ______.

A) metacognition
B) dualism
C) epistemic cognition
D) relativistic thinking

Question 73

Thinking that is dependent on the situation and thinker is called ______.

A) autonomous
B) reflective
C) dualistic
D) relativistic

Question 74

Post-formal cognitive development depends on ______.

A) choosing the right and wrong answers
B) making sure everyone understands reasoning
C) the ability to reflect on self-thought processes
D) the ability to ensure self-determination

Question 75

What is epistemic cognition?

A) the ways in which individuals understand the nature of knowledge and how they arrive at ideas, beliefs, and conclusions
B) polar reasoning in which knowledge and accounts of phenomena are viewed as either right or wrong with no in-between
C) knowledge is viewed as relative, dependent on the situation and thinker
D) reasoning that synthesizes contradictions among perspectives

Question 76

Which characteristic is a sign of nicotine withdrawal?

A) irritability
B) hyperfocused attention
C) decreased appetite
D) excessive sleep

Question 77

A concept that is part of post-formal reasoning is the recognition that ______.

A) most problems have multiple causes and solutions
B) all solutions or attempts at solutions should be tried
C) most solutions tend to be equal in choices
D) all problems involve certainty

Question 78

A statement that describes e-cigarettes is that they ______.

A) are a healthy alternative
B) decrease the risk for transitioning to conventional smoking
C) have fewer harmful chemicals
D) produce a vapor that emulates conventional smoking

Question 79

Those who are more likely to engage in post-formal reasoning are students:

A) from cultures such as China, who are guided by elders in terms of decision making
B) in graduate school who are challenged to think both philosophically and practically
C) with older siblings that model different forms of thought processes
D) in a high school with a focus on reading, writing, science, and math

Question 80

Thinking in which knowledge and accounts of phenomena are viewed as either right or wrong without any in-between is called ______.

A) autonomous
B) reflective
C) dualistic
D) relativistic