Deck 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

From ages 2-6, the average child gains how many pounds each year?

A) 3
B) 5
C) 6
D) 8

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to research on ethnic differences in patterns of growth, which child is likely to be the tallest?

A) Gregor, who is from Germany
B) Dante, who is from the United States
C) Tristan, who is from African descent
D) Cho, who is from China

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Children's height and rate of growth is closely related to ______.

A) the amount of fat they had prenatally
B) their length and weight at birth
C) that of their siblings
D) that of their parents

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Nutritional studies indicate that most children in developed nations ______.

A) fail to eat enough calories for healthy development
B) eat enough calories but often fail to get enough vitamins or minerals
C) get enough vitamins and minerals but often fail to eat enough calories
D) suffer from mild to moderate malnutrition and deficient calories

Question 5

Which hormone is secreted from birth and influences development of nearly all parts of the body?

A) growth hormone
B) thyroid-stimulating hormone
C) estrogen
D) testosterone

Question 6

Research that showed young children had structural brain changes over a period of 15 months after exposure to activities to build music and auditory skills illustrates which concept?

A) lateralization
B) plasticity
C) hemispheric dominance
D) synaptic pruning

Question 7

Plasticity means the brain's ability to ______.

A) change its organization and function in response to experience
B) specialize its hemispheres to carry out different functions
C) degrade unused synapses
D) increase neuronal myelination

Question 8

Physical changes combine with what to support advances in preschoolers' gross motor skills?

A) coordination
B) abstract thinking
C) fine motor development
D) planning

Question 9

The fate of unused synapses in the brain is that they ______.

A) continue to function throughout the life span
B) are pruned which leads to more efficient thought
C) die eventually, leading to disorders such as dementia
D) are used by the corpus callosum for gains in gross motor skills

Question 10

Research indicates a finding associated with picky eating is ______.

A) an association with sensory sensitivity
B) a continuation into adolescence
C) that it is unusual behavior
D) that it is a learned behavior

Question 11

Plasticity is greatest when ______.

A) lateralization has ceased
B) myelination has ceased
C) synaptic pruning is increasing
D) neurons are forming many synapses

Question 12

What process aids quick complex communication between neurons and makes coordinated behaviors possible?

A) synaptogenesis
B) neurogenesis
C) myelination
D) lateralization

Question 13

In early childhood, the greatest increases in cortical surface area is in which area?

A) corpus callosum
B) medulla oblongata
C) frontal cortex
D) occipital cortex

Question 14

The first areas of the brain to myelinate govern ______.

A) abstract thinking
B) sensory and motor functions
C) language functions
D) complex problem solving

Question 15

Which examples are of gross motor skills?

A) walking and talking
B) writing and eating
C) running and jumping
D) crawling and building

Question 16

Which child's brain is experiencing the most myelination?

A) Cora, who is 4
B) Layla, who is 9
C) Henry, who is 13
D) Julius, who is 18

Question 17

If each child has sustained the same type of brain injury, which one will likely have the most severe and long-lasting cognitive deficit?

A) Chase, who is 18 months
B) Mia, who is 24 months
C) Roberto, who is 5 years old
D) Tansy, who is 7 years old

Question 18

At what age does a child's brain reach 90% of its adult weight?

A) 2
B) 5
C) 7
D) 9

Question 19

Which skills tend to be lateralized to the left hemisphere?

A) mathematical
B) language
C) gross motor
D) fine motor

Question 20

At which age do many children suddenly become picky eaters?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 21

Which term means the inability to take another person's point of view?

A) animism
B) centration
C) irreversibility
D) egocentrism

Question 22

Danica is capable of preoperational reasoning. According to Piaget's cognitive developmental perspective, Danica is between the which ages?

A) 1 and 4
B) 2 and 6
C) 4 and 8
D) 7 and 10

Question 23

Darrius can button his shirt, pour juice into a glass, and draw pictures with crayons. These abilities are called ______.

A) fine motor skills
B) gross motor skills
C) cognition
D) lateralization

Question 24

Which term refers to the tendency to focus on one part of a stimulus or situation and exclude all others?

A) egocentrism
B) animism
C) centration
D) irreversibility

Question 25

Jessica asks her mother, "How do I put this on?" while she is in a different room than her mother. Her mother asks her what she is trying to put on, because she cannot see what Jessica is doing. Jessica is demonstrating type of reasoning typical of preschoolers?

A) egocentrism
B) centration
C) animism
D) inflexibility

Question 26

Which classic task did Piaget use to assess preoperational children's egocentrism?

A) sorting
B) conservation
C) three mountains
D) appearance-reality

Question 27

Preoperational children's irreversible thinking is illustrated by their performance on which type of tasks?

A) conservation
B) appearance-reality
C) sorting
D) false belief

Question 28

When asked to draw a picture of daddy, 3-year-old Benny will likely draw a ______.

A) head, neck, torso, and extremities
B) tadpole-like figure
C) rectangle with legs
D) small version of his father

Question 29

The appearance-reality distinction is used to assess ______.

A) egocentrism
B) animism
C) centration
D) metacognition

Question 30

Upon hearing a loud burst of thunder, 5-year-old DeShaun exclaims, "The sky is mad and is yelling!" DeShaun's statement is an example of ______.

A) egocentrism
B) animism
C) centration
D) metacognition

Question 31

Many fine motor skills are difficult for young children because ______.

A) preschoolers are unmotivated to try them independently
B) parents often fail to provide opportunities to practice them
C) preschoolers' brains are strongly lateralized
D) they involve both hands and both sides of the brain

Question 32

At which age do children achieve the ability to copy simple shapes and some letters?

A) 2-3
B) 3-4
C) 4-5
D) 5-6

Question 33

Between the ages of 4 and 5, children's drawings reflect the convergence of ______.

A) gross and fine motor skills
B) metacognition and self-control
C) egocentrism and centration
D) fine motor skills and cognitive development

Question 34

Which term means the ability to mentally represent an object in more than one way at a time?

A) animism
B) centration
C) dual processing
D) dual encoding

Question 35

One reason that young children fail appearance-reality tasks is because they are ______.

A) egocentric
B) incapable of dual encoding
C) unaware of what is real and what is fake
D) concrete thinkers

Question 36

Which type of skills most directly allows young children to take greater responsibility for their own care?

A) gross motor
B) fine motor
C) bonding
D) language

Question 37

One of the key features of the preoperational stage is children's ability to use ______.

A) symbolic thinking
B) abstract thinking
C) reflexive schemes
D) memory strategies

Question 38

Louis is an average North American 5-year-old which means he can perform which activity?

A) write in cursive
B) swim without support
C) catch a ball
D) play the piano

Question 39

While vacuuming the playroom, Jackson's mother set his train track on a table. Seeing that the track had been moved, Jackson became upset and complained that his track was ruined. After Jackson's mother returned the track to the floor, Jackson continued to fuss, arguing that his trains would no longer work on the track. Jackson's inability to understand that moving the track from the table to the floor restored it to the original state is an example of ______.

A) egocentrism
B) dual encoding
C) false belief
D) irreversibility

Question 40

When 4-year-old Savannah's grandmother puts a pair of pants on a doll, Savannah shouts, "Baby needs a dress! Pants are for boys!" Savannah's comment is an example of ______.

A) egocentrism
B) animism
C) centration
D) metacognition

Question 41

Which concept is part of Vygotsky sociocultural perspective on a child's thinking?

A) egocentrism
B) animism
C) appearance-reality distinction
D) zone of proximal development

Question 42

Which type of memory is the ability to generate a memory of a stimulus encountered before without seeing it again?

A) episodic
B) recognition
C) recall
D) autobiographical

Question 43

The zone of proximal development is gap between what the child can accomplish independently and what the child can accomplish ______.

A) by reading more on the subject
B) with a skilled partner
C) in a specified time limit
D) at home versus school

Question 44

Which approach is a form of sensitive teaching in which the partner is attuned to the needs of the child and helps him or her to accomplish more than the child could do alone?

A) guided participation
B) zone of proximal development
C) brain-based education
D) active learning

Question 45

Which type of memory is used for events and information acquired during those events?

A) recognition
B) recall
C) episodic
D) working

Question 46

While working on building a tower with his 3-year-old daughter, Jon demonstrates how to put the bigger pieces down first, followed by placing some smaller pieces on top of them. After his daughter observes for a bit, she begins to pick up pieces and tries to put them in place. When the pieces fall over, she appears confused and looks to her father. Jon points to where the piece should go. Jon's modeling and support illustrate Vygotsky's concept of ______.

A) guided imagery
B) metacognition
C) scaffolding
D) cultural transmission

Question 47

Effective scaffolding works within which concept?

A) zone of proximal development
B) child-centered instruction
C) an inclusive setting
D) guided imagery

Question 48

Similar to Piaget, Vygotsky's theory has been criticized for ______.

A) misunderstanding children
B) too much precision
C) lack of precision
D) rigid control

Question 49

The ability to recognize a stimulus one has encountered before is called which type of memory?

A) episodic
B) recognition
C) recall
D) autobiographical

Question 50

When he engages in planning behavior, 4-year-old Cario is likely to ______.

A) make a list to follow
B) follow multi-step directions
C) skip important steps
D) forget all of the steps

Question 51

Maternal reading, scaffolding, and verbal guidance are associated with 2- to 4-year-olds' capacity for ______.

A) egocentrism
B) guided participation
C) solving conservation tasks
D) cognitive control and planning

Question 52

Follow-up research on Piagetian preoperational stage indicates that young children ______.

A) can be taught to conserve
B) are more egocentric than he had believed
C) are capable of abstract thinking
D) can solve conservation tasks as early as age two

Question 53

A researcher shows Trey two containers of the same size, both containing the same amount of marbles. The researcher pours one container of marbles into container that is taller, but smaller in diameter so the level of marbles is higher than in the other container. When the researcher asks Trey which container has more marbles, Trey points to the taller, thinner container. What type of task has Trey been tested on?

A) sorting
B) appearance-reality
C) conservation
D) false belief

Question 54

According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, much of children's learning comes from ______.

A) working along
B) collaborating with others
C) brain maturation
D) trial and error

Question 55

Children start to apply memory strategies consistently in ______.

A) preschool
B) elementary school
C) middle childhood
D) adolescence

Question 56

When asked to recall a list of 10 items, 4-year-old Chase ______.

A) is unlikely to use memory strategies
B) will rely on scripting to remember
C) will recall most of items
D) is likely to use effective memory strategies

Question 57

Following winter break, Ms. Young asks her preschool class what they did over the holidays. Ms. Young is assessing her students' ______.

A) episodic memory
B) recognition memory
C) memory strategies
D) forgetfulness

Question 58

What is the term for cognitive activities that make individual more likely to recall events?

A) scripts
B) recognition and memory
C) assimilation and accommodation
D) memory strategies

Question 59

Follow-up research on Piaget's preoperational stage indicates that most 4-year-olds understand ______.

A) abstract concepts
B) mental strategies
C) that language can be used to solve problems
D) that inanimate objects are unliving

Question 60

Research has discovered that Piaget's tests of preoperational thinking showed young children's cognitive abilities to be ______.

A) overestimated
B) underestimated
C) disregarded
D) exaggerated

Question 61

Chinese children tend to develop their theory of mind in which manner?

A) understanding beliefs before knowledge
B) understanding knowledge before beliefs
C) learning differences in how individuals think
D) recognizing the importance of individuality

Question 62

Which term refers to knowledge of how the mind works and the ability to control the mind?

A) false belief
B) suggestibility
C) metacognition
D) centration

Question 63

When learning a new word, children apply it to other objects in the same category, a strategy known as ______.

A) logical extension
B) fast mapping
C) mutual exclusivity
D) telegraphic speech

Question 64

One reason that young children have difficulty with false belief tasks is that they ______.

A) are egocentric problem solvers
B) can only recall one or two events at a time
C) are highly vulnerable to suggestion
D) confuse their present knowledge with memories for prior knowledge

Question 65

While observing her grandfather resting quietly in the recliner, 4-year-old Jordan assumes that he cannot be thinking because ______.

A) people must stand up to think
B) he is older than she is
C) people must talk to think
D) his indicators of thought are invisible

Question 66

Julio is a typically developing 2-year-old child. How many words does Julio know?

A) 50
B) 100
C) 300
D) 500

Question 67

Children tend to fast map words that are ______.

A) told to them by people they know slightly
B) labels of events they find uninteresting
C) in contexts meaningful to them
D) told to them only once

Question 68

Which approach may increase suggestibility in children?

A) repeating questions
B) asking open-ended questions
C) using simplified language
D) avoiding false statements

Question 69

Mariah is 5 years old. A true statement about Mariah's information processing is that she ______.

A) is incapable of understanding that two people can believe different things
B) will use advanced memory strategies to solve false belief tasks
C) is aware that she and other people can hold false beliefs
D) understands that she can hold false beliefs but fails to understand others can too

Question 70

Research on children's suggestibility indicates that ______.

A) older children are more vulnerable than younger children to the effects of repeated questioning
B) although children are more vulnerable than adults, even 4-year-olds can resist false suggestions
C) repeated questioning helps young children accurately recall traumatic events
D) nearly all preschool-age children are unable to resist false suggestions about child abuse

Question 71

From which activity will 3-year-old Claire learn words most quickly?

A) watching robot speakers
B) engaging in solitary play
C) talking with her parents
D) watching animated films

Question 72

What is the term for descriptions of what occurs in a particular situation?

A) memory strategies
B) autobiographical memories
C) stories
D) scripts

Question 73

According to research on autobiographical memory, which situation is a 3-year-old likely to remember long after the event occurred?

A) going for a 12-hour car ride
B) falling off the monkey bars and getting stitches
C) his parents disagreeing over where to put the new couch
D) spilling milk on the floor

Question 74

U.S. children tend to develop their theory of mind in which manner?

A) understanding beliefs before knowledge
B) understanding knowledge before beliefs
C) recognizing the importance of collectivism
D) learning shared community information

Question 75

Which term refers to children's awareness of their own and other people's mental processes?

A) false belief
B) suggestibility
C) internalization
D) theory of mind

Question 76

Which type of memory refers to memory of personally meaningful events that took place at a specific time and place?

A) autobiographical
B) recognition
C) working
D) short-term

Question 77

The awareness of thinking children between the ages of 2 and 5 have is that it ______.

A) takes place inside the mind
B) leads to false beliefs in adults
C) hurts others if it involves false beliefs
D) can take place even when people are inactive

Question 78

Performance on false belief tasks is associated with measures of ______.

A) suggestibility
B) egocentrism
C) executive function
D) autobiographical memory

Question 79

A statement that describes children's understanding of the mind is that it ______.

A) emerges in a universal sequence of stages
B) is largely complete by age five
C) varies by culture
D) emerges in middle childhood

Question 80

When asked about her bedtime routine, 4-year-old Zoe says, "I put on my jammies, we brush teeth, and then read a book." Zoe's description is an example of ______.

A) recognition memory
B) scripts
C) metacognition
D) autobiographical memory