Deck 6: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

Why is the social smile an important milestone in infant development?

A) The social smile enhances caregiver-child bonding.
B) The social smile indicates that the infant has a developed sense of humor.
C) The social smile indicates that the infant has an awareness of self.
D) The social smile enhances the development of friendships in infancy.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What occurs when toddlers are allowed to explore the world around them within appropriate behavioral expectations?

A) Toddlers will understand the world is a trusting place.
B) Toddlers will become more creative.
C) Toddlers will have a higher IQ.
D) Toddlers will develop autonomy, self-reliance, self-control, and confidence.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Reese is a 6-month-old infant who has parents that are considered neglectful. They don't change his diaper often enough, don't attend to his medical needs, don't hold him when he is upset, and don't make sure he is fed on a regular basis. What would Erikson say that Reese will develop?

A) inferiority
B) shame
C) sadness
D) mistrust

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Why do researchers think that basic emotions are inborn?

A) Researchers have identified a specific gene that is present at birth that dictates emotional expression.
B) Infants demonstrate emotions in the same way as their parents but different from unrelated individuals.
C) Basic emotions emerge in all infants at about the same ages and are seen and interpreted similarly in all cultures.
D) Boys demonstrate emotions differently than girls.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT an emotion that newborns experience?

A) disgust
B) distress
C) joy
D) interest

Question 6

The first psychosocial task in life is ______.

A) trust versus mistrust
B) industry versus inferiority
C) love versus abandonment
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 7

According to Erikson, what happens if parents are overprotective with their toddlers?

A) They will develop a sense of mistrust.
B) They will develop a feeling of shame and doubt.
C) They will develop feelings of guilt.
D) They will have difficulty controlling their behavior.

Question 8

Which of the following is a developmental task for toddlers?

A) Toddlers need to learn to love one another.
B) Toddlers need to take initiative for their own needs.
C) Toddlers need to learn that the world is a trustworthy place.
D) Toddlers need to learn to do things for themselves and feel confident.

Question 9

If a toddler does NOT develop a secure sense of trust with her caregivers, she will most likely ______.

A) struggle to understand and express her emotions
B) develop a codependent relationship with her caregivers
C) struggle to establish and maintain close relationships
D) develop a strong sense of independence

Question 10

According to Erikson, how are infants affected if their caregivers are responsive to their needs?

A) Infants will develop a sense of guilt and inferiority.
B) Infants will develop a sense of initiative and willfulness.
C) Infants will develop a view of their caregivers as trustworthy, but not the world in general.
D) Infants will develop a view that the world is a safe place where their basic needs will be met.

Question 11

What age are children when they are in the trust versus mistrust stage?

A) birth to 12 months
B) 12-15 months
C) 15-24 months
D) 24-36 months

Question 12

When does the social smile emerge?

A) 6-10 weeks
B) birth to 2 weeks
C) 6 months
D) 12 months

Question 13

Which of the following is the first and most reliable emotion that a newborn shows?

A) sadness
B) happiness
C) contentment
D) distress

Question 14

According to Erikson, what happens if parents are neglectful with their infants?

A) They will develop a sense of mistrust.
B) They will develop a feeling of shame and doubt.
C) They will develop feelings of guilt.
D) They will have difficulty controlling their behavior.

Question 15

The second psychosocial task in life is ______.

A) trust versus mistrust
B) industry versus inferiority
C) love versus abandonment
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 16

According to Erikson, which of the following is NOT an outcome seen in a toddler who is encouraged to be autonomous?

A) self-reliance
B) confidence
C) passivity
D) self-control

Question 17

Josh and Jessica exhibit different play and communication styles with their baby. Josh often engages in rough and tumble play, while Jessica engages in a more soothing manner by using vocalization and mutual gazing. Which of the following is likely?

A) The rough and tumble play will be met with a negative reaction in the infant.
B) The infant would choose to play with Josh if given the option.
C) The high intensity stimulation of rough and tumble play will increase the likelihood of behavior problems.
D) The infant will not develop an attachment to Josh until after 3 years of age.

Question 18

Basic emotions are also known as ______.

A) innate emotions
B) primary emotions
C) general emotions
D) foundational emotions

Question 19

Cassie is an infant who has a mother that is very sensitive to her needs and responds to her every time she cries. Cassie grows into a toddler that loves to explore her environment and is very independent. What would Erikson say that Cassie developed in her first year of life to behave like she does as a toddler?

A) trust
B) independence
C) autonomy
D) love

Question 20

At which age do infants begin to display emotional expressions such as anger, sadness, joy, surprise, and fear?

A) at birth
B) birth to 2 months of age
C) 2-7 months of age
D) 7-12 months of age

Question 21

Kenzie is an infant that sucks her thumb when she is anxious. She also chews on toys when she sees other children fighting. As an older child, she goes to her room when her brothers fight with each other. Why does Kenzie do all of these behaviors?

A) Kenzie is displaying self-conscious emotions.
B) Kenzie is engaging in emotion mapping.
C) Kenzie is engaging in emotional regulation.
D) Kenzie is displaying an innate reaction to stress.

Question 22

What does an infant or toddler do when they don't know how they should interpret an event and/or how to act in a specific situation?

A) The infant or toddler will smile or run away.
B) The infant or toddler will throw a temper tantrum.
C) The infant or toddler uses social referencing.
D) The infant or toddler uses social smiling.

Question 23

Andrea is an infant who lives in a house with parents who fight all the time and are contemplating divorce. She is exposed to frequent displays of anger. What can we predict about Andrea's emotional regulation?

A) Andrea will be sensitized to stress and will have difficulty managing her physiological reactions.
B) Andrea will become withdrawn and unhappy.
C) Andrea will learn to ignore anger and not become stressed in the future when anger arises.
D) Andrea will develop a difficult temperament.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a basic emotion tied to a reflexive physiological response to stimulation?

A) surprise
B) interest
C) distress
D) contentment

Question 25

Justin is an infant that is able to use distraction and seeking help when he is frustrated. What can we predict about his mother's parenting strategies?

A) His mother tends to distract him when he starts to cry.
B) His mother tends to respond insensitively to his emotional displays.
C) His mother avoids showing emotion around him.
D) His mother provides more guidance in helping him regulate his emotions.

Question 26

A 6-month-old infant typically engages in which type of emotional regulation?

A) self-soothing
B) fussing
C) playing
D) talking

Question 27

When Holt begins walking, his parents, now increasingly aware of table heights, sharp corners, and other hazards, often repeatedly yell out in fear and sometimes anger. What can be predicted about Holt's initial response to his parent's outbursts?

A) Holt will be conditioned to avoid danger.
B) Holt will respond with fear and anger.
C) Holt will ignore his parents and attempt more daring activities.
D) Holt will refrain from walking and revert to crawling more often.

Question 28

Who is best demonstrating social referencing?

A) A 3-month-old cries when her father puts her down after holding her for a long period.
B) A 6-month-old plays laughs when playing peek-a-boo with her mother.
C) A 15-month-old screams and reaches for her mother after falling down and scraping her elbow.
D) An 18-month-old looks to her father before smiling at an unfamiliar woman who says "hello."

Question 29

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the cultural influences on emotional development?

A) North American infants learn to express positive emotions.
B) North American infants learn to restrain strong emotions.
C) Parents in all cultures share a common way to communicate cultural expectations about emotions.
D) All parents instinctively respond immediately to their babies' cries.

Question 30

In which culture are mothers more likely to stimulate their babies by tickling and allowing squeals of pleasure?

A) Central African
B) Middle Eastern
C) South American
D) North American

Question 31

Bhavisha cries when held by family members that she does NOT see on a regular basis. Bhavisha is LIKELY how old?

A) 4-6 weeks
B) 8-10 weeks
C) 6-8 months
D) 7-12 months

Question 32

In order for a toddler to be able to experience self-conscious emotions, they must be able to do all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A) observe himself and others
B) be aware of standards and rules
C) be able to compare his behavior with the standard
D) engage with a social smile

Question 33

Why do 6-month-olds laugh at uncommon occurrences, such as someone making a funny sound?

A) Infants have developed social referencing by this age and are entertained by the actions of others.
B) Infants know what to expect by this age and are surprised when something unexpected occurs.
C) Infants have not developed the cognitive competence to understand unusual occurrences.
D) Infants do not know how to regulate their emotions and laugh more often during times of uncertainty.

Question 34

At what age can infants discriminate happy faces from fearful ones?

A) at birth
B) 2-4 months
C) 4-6 months
D) 6-8 months

Question 35

What parental technique for helping infants learn to manage their emotions becomes less common as infants get older?

A) modeling
B) touching
C) vocalizing
D) distracting

Question 36

Tyler is a toddler that throws extreme temper tantrums. He gets angry when he doesn't get to do what he wants. He gets very stressed when his schedule is altered, and his mother can predict that he will throw a temper tantrum at that time, too. Tyler is most likely how old?

A) 2-6 months
B) 8-20 months
C) 21-24 months
D) 24-36 months

Question 37

Grace often holds on to furniture as she walks. While walking alongside the couch, Grace turns to reach for the table, misses, and falls. Her father rushes over to pick her up and immediately tries to soothe her. Grace then begins to cry. This is an example of ______.

A) codependent attachment
B) self-conscious emotion
C) emotional regulation
D) social referencing

Question 38

Marlow watches a cartoon television show and cries when the baby dinosaur character falls down. As she continues to watch the cartoon she quietly tells the baby dinosaur, "Yell for your mommy." Why does Marlow have this reaction?

A) Marlow is displaying stranger wariness.
B) Marlow is unable to regulate her emotions.
C) Marlow has developed basic emotions.
D) Marlow has developed self-conscious emotions.

Question 39

Self-conscious emotions include all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A) contentment
B) embarrassment
C) empathy
D) guilt

Question 40

Based on our knowledge of emotional development, which of the following emotions is NOT to be expected when infants become more mobile (engage in locomotion)?

A) increased expressions of contentment because the infant has more control
B) increased expressions of affection because of enjoying more freedom
C) increased expressions of frustration because they are not always allowed to go where they want
D) increased expressions of anger because their goal location may be blocked

Question 41

Which is a factor impacting stranger wariness?

A) the infant's ability to regulate emotion
B) the infant's overall temperament
C) the infant's biological relationship with the new person
D) the infant's level of self-awareness

Question 42

Infants are more receptive to a stranger when the stranger ______.

A) introduces him- or herself cheerfully
B) approaches at the infant's pace
C) ignores the infant's signals
D) uses a soft, gentle voice

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an easy baby?

A) even tempered
B) regular sleeping and feeding schedules
C) extremely active
D) adaptable

Question 44

Which of the following is a characteristic reaction of an infant who scores high in the extraversion/surgency dimension in Mary Rothbart's model of temperament?

A) As William's mother hands him a new toy, it begins to play music. He throws the toy down and begins crying.
B) When Eva meets a puppy for the first time, it barks and Eva startles. Then she smiles and reaches for the puppy.
C) As Kihye learns to walk, she only takes steps when holding her parents' hands. If they let go, she sits down and begins to cry.
D) When Kamal's father attempts to engage in high stimulating play with him, he averts his gaze and sucks his thumb before resuming eye contact and smiling.

Question 45

At what point in development is temperament the least stable?

A) infancy
B) early childhood
C) adolescence
D) adulthood

Question 46

Rebecca is an infant that her mother describes as a very quiet baby that can get pretty fussy when she doesn't like something. She doesn't feel comfortable with new people right away. She doesn't move around much and is wary of new situations. Which style of temperament would Rebecca most likely fall under?

A) slow-to-warm-up
B) easy
C) difficult
D) a combination of easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up

Question 47

What concept is defined as a characteristic, predictable style that is influenced by inborn tendencies toward arousal and stimulation, and experiences with adults and contexts?

A) personality
B) social referencing
C) temperament
D) determination

Question 48

Jeremy is a baby that has difficulty sleeping. He doesn't follow any predictable schedule. He is an extremely active baby, but tends to be unhappy the majority of the time. He gets very upset when his mother leaves him with any other caregiver, and typically spends most of the time she is away crying. What temperamental style does Jeremy have?

A) easy
B) difficult
C) tenacious
D) slow-to-warm-up

Question 49

Which of the following is a characteristic reaction of an infant who scores high in the effortful control dimension of Mary Rothbart's model of temperament?

A) As William's mother hands him a new toy, it begins to play music. He throws the toy down and begins crying.
B) When Eva meets a puppy for the first time, it barks and Eva startles. Then she smiles and reaches for the puppy.
C) As Kihye learns to walk, she only takes steps when holding her parents' hands. If they let go, she sits down and begins to cry.
D) When Kamal's father attempts to engage in high stimulating play with him, he averts his gaze and sucks his thumb before resuming eye contact and smiling.

Question 50

Which of the following infants is most likely to exhibit stranger wariness?

A) a 2-month-old who is visiting a new pediatrician with her mother and father
B) a 9-month-old whose mother is often overprotective and anxious in new situations
C) a 1-year-old who is spending the day with his mom and his grandma who he does not see often
D) a 2-year-old whose mother is unaffected by stressful situations and rarely experiences anxiety

Question 51

Rachel is a baby who is described as more inactive than most other babies. She tends to be fairly moody. She doesn't respond very intensely to anything. Rachel is very hesitant when she meets new people, but she will accept them after a little while. When her mother introduces new foods, Rachel doesn't like them at first. She needs to try them multiple times before she will eat. What temperamental style does Rachel have?

A) easy
B) difficult
C) tenacious
D) slow-to-warm-up

Question 52

______, or a fear of unfamiliar people, is a universal behavior in infants, but it is also strongly influenced by culture.

A) Self-awareness
B) Separation anxiety
C) Stranger anxiety
D) Social referencing

Question 53

When 11-month-old Chandler plays, his mother encourages his positive emotions by making happy and surprised faces at him. When Chandler struggles to complete a task and expresses frustration or anger, his mother attempts to deter his negative emotions by assisting him and saying, "Here let's try it this way. There we go! We did it!" Chandler's mother is exhibiting ______.

A) trust versus mistrust
B) social referencing
C) an emotional display rule
D) an easy temperament

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a child with a difficult temperament?

A) high activity level
B) irritable
C) does not react in any obvious way to change
D) irregular in biological rhythms

Question 55

Which of the following statements about stranger wariness is true?

A) The pattern of stranger wariness is the same for infants across all cultures.
B) Stranger wariness is less common among North American infants.
C) Twin studies suggest that stranger wariness is determined by culture and not genetics.
D) Stranger wariness can modify infants' drive to explore as they adapt to various circumstances.

Question 56

At about what age does stranger wariness begin to decrease?

A) 8 months
B) 1 year
C) 15 months
D) 2 years

Question 57

Matthew is an infant who is able to self-soothe when upset and often restricts his impulses. What would Mary Rothbart most likely predict about Matthew's long-term adjustment?

A) indifference to new situations
B) increased reliance on social referencing
C) tendency towards negative emotions
D) high academic achievement

Question 58

Which dimension of Rothbart's temperament model is NOT influenced by an infant's ability to regulate attention and emotion?

A) rhythmicity
B) approach-withdrawal
C) intensity of reaction
D) distractibility

Question 59

Michael is considered to have a difficult temperament. He is often irritable and fussy, reacts negatively to change, and withdraws from new situations. Michael would score high on which of Rothbart's dimensions of temperament?

A) slow-to-warm-up
B) extraversion/surgency
C) negative affectivity
D) effortful control

Question 60

Which statement regarding temperament is false?

A) Researchers found that more babies were categorized as easy than either difficult or slow-to-warm-up.
B) Slow-to-warm-up babies adjust more quickly to new situations than difficult babies do.
C) Over 90% of babies can be easily classified into either the easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up styles.
D) Easy babies are predictable when it comes to biological functioning.

Question 61

Which of the following statements does NOT reflect the reciprocal nature of temperament?

A) Babies' emotionality and negative emotions predict maternal perceptions of parenting stress.
B) Mothers who, prior to giving birth, believe that they are less well equipped to care for their infant are more likely to have infants who show negative aspects of temperament.
C) Not all babies fit squarely into any of the three categories of temperament but display a mix of characteristics.
D) Easy babies usually get the most positive reactions from others, which reinforces the easy temperamental qualities.

Question 62

Roberto is an infant who is described as having a difficult temperament. His father is insensitive, coercive, and also difficult in temperament. What can we predict Roberto's developmental outcome will be?

A) Roberto will most likely have behavioral problems and adjustment difficulties that worsen with age, even into early adolescence.
B) Roberto will become less extreme in his behavioral tendencies because babies with difficult temperaments become less extreme with age.
C) Babies with difficult temperaments tend to be unpredictable, so we cannot accurately predict what Roberto will be like as he ages.
D) Roberto will be more likely to get ill as he gets older because difficult temperaments wear down a person's immune system.

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can influence or change a young infants' temperament?

A) sensitive caregiving
B) experience
C) interaction with peers
D) neural development

Question 64

Which theoretical perspective emphasized that feeding was a critical context for infants and caregivers to interact and for infants to have their needs met and thereby develop a sense of trust?

A) psychoanalytic
B) behaviorist
C) ethological
D) cognitive-developmental

Question 65

What developmental task of infancy may influence several components of temperament, including rhythmicity, distractibility, intensity of reaction, and attention?

A) the task of learning how to regulate attention and emotions
B) the task of coordinating reflexes with purposeful behavior
C) the task of understanding the connection between behaviors and social interaction
D) the task of developing a sense of trust in the world

Question 66

Which of the following characteristics is part of the behavioral style of a slow-to-warm-up child?

A) accepts frustration with little fuss
B) usually positive mood
C) moderately regular in sleep schedule
D) cries often

Question 67

The theorist who developed attachment theory is ______.

A) Ainsworth
B) Bowlby
C) Erikson
D) Vygotsky

Question 68

The match between a child's temperament and the parent's temperament and child-rearing methods is called ______.

A) reactivity
B) social reciprocity
C) goodness of fit
D) temperamental shift

Question 69

Why is crying an effective signal to ensure that the caregiver cares for the baby?

A) It is the only signal that babies have to call to the parent.
B) It is annoying to most adults and they want the baby to stop.
C) It conveys negative emotion that adults can judge reliably.
D) It triggers an innate signal in the parent.

Question 70

Hannah is a baby who is fussy, difficult, and slow to adapt to new situations. Her mother is a very sensitive caregiver and makes sure that Hannah has a strict routine and doesn't get upset when Hannah is fussy. What can we predict about Hannah's developmental outcome?

A) Hannah will continue to behave in the same manner throughout life because temperament is an inborn trait.
B) Hannah will probably adapt her temperament style and will in time no longer display behavioral problems.
C) Hannah will, in time, influence her mother to become more frustrated with parenting and become less sensitive to Hannah's needs.
D) Hannah will have difficulty in school and with peers.

Question 71

What percentage of babies in the original New York Longitudinal Study sample did NOT fit well into any of the three temperament categories but displayed a mix of characteristics?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 50%
D) 35%

Question 72

Which of the following accurately illustrates the ethological theory of attachment?

A) An attachment bond is biologically driven.
B) An attachment response is triggered by behavioral conditioning.
C) Attachments are formed through positive reinforcement with food.
D) Attachment bonds are determined by personality and temperament.

Question 73

Attachment bonds assist in the survival of the infant by ______.

A) creating an easy temperament, resulting in a greater chance for survival
B) ensuring that the caregiver and infant remain near each other
C) establishing a close relationship that boosts the infant's immune system
D) fostering a sense of responsibility in the caregiver to protect the infant

Question 74

A lasting emotional tie between two people who each strive to maintain closeness to the other and act to ensure that the relationship continues is called ______.

A) attachment
B) goodness of fit
C) security
D) social referencing

Question 75

Which culture tends to raise babies to be more passive, less irritable and vocal, and more easily soothed when upset?

A) Israeli
B) African
C) North American
D) Japanese

Question 76

Which of the following characteristics is NOT representative of an easy temperamental style?

A) slow to accept frustration
B) regular in sleep and feeding schedules
C) usually positive mood
D) responds well to novelty in food, situations, routines, and strangers

Question 77

Babies with which of the following temperaments get the most positive attention from others?

A) slow-to-warm-up
B) difficult
C) easy
D) mixed style

Question 78

Which of the following characteristics is part of the behavioral style of a difficult child?

A) responds poorly to novelty in food, situations, routines, and strangers
B) unpleasant moods are mild
C) slow to accept frustrations
D) regular in sleep and feeding schedules

Question 79

Which type of baby is most likely to receive mixed reactions from others?

A) a difficult baby
B) an easy baby
C) a slow-to-warm-up baby
D) a tenacious baby

Question 80

Which culture is more likely to raise babies into autonomous beings and tend to be more active and stimulating?

A) Japanese
B) North American
C) Israeli
D) South African