Deck 8: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

A child's self-description is called ______.

A) self-esteem
B) self-concept
C) gender identity
D) gender norm

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A general emotional evaluation of one's own worth is called ______.

A) self-esteem
B) self-recognition
C) self-concept
D) empathy

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Initiative versus guilt is the third stage of psychosocial development developed by ______.

A) Erikson
B) Piaget
C) Vygotsky
D) Freud

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A child in which society would participate most extensively in household and economic labor?

A) American
B) Tarong
C) Japanese
D) English

Question 5

Which behavior describes how children might establish a sense of initiative?

A) toileting independently
B) going out for a new sport and doing well in it
C) being able to go to their parents when they are afraid
D) writing their name

Question 6

Kevin's parents have set the rule that he must clean up his toys every night as part of his bedtime routine. One night, he fell asleep before he cleaned up. He woke up crying after he realized that he didn't put his toys away before bedtime. What stage is Kevin illustrating?

A) initiative versus guilt
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt
C) trust versus mistrust
D) industry versus inferiority

Question 7

When children demonstrate independence and act purposefully, they are primed to develop a healthy sense of ______.

A) perspective
B) self
C) direction
D) morality

Question 8

At which age do children start describing themselves in concrete terms?

A) 8
B) 7
C) 6
D) 4

Question 9

Oliver comes home from school really upset. When his mother asks him what's wrong, Oliver says, "Tito is really good at drawing airplanes. I can't draw one as good as him!" What issue does this describe?

A) prosocial behavior
B) social comparison
C) relational aggression
D) gender norm

Question 10

Which culture is most likely associated with children feeling sadness and shame in response to failure?

A) Indian
B) Chinese
C) Japanese
D) American

Question 11

When children fail to develop a sense of initiative in early childhood, they develop an overly critical conscience, resulting in ______.

A) the inability to get along with peers
B) rigid moral values that cause difficulty in understanding other's perspectives
C) lower academic performance
D) a reduction in motivation to exert the effort to master new tasks

Question 12

The task of the psychosocial stage initiative versus guilt involves the development of ______.

A) motivation and drive to achieve
B) learning what one is good at
C) purposefulness and pride in one's accomplishments
D) independence and ability to engage in self-help skills

Question 13

According to the initiative versus guilt stage, the primary purpose of play is to gain ______.

A) aggression
B) initiative
C) academic achievement
D) motor skills

Question 14

Studies show that children in which country demonstrate the most pronounced levels of helpful behavior?

A) Philippines
B) India
C) Kenya
D) the United States

Question 15

A child who fails to develop high standards and the initiative to meet them most likely has a parent who is ______.

A) nurturing
B) compassionate
C) controlling
D) authoritative

Question 16

Taran's father plays basketball with his friends using a hoop set up in the driveway. Taran has been watching them, and decides he wants to try playing. His dad shows him how to shoot the ball, then gives it to Taran. Taran throws it, and it falls far short of the basket. Taran is excited and tries again, with the ball falling short a second time. His dad is encouraging, and Taran tells him, "I'll get it this time!" and makes another attempt. Which concept is Taran displaying?

A) gender identity
B) self-concept
C) self-esteem
D) gender norm

Question 17

Abigail's teacher has witnessed a change in the complexity of Abigail's play. Abigail used to love to stack blocks and then push them over. Recently, Abigail has begun to build houses with the blocks instead of just a stack to knock over. She asks her teacher to keep her houses each time she builds one so she can show her father when he picks her up. According to Erikson, what is Abigail developing?

A) initiative
B) industry
C) trust
D) collectivism

Question 18

Which term means measuring one's performance against that of other children?

A) prosocial behavior
B) social comparison
C) relational aggression
D) gender norm

Question 19

Which description would most likely be used by a 4-year-old?

A) "I am very smart."
B) "I have blue eyes and blonde hair. I have a cat. I have a princess bed."
C) "I am a good friend."
D) "I am popular because I have a lot of friends. I am really good at playing the piano."

Question 20

Which attribute is an outcome of developing a sense of initiative?

A) aggressive behavior
B) emotional control
C) collectivism outlook
D) academic ability

Question 21

Between ages 4 and 7 children's self-evaluations become linked with their ______.

A) performance
B) appearance
C) intelligence
D) behavior

Question 22

By age 5, most children understand that which factor can motivate emotion?

A) desire
B) discipline
C) rules
D) curiosity

Question 23

Which approach influences the development and expression of self-conscious emotions such as pride and guilt?

A) behaviorism
B) psychoanalytic theory
C) theory of mind
D) information processing

Question 24

Most young children sleep how many hours each night?

A) 6-7
B) 8-9
C) 9-10
D) 10-11

Question 25

Opportunities for children to anticipate the emotional responses of others occur when they ______.

A) interact with siblings
B) display relational aggression with siblings
C) study in academic programs
D) watch television shows on the subject

Question 26

At which age do children start recognizing and naming emotions based on their expressive cues?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 27

The most important resources for emotional management in children are ______.

A) teachers
B) parents
C) videos
D) books

Question 28

Which approach addresses development of perspective that allows for greater empathetic and prosocial behavior?

A) behaviorism
B) psychoanalytic theory
C) theory of mind
D) information processing

Question 29

Wyatt and Hailey are playing together outside in a dirt section of the yard. They are forming roads they can drive their trucks on, then they decide to each build a mountain they can push their trucks over. When they are finished, Wyatt realizes that Hailey's mountain is bigger and has more roads than his does. At first, Wyatt is mad and wants to push Hailey's mountain over. He thinks that Hailey would be sad if he did that, so he decides it might be more fun to drive on the mountain instead. What quality is Wyatt practicing in this pretend play?

A) acting out feelings
B) relational aggression
C) collectivism
D) implementation of self-control

Question 30

The parents who are most likely to foster emotional regulation are ones who behave in which way when their children are distressed?

A) dismissive
B) hostile
C) responsive
D) neutral

Question 31

Bhavini comes to Jayden's house for a playdate. When Jayden opens up his case of model cars, he sees that some are missing, and he starts crying. Jayden's mother comes into the room to find out what is wrong, and Bhavini tells her, "Jayden's sad because his cars are gone." Approximately what age is Bhavini?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 32

Children experiencing difficulty with emotional management may be preoccupied with ______.

A) learning
B) self-regulation
C) social interactions
D) play.

Question 33

Children improve their understanding of emotion through ______.

A) relational aggression with siblings
B) pretend play with siblings and peers
C) study in academic programs
D) watching television shows on the subject

Question 34

Carlos is a 4-year-old who gets 8 hours of sleep each night. Which behavior is Carlos likely to exhibit?

A) assertiveness
B) hyperfocus
C) anxiety
D) empathy

Question 35

Empathy means ______.

A) the ability to understand someone's feelings
B) feeling sad for someone else
C) ability to offer tangible help
D) voluntary behavior intended to benefit another

Question 36

Opportunities for children to decode the causes of emotions occur when they ______.

A) interact with siblings
B) display relational aggression with siblings
C) study in academic programs
D) watch television shows on the subject

Question 37

Instrumental assistance means ______.

A) the ability to understand someone's feelings
B) feeling sad for someone else
C) offering tangible help
D) voluntary behavior intended to benefit another

Question 38

Prosocial behavior means ______.

A) the ability to understand someone's feelings
B) feeling sad for someone else
C) ability to offer tangible help
D) voluntary behavior intended to benefit another

Question 39

Andrea sees her classmate pinch her finger and start to cry so she walks up to her and gives her a hug. This action represents ______.

A) instrumental assistance
B) prosocial behavior
C) selective sharing
D) social reciprocity

Question 40

Noah is building a birdhouse with his mom. She has cut the pieces of wood for him, then showed him how to hold them so he could nail them together. Noah then tries nailing them together by himself, working quietly for a half an hour. At last he thinks the birdhouse is finished. When he picks it up, the roof and one of the sides falls off. Noah throws everything on the table, and says in a frustrated voice, "I'm not any good at this!" Which issue is Noah wrestling with?

A) parental discipline
B) social comparison
C) self-evaluation
D) gender typing

Question 41

What characteristic do preschoolers who are raised by permissive parents tend to exhibit?

A) anger and defiance
B) overwhelmed by challenging tasks
C) confidence
D) socioemotional immaturity

Question 42

Andrew's parents are very strict. They expect Andrew to obey them, and he is NOT allowed to question what they say or he is punished. His parents yell at him often and when he disobeys, they spank him. What type of parenting style describes Andrew's parents?

A) uninvolved
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) authoritarian

Question 43

In Abigail's house, her parents let her stay up and watch television until she falls asleep on the couch and they carry her to bed. She can play video games for as long as she wants. She chooses what the family has for dinner, because her parents got tired of her NOT eating when they planned the meals. What type of parenting style do Abigail's parents exhibit?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) uninvolved

Question 44

Maddie really wants to paint at the easel. She walks up to Jeffrey who is painting and takes his paint brush. What type of aggression is Maddie engaging in?

A) focused
B) relational
C) inhibitory
D) instrumental

Question 45

Removing a child from a situation and social contact for a short period of time is called ______.

A) time out
B) self-control
C) distraction
D) redirection

Question 46

A statement that describes aggression in young children is that it ______.

A) indicates poor judgment
B) is cognitively abnormal
C) is common behavior
D) displays uncommon behavior

Question 47

A child's temperament is related to which type of influence on prosocial behavior?

A) biological
B) emotional
C) family
D) contextual

Question 48

Excluding someone from social activities, spreading rumors, or humiliating the person is called ______.

A) friendship aggression
B) social exclusion
C) friendship sabotage
D) relational aggression

Question 49

Which parenting style results in children showing less knowledge about emotions?

A) authoritarian
B) uninvolved
C) permissive
D) authoritative

Question 50

Parents who emphasize behavioral control and obedience over warmth engage in which type of parenting style?

A) uninvolved
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) permissive

Question 51

Children raised by authoritarian parents tend to be ______.

A) withdrawn, mistrustful, anxious, and angry
B) less knowledgeable about emotions
C) confident, cooperative, and have high self-esteem
D) more socioemotionally immature and show little self-control

Question 52

What percentage of a sample of U.S. parents report spanking their young children?

A) 80%
B) 70%
C) 60%
D) 50%

Question 53

Which characteristic is part of effective punishment?

A) instilling a feeling of guilt to prevent the behavior in the future
B) administering it in a loud and angry voice
C) accompanying it with an explanation about why the behavior needs correcting
D) instilling fear to ensure attention is being paid

Question 54

Parents who allow their children to make their own decisions at an early age, often before they are able, engage what type of parenting style?

A) uninvolved
B) permissive
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian

Question 55

Which parenting style results in a parent most likely responding to a child's question of, "Why?" with the answer, "Because I say so"?

A) uninvolved
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) permissive

Question 56

Parents who focus on their own needs rather than those of the child have which type of parenting style?

A) uninvolved
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) permissive

Question 57

Which type of culture stresses relationships with others and sharing work?

A) individuality focused
B) aggressive
C) academically focused
D) collectivist

Question 58

Sharing a toy, giving another child a hug when he or she is crying, or asking a new child if he or she would like to play are all examples of ______.

A) instrumental assistance
B) prosocial behavior
C) selective sharing
D) social reciprocity

Question 59

Harsh punishment is a common characteristic of which parenting style?

A) uninvolved
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) authoritarian

Question 60

When does instrumental aggression typically occur?

A) when interacting with parents
B) during play
C) when the child is tired
D) during meal times

Question 61

Which area are boys better at than girls?

A) mathematical tasks
B) spatial tasks
C) fine motor skills
D) verbal analysis tasks

Question 62

Jon's parents are warm and sensitive. They hug him and praise him every day. His parents also are strict in rule setting. When Jon got his first bicycle, they sat down with him and talked about safety and the rules associated with bike riding. They asked Jon what he thought would be a fair distance to ride away from the house and together came up with a route he could take. What type of parenting style describes Jon's parents?

A) uninvolved
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) authoritarian

Question 63

Which type of behavior is more common in girls?

A) gender stereotyping
B) gender constancy
C) relational aggression
D) physical aggression

Question 64

Which example demonstrates gender typing?

A) Jessica says that girls are smart and boys are stupid.
B) Andrea says that when she grows up she is going to take care of babies.
C) Connor says that when he gets married his wife is going to stay at home and clean.
D) Alexander thinks all boys are strong and fast.

Question 65

Who is most likely to be a perpetrator of child maltreatment?

A) biological parents
B) boyfriend or girlfriend of a parent
C) caregiver hired by a parent
D) relative other than parents

Question 66

Which characteristic is biological and determined by genes?

A) sex
B) gender
C) sexual preference
D) gender identity

Question 67

Which individual is NOT considered to be a mandated reporter of child maltreatment?

A) teacher
B) sibling
C) law enforcement officer
D) health care worker

Question 68

Which statement accurately describes gender differences observed in young children?

A) Boys tend to be more compliance and cooperative with adults.
B) Girls tend to do better at verbal and mathematical computation tasks.
C) Boys tend to be better at fine motor skills.
D) Girls are more likely to use physical and verbal aggression.

Question 69

The view that males adapted to become aggressive and competitive to secure a mate and pass on genes follows which explanation of gender role development?

A) cognitive
B) contextual
C) biological
D) psychoanalytic

Question 70

Collette's parents both work two jobs, and are often exhausted when they get home. They prefer to eat dinner in front of the TV, and when Collette asks for help with her homework, they tell her that she's smart and can figure it out on her own. When there is an activity at school that involves parents, Collette's parents tell her they cannot possibly go and that she shouldn't even be asking them because she knows how hard they have to work. Which type of parenting style does this describe?

A) authoritarian
B) uninvolved
C) permissive
D) authoritative

Question 71

How do parenting behaviors including discipline need to be evaluated?

A) strictly within guidelines of ethnicity
B) within a cultural and environmental context
C) as separate from culture and environment
D) as homogenous within a given ethnicity

Question 72

Authoritative parenting can be described as ______.

A) being sensitive to children's needs and having firm expectations of behavior
B) focusing on own needs rather than those of the child
C) having few rules and expectations
D) emphasizing behavioral control and obedience over warmth

Question 73

Which characteristic occurs in children who experience child maltreatment?

A) overly creative minds
B) poor coping skills
C) motor skill deficits
D) hyperactive behavior

Question 74

Which area shows the largest gender difference between boys and girls?

A) academic ability
B) athletic ability
C) aggression
D) attitude

Question 75

Activities, attitudes, skills, and characteristics that are considered appropriate for males or females are called gender ______.

A) stereotypes
B) roles
C) typing
D) norms

Question 76

Japanese mothers being more likely to use reasoning, empathy, and disapproval to discipline their children is an example of which influence on control of children's behavior?

A) biological
B) contextual
C) psychological
D) cultural

Question 77

Which example shows a gender stereotype?

A) Danny tells his mom that she's a girl so she cannot lift the box because she is weak.
B) Jack only plays with boys on the playground during recess.
C) Olivia likes to play with boys and girls when she plays kickball in the park.
D) Hannah always chooses to play with dolls and avoids playing with cars.

Question 78

Which risk factor for child maltreatment falls under the societal level?

A) views that value privacy
B) inadequate housing
C) lack of resources for support
D) low family income

Question 79

Methods that use reasoning to correct behavior are called ______.

A) inductive discipline
B) corporal punishment
C) pragmatic discipline
D) reactive punishment

Question 80

Which area are girls better at than boys?

A) mathematical tasks
B) spatial tasks
C) gross motor skills
D) intelligence tests