Deck 2: Biological and Environmental Foundations

Question 1

The set of instructions to create a living organism is the ______.

A) zygote
B) nucleus
C) genome
D) gamete

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What does the 23rd pair of human chromosomes specify?

A) physical strength
B) biological sex
C) intelligence
D) personality

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Most cells in the body reproduce through a process called ______.

A) mitosis
B) meiosis
C) fertilization
D) mutation

Answer 3

A

Question 4

How many pairs of human chromosomes are matched and contain similar genes in almost identical positions and sequence?

A) 5
B) 14
C) 20
D) 22

Question 5

Researchers have estimated that how many genes reside within the chromosomes?

A) 10,000-15,000
B) 20,000-25,000
C) 50,000-70,000
D) 100,000-200,000

Question 6

Mitosis ultimately enables humans to ______.

A) reproduce and pass on their genetic material
B) develop from a single fertilized egg into a child, adolescent, and an adult
C) develop into either a male or a female
D) establish a unique genetic blueprint for development

Question 7

Sex cells are called ______.

A) zygotes
B) chromosomes
C) gametes
D) alleles

Question 8

Which process creates unique combinations of genes?

A) genomic imprinting
B) mutation
C) crossing over
D) heritability

Question 9

A human zygote contains how many chromosomes from the biological mother and how many chromosomes from the biological father?

A) 10; 20
B) 23; 46
C) 23; 23
D) 46; 46

Question 10

Which structure contains genetic instructions that will cause the fetus to develop male reproductive organs?

A) X chromosome
B) Y chromosome
C) gamete
D) nucleus

Question 11

The term for a fertilized egg is ______.

A) chromosome
B) gamete
C) allele
D) zygote

Question 12

Genes can be described as ______.

A) rod-shaped structures located in each human cell nucleus
B) the blueprint for creating all of the traits that organisms carry
C) sex cells that combine to create a unique individual
D) identical molecules for every existing species on earth

Question 13

Which statement describes mitosis?

A) Chromosome pairs align and DNA segments cross over.
B) DNA replicates itself to result in new cells with identical genetic material.
C) Each cell ends up containing only half of the DNA the original cell had.
D) Cells match up with other cells that contain different DNA and merge.

Question 14

Which process increases genetic variability and accounts for genetic uniqueness?

A) mitosis
B) meiosis
C) heritability
D) surrogacy

Question 15

Humans share what percentage of their DNA with their closest genetic relative, the chimpanzee?

A) 10
B) 25
C) 68
D) 99

Question 16

A human cell's nucleus contains how many chromosomes?

A) 12
B) 12 pairs
C) 23
D) 23 pairs

Question 17

Lu is from Korea and Pedro is from Ecuador. Lu and Pedro share what percentage of their genes?

A) 15.7%
B) 25.8%
C) 44.2%
D) 99.7%

Question 18

Genes are composed of a complex molecule shaped like a twisted ladder or staircase called ______.

A) deoxyribonucleic acid
B) chorionic villi
C) zygotes
D) nuclei

Question 19

Child A has two large X-shaped chromosomes, and Child B has one large X-shaped chromosome and one much smaller Y-shaped chromosome. What is Child A, and what is Child B?

A) female; male
B) male; female
C) an identical twin; a fraternal twin
D) a fraternal twin; an identical twin

Question 20

Gametes are produced through a process called ______.

A) mitosis
B) meiosis
C) fertilization
D) heritability

Question 21

Genes always being expressed, regardless of the gene they are paired with, and genes being expressed only if paired with another similar gene describes ______.

A) dominant-recessive inheritance
B) incomplete dominance
C) polygenic inheritance
D) genomic imprinting

Question 22

Shannon and Frankie just found out that they are pregnant. The odds that they could have twins is about 1 in ______.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 33
D) 47

Question 23

When alleles of a pair of chromosomes for a trait are different, the person is considered ______.

A) homozygous
B) heterozygous
C) dominant
D) polygenic

Question 24

Which genetic pattern is dependent upon which parent the gene is inherited from?

A) polygenic inheritance
B) genomic imprinting
C) incomplete dominance
D) heterozygous inheritance

Question 25

Twins originate from the same zygote are always ______.

A) monozygotic
B) dizygotic
C) male
D) female

Question 26

Couples with a family history of sex-linked diseases wanting to have a healthy baby of the sex unaffected by the disease would most likely be interested in which process?

A) gender selection
B) gender modification
C) canalization
D) surrogacy

Question 27

Xavier has dark curly hair and facial dimples. What type of traits are these considered?

A) recessive
B) dominant
C) polygenic
D) codominant

Question 28

What are conceived when a woman releases more than one ovum and each is fertilized by a different sperm?

A) dizygotic twins
B) monozygotic twins
C) twins with X-linked disorders
D) twins with chromosomal abnormalities

Question 29

Most traits are a function of the interaction of multiple genes, known as ______.

A) polygenic inheritance
B) genomic imprinting
C) incomplete dominance
D) heterozygous inheritance

Question 30

Preconception sperm sorting and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis are two methods of ______.

A) surrogacy
B) gene therapy
C) gender modification
D) sex selection

Question 31

Identical twins occur in how many of every 1,000 U.S. births?

A) 4
B) 9
C) 17
D) 20

Question 32

Tonya has straight red hair, blue eyes, and her big toe is longer than her second toe. What type of traits are these considered?

A) recessive
B) dominant
C) polygenic
D) codominant

Question 33

What does incomplete dominance mean?

A) Many genes interact to influence a trait.
B) Some genes are always expressed.
C) Both paired genes influence the characteristic.
D) Many genes are recessive and unexpressed.

Question 34

Maddox and Macy both carry alleles for brown hair. Their 4-year-old son, Drake, also has brown hair. Therefore, for the trait of brown hair, Drake is considered ______.

A) homozygous
B) heterozygous
C) imprinted
D) recessive

Question 35

Which syndrome is an example of genomic imprinting?

A) Down
B) Klinefelter
C) Angelman
D) Turner

Question 36

Dizygotic twins can be described as ______.

A) being the same as identical twins
B) sharing about one half of their genes
C) being more similar to each other than ordinary siblings
D) occurring less frequently than monozygotic twins

Question 37

The genes within each chromosome can be expressed in different forms called ______.

A) zygotes
B) nuclei
C) gametes
D) alleles

Question 38

Height, intelligence, temperament, and susceptibility to certain forms of cancer are examples of what type of traits?

A) polygenic
B) recessive
C) dominant
D) mutated

Question 39

Chase and Carson share the same genotype. Therefore, Chase and Carson are considered ______.

A) dizygotic twins
B) monozygotic twins
C) to each have two large X-shaped chromosomes
D) to each have two small Y-shaped chromosomes

Question 40

What percentage of fraternal twin pairs is boy and girl?

A) 10%
B) 33%
C) 50%
D) 80%

Question 41

Javier's blood is unable to clot. Which condition was he born with?

A) hemophilia
B) sickle cell anemia
C) cystic fibrosis
D) phenylketonuria

Question 42

Few severe disorders are inherited through dominant inheritance because individuals who inherit the allele ______.

A) have a second dominant gene that overcomes the defective one
B) are always infertile
C) usually fail to survive long enough to reproduce and pass it on
D) are typically male and therefore cannot pass on the gene

Question 43

Which condition is carried on a mother's X chromosome?

A) Huntington's disease
B) color blindness
C) phenylketonuria
D) sickle cell anemia

Question 44

Levi has a fatal condition that causes the central nervous system to deteriorate, leading to significant declines in muscle coordination and cognition. He was unaware that he had the condition until his late thirties because he did not experience any symptoms earlier in his life. The condition Levi has is ______.

A) cystic fibrosis
B) Turner syndrome
C) Huntington's disease
D) phenylketonuria

Question 45

Down syndrome is also called ______.

A) trisomy 15
B) trisomy 17
C) trisomy 21
D) trisomy 23

Question 46

Some research suggests that fragile X syndrome is strongly associated with ______.

A) autism
B) anxiety
C) cystic fibrosis
D) phenylketonuria

Question 47

Paris was born with a disorder that she inherited through her parents. Which condition would this describe?

A) Down syndrome
B) Klinefelter syndrome
C) cystic fibrosis
D) acute asthma

Question 48

Harris was has a degenerative brain disorder that affects his coordination and cognition. Which condition was he born with?

A) Huntington's disease
B) Duchenne muscular dystrophy
C) cystic fibrosis
D) sickle cell anemia

Question 49

Which genetic disorder is non-sex chromosome-linked?

A) Klinefelter syndrome
B) hemophilia
C) Turner syndrome
D) phenylketonuria

Question 50

Which condition is dominant-recessive but non-sex chromosome linked?

A) Huntington's disease
B) Duchenne muscular dystrophy
C) Jacob's syndrome
D) Turner syndrome

Question 51

A description of daughters who inherit the gene for hemophilia is that they ______.

A) usually die from the disease before reaching the age of 20
B) demonstrate more severe symptoms than sons who inherit the gene
C) typically fail to express the disorder due to a paired dominant gene
D) have an 80 percent chance of transmitting the gene to their offspring

Question 52

What is the most common genetic cause of intellectual developmental disability?

A) fragile X syndrome
B) phenylketonuria
C) Tay-Sachs disease
D) Down syndrome

Question 53

A true statement about fragile X syndrome is that it ______.

A) affects both males and females
B) only affects females
C) occurs in about 1 in every 3,000 U.S. births
D) occurs in about 1 in every 6,000 U.S. births

Question 54

Mandy has a condition that causes a deformity in her red blood cells. Which disorder was she born with?

A) hemophilia
B) sickle cell anemia
C) cystic fibrosis
D) phenylketonuria

Question 55

Which condition is an example of dominant-recessive inheritance?

A) Prader-Willi syndrome
B) Down syndrome
C) color blindness
D) cystic fibrosis

Question 56

Which recessive disorder is most common?

A) sickle cell anemia
B) Tay-Sach's disease
C) Huntington's disease
D) cystic fibrosis

Question 57

Down syndrome occurs in approximately 1 out of every how many births?

A) 500
B) 700
C) 1200
D) 1500

Question 58

The number of males affected by color blindness is about 1 in ______.

A) 5
B) 12
C) 70
D) 100

Question 59

Corey has a disorder that causes his body to fail to process a particular amino acid. Which condition was he born with?

A) sickle cell anemia
B) phenylketonuria
C) color blindness
D) cystic fibrosis

Question 60

Kevin was born with the most widely known chromosome disorder which is what syndrome?

A) Prader-Willi
B) Klinefelter
C) Down
D) Turner

Question 61

Kaden is very thin, has severe acne, and demonstrates poor coordination. He also produces excessive levels of testosterone. What syndrome does this describe?

A) Klinefelter
B) Down
C) XYY
D) fragile X

Question 62

Jack has African American heritage and his partner, Marisol, is uncertain of her heritage since she was adopted as an infant. Jack and Marisol want to start of family but are concerned about their child having sickle cell anemia. Their best option is to consult a ______.

A) fertility specialist
B) family physician
C) behavioral geneticist
D) genetic counselor

Question 63

Which approach is used by a genetic counselor?

A) constructs family history of inheritable disorders
B) performs in vitro fertilization
C) diagnoses prenatal chromosomal abnormalities
D) studies interactions between phenotype and genotype

Question 64

A medical specialty that helps prospective parents determine the risk their children will inherit chromosomal abnormalities is ______.

A) obstetrics
B) behavioral genetics
C) gynecology
D) genetic counseling

Question 65

Trenton, age 50, has Down syndrome. Compared to unaffected adults his age, Trenton is at greater risk for developing ______.

A) Huntington's disease
B) Alzheimer's disease
C) heart disease
D) cystic fibrosis

Question 66

Which factor may case genes to mutate?

A) high-fat diet
B) exposure to radiation
C) young maternal age
D) vitamin deficiency

Question 67

Today, the average life expectancy of individuals with Down syndrome is ______.

A) childhood
B) adolescence
C) middle adulthood
D) older adulthood

Question 68

In Africa, children who inherit a single sickle cell allele are more resistant to malarial infection and more likely to survive. This demonstrates ______.

A) that nature is more influential than nurture
B) the epigenetic framework
C) that mutations can sometimes be beneficial
D) the purpose of behavioral genetics

Question 69

Which method determines chromosomal abnormalities in prospective parents?

A) constructing family history of heritable disorders
B) asking about the mother's and the father's ethnicity
C) performing a genetic screening blood test
D) educating the mother and father about genetic concepts

Question 70

Marcus and J.J. grew up in the same neighborhood, which has a reputation for poverty and gang violence. Both of their fathers were violent alcoholics, and they experienced periodic homelessness. Marcus carries the low-MAOA gene, while J.J. carries the high-MAOA gene. Which statement about Marcus and J.J. is true?

A) Both boys are at equal risk for aggression and criminal behavior in adulthood.
B) Marcus is at greater risk for aggression and criminal behavior in adulthood than J.J.
C) J.J. is at greater risk for aggression and criminal behavior in adulthood that Marcus.
D) Neither boy is at-risk for aggression and criminal behavior in adulthood.

Question 71

Vince has one of the most common sex chromosome abnormalities which is what syndrome?

A) Klinefelter
B) Down
C) XYY
D) fragile X

Question 72

Which individual would be a good candidate for genetic counseling?

A) Maria, who previously had twins
B) Beth, who is pregnant for the first time at 37
C) Ariel, who is a pregnant at 17
D) Coral, who is unsure if she wants children

Question 73

What is the term for a sudden change and abnormality in the structure of genes?

A) mutation
B) inheritance
C) phenotype
D) allele

Question 74

Which method involves injection of sperm into a woman for reproduction?

A) in vitro fertilization
B) artificial insemination
C) chorionic villus sampling
D) amniocentesis

Question 75

Approximately 1 in 1,000 females are born with which syndrome?

A) Klinefelter
B) triple X
C) XYY
D) fragile X

Question 76

Which method involves fertilizing ova with sperm in a dish then placing the fertilized ova in a woman's uterus?

A) in vitro fertilization
B) artificial insemination
C) chorionic villus sampling
D) amniocentesis

Question 77

How many conceptions are estimated to include mutated chromosomes?

A) one eighth
B) one fourth
C) one third
D) one half

Question 78

Prenatal screening likely to be recommended when ______.

A) genetic counseling has determined a risk for abnormalities
B) the mother is under age 20 or over age 30
C) the mother has gained more than the recommended weight in the first trimester
D) history of twins is determined to run in the family

Question 79

Danica, age 28, is very short in stature, has an abnormally small jaw, and her neck has extra folds of skin. Danica has never ovulated and she has underdeveloped breasts. Danica was born with which syndrome?

A) Klinefelter
B) triple X
C) fragile X
D) Turner

Question 80

Which couple may find genetic counseling most useful?

A) Kathy and Jiho, whose heritages are European and Korean
B) Bella and Danielle, who both have European heritage and will be using surrogacy
C) Noah and Ava, whose heritages are Central European Jewish
D) Liam and Emma, who both have European heritage and want to have twins