Deck 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

Which sensorimotor substage involves patterns of repetition with objects and is more oriented to the infant's environment?

A) secondary circular reactions
B) primary circular reactions
C) tertiary circular reactions
D) mental representations

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Bailey is an infant boy who is sitting in his car seat. He is waving his hands around and his thumb accidentally touches his cheek. He turns his head toward his thumb and puts it into his mouth. He begins to suck on it and finds that he likes it. He quickly learns to put his thumb into his mouth and suck on it whenever he wants to. What sensorimotor substage does this illustrate?

A) secondary circular reactions
B) primary circular reactions
C) tertiary circular reactions
D) mental representations

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A statement that is consistent with substage 1 of the sensorimotor period is that infants ______.

A) strengthen and modify their original reflexive schemas to explore the world around them
B) engage in trial and error, trying out behaviors until they find the best one to attain their goal
C) begin planning and goal-directed behavior
D) repeat behaviors to experience and explore their bodies

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Assimilation is defined as ______.

A) experiencing a mismatch between an idea the world as it is
B) changing a preexisting idea in light of new information
C) integrating a new experience into a preexisting idea
D) having concepts, ideas, and ways of interacting with the world

Question 5

In which sensorimotor substage would an infant be most likely to enjoy pushing buttons on a toy and making different animals pop up?

A) primary circular reactions
B) secondary circular reactions
C) reflexes
D) mental representations

Question 6

Which concept corresponds with goal-directed behavior?

A) object permanence
B) dishabituation
C) accommodation
D) primary circular reaction

Question 7

The understanding that things continue to exist outside of sensory awareness is called ______.

A) habituation
B) mental representation
C) tertiary circular reaction
D) object permanence

Question 8

Piaget's idea that children grow by being actively engaged in the world around them is called ______.

A) cognitive-developmental perspective
B) core knowledge perspective
C) information processing theory
D) fast mapping process

Question 9

An example of an infant's earliest schema is when Baby Katy ______.

A) plays peekaboo with her mother
B) shakes a rattle to hear its noise
C) sucks on her bottle or pacifier
D) grasps her favorite stuffed animal

Question 10

The earliest schema a newborn has is ______.

A) his or her mother's voice
B) inborn motor responses
C) the ability to see
D) the memory of the birth process

Question 11

What do infants' motor schemas transform into as they develop?

A) thoughts
B) emotions
C) memories
D) assimilations

Question 12

In the first month of life, infants use reflexes to learn about their world through the process of ______.

A) mental representation
B) equilibrium and disequilibrium
C) assimilation
D) accommodation

Question 13

Accommodation is defined as ______.

A) experiencing a mismatch between an idea the world as it is
B) changing a preexisting idea in light of new information
C) integrating a new experience into a preexisting idea
D) having concepts, ideas, and ways of interacting with the world

Question 14

Which statement describes the sensorimotor period of reasoning?

A) Cognition develops from reflexes to intentional action to symbolic representation.
B) Infants have a predetermined cognitive growth cycle independent of experiences and related to their age.
C) Cognition develops in a qualitative manner with shifts occurring gradually and cumulatively.
D) Infants are capable of mental representation at birth and these skills advance with age.

Question 15

Disequilibrium leads to cognitive growth by causing ______.

A) motivation to modify reality to match schemas
B) individuals to experience an increase in REM sleep
C) an eruption in synaptic growth in the brain
D) motivation to modify schemas to match reality

Question 16

What has happened when schemas match the outside world and represent it clearly?

A) Assimilation outweighs accommodation.
B) Accommodation outweighs assimilation.
C) Assimilation and accommodation negate each other.
D) Assimilation and accommodation are balanced.

Question 17

A schema is a ______.

A) balance between assimilation and accommodation
B) method of changing a preexisting idea in light of new information
C) method of integrating a new experience into a preexisting idea
D) concept, idea, and way of interacting with the world

Question 18

Which term means the repetition of an action and its response?

A) motor reflexes
B) schema coordination
C) cognitive growth
D) circular reactions

Question 19

Which infant is experiencing assimilation?

A) Jennifer has previously only played with objects she could put in her mouth so when her parents give her a flexible, plastic book, she immediately puts it in her mouth.
B) Mable turns her head in the direction of her mother's touch when her mother runs her finger down Mable's cheek.
C) Carter makes stepping motions when his parents stand him up on the kitchen table.
D) Nathan has previously only played with objects he could put in his mouth so when his parents give him a soccer ball he first tries to put it in his mouth but then pats it instead.

Question 20

Abigail has a puppy that she loves to hold in her lap and pet. She visits her grandma who has bird. Abigail at first tries to grab the bird to hold it, and it nips her finger. She has quickly learned that she must just pet the bird when it is in its cage. What cognitive process did Abigail use?

A) accommodation
B) assimilation
C) disequilibrium
D) modification

Question 21

Increases in imitative capacity are observed with development up to what age?

A) 14 months
B) 24 months
C) 30 months
D) 36 months

Question 22

The ability to repeat an act performed some time ago is called ______.

A) A-not-B ability
B) violation-of-expectation
C) deferred imitation
D) circular reaction

Question 23

Recent research on the A-not-B error suggests that the reason 10-month-olds fail to recover the hidden toy is because they ______.

A) have immature visual systems
B) have an immature motor system
C) lack logical thinking
D) lack symbolic thinking

Question 24

Rebecca is very distracted by her toy bunny when her mother is trying to get her dressed in the morning, so her mother takes the bunny and puts it behind the couch pillow. Rebecca crawls over to the couch and moves the pillow to get the bunny. According to Piaget, what cognitive advance has Rebecca developed?

A) abject permanence
B) dishabituation
C) accommodation
D) primary circular reaction

Question 25

Which sensorimotor substage involves the ability to use words and intellectual images to denote objects and actions in memory?

A) secondary circular reactions
B) primary circular reactions
C) tertiary circular reactions
D) mental representations

Question 26

A core assumption of working memory is the idea of ______.

A) maintaining abilities
B) storing excess data
C) unlimited capacity
D) limited capacity

Question 27

In the information processing system, the first step in getting information into the mind involves what type of memory?

A) working
B) sensory
C) long-term
D) short-term

Question 28

According to Piaget, at what age does an infant develop object permanence?

A) 3-6 months
B) 8-12 months
C) 15-18 months
D) 4-8 months

Question 29

What research technique is used by most core knowledge researchers?

A) visual preferences
B) conservation tasks
C) scales of infant development
D) naturalistic observation

Question 30

Abigail is an infant who crawls over to a box of toys that has 10 items and ignores the box of toys that only has five items. A core knowledge theorist would conclude that Abigail ______.

A) has early knowledge of numbers
B) is experiencing violation-of-expectation
C) is capable of tertiary circular reactions
D) has reached the stage of mental representation

Question 31

The other area of development that is influenced by an infant's ability to understand object permanence is the ability to ______.

A) control emotional outbursts
B) advance fine motor skills
C) learn language
D) advance gross motor skills

Question 32

Which sensorimotor substage is a child in if he or she is considering possible solutions to a problem?

A) secondary circular reactions
B) primary circular reactions
C) tertiary circular reactions
D) mental representations

Question 33

In which sensorimotor substage does an infant develop object permanence?

A) reflexes
B) coordination of secondary circular reactions
C) tertiary circular reactions
D) mental representations

Question 34

Which type of task is one in which a stimulus appears to break physical laws?

A) A-not-B
B) violation-of-expectation
C) deferred imitation
D) cognitive ability

Question 35

Research shows that media directed towards infants has the effect on infants of ______.

A) improving in language skills
B) learning most from in-person interactions
C) improving in mathematical skills
D) preferring videos over in-person interactions

Question 36

In which sensorimotor substage would an infant most likely repeatedly throw a ball down the stairs?

A) mental representations
B) secondary circular reactions
C) motor reflexes
D) tertiary circular reactions

Question 37

Which type of information processing falls outside of working memory?

A) storing
B) manipulating
C) encoding
D) retrieving

Question 38

A statement that is consistent with the core knowledge perspective is that infants ______.

A) learn best through experience with more skilled individuals
B) learn beginning with reflexive behaviors
C) are born with several innate knowledge systems for early rapid learning
D) are capable of mental representation starting at birth

Question 39

Which sensorimotor substage involves active, purposeful, trial-and-error exploration to search for new discoveries?

A) secondary circular reactions
B) motor reflexes
C) tertiary circular reactions
D) mental representations

Question 40

The attainment of object permanence is considered an important cognitive advancement because it ______.

A) signifies a capacity for internal thought, which is an important step toward learning language
B) marks the point when the infant brain has reached the same level of maturity as an adult brain
C) signifies an ability for intermodal perception
D) demonstrates that an infant is able to explore the world independently

Question 41

What is critical for selecting data to process in working memory?

A) ability to emotionally connect to the information
B) ability to focus and switch attention
C) repeating information
D) good eye-hand coordination

Question 42

Categorization is related to information processing because recognizing categories ______.

A) occurs due to sensory memory
B) makes more room in working memory
C) replaces the need for working memory
D) creates efficient storage and retrieval in memory

Question 43

A statement that describes attention and memory in infancy is that infants ______.

A) show more attentiveness to static than dynamic stimuli
B) show more attentiveness to dynamic than static stimuli
C) have memory skills that are indirectly associated with cognition
D) are born with memory skills equal to adults

Question 44

What is the name of the experimental task in which an infant interacts with an adult who first engages in normal social interaction and then suddenly becomes unresponsive?

A) still-face interaction paradigm
B) violation-of-expectation task
C) information processing approach
D) A-not-B error

Question 45

What type of studies would a researcher employ to gather information about infant memory?

A) preferential looking
B) accommodation
C) habituation
D) motor reflex

Question 46

An unlimited store that holds information indefinitely is called what type of memory?

A) short-term
B) working
C) long-term
D) sensory memory

Question 47

Researchers typically study infant attention using which procedures?

A) assimilation and accommodation
B) preferential looking and habituation
C) social referencing and communication
D) direct and indirect response

Question 48

Combining new information with information already in working memory is part of ______.

A) sensory memory
B) sensory regulation
C) reflexive abilities
D) executive function

Question 49

What method used to study infant categorization involves a researcher recording an infant's pattern of handling objects when shown to him or her?

A) dishabituation technique
B) sequential touching
C) intermodal perception
D) referential looking

Question 50

Carter is an infant who enjoys playing patty-cake with his mother. Carter does not do the hand motions to patty-cake all the time, but when his mother sits down in front of him and puts her hands together, he starts doing the hand motions. In which type of memory is Carter's knowledge of the hand motions to patty-cake stored?

A) sensory
B) working
C) short-term
D) long-term

Question 51

A factor that improves an infant's ability to recall events is ______.

A) passive engagement
B) being in familiar surroundings
C) involvement of peers
D) being disengaged emotionally

Question 52

Which statement is inconsistent with the information processing system view?

A) Information is manipulated or processed in long-term memory.
B) The structure of the information processing system is the same throughout life.
C) With development, individual get better at moving information through the cognitive system in ways that allow adaptation to the world.
D) As individuals age, they can process more information, retain more information, and do so more quickly and efficiently.

Question 53

At which age do infants start showing gains in attention?

A) 6 weeks
B) 8 weeks
C) 10 weeks
D) 12 weeks

Question 54

With respect to attentiveness, compared to older infants, younger infants ______.

A) require a long time to habituate to stimuli
B) need little distraction in order to habituate to stimuli
C) have more difficulty holding attention on an object
D) are incapable of habituation

Question 55

Dr. Cary is interested in researching an infant's ability to categorize. What technique should she choose in order to gather the information she needs?

A) social referencing
B) parental interviews
C) IQ test
D) habituation study

Question 56

John visited his grandma's house with his parents when he was a toddler, and spent the time playing by himself. Casey visited her grandma's house when she was a toddler, and got to pick out a longed-for puppy from a litter her grandma's dog had. Which of the children will most likely remember this event?

A) John, because he was with his parents
B) Casey, because she had emotional engagement in the visit
C) John, because the visit was to a familiar place
D) John and Casey will be equally likely to remember their visits

Question 57

Grouping different stimuli from a common class is called ______.

A) categorization
B) organization
C) serialization
D) identification

Question 58

Maddie watches her mother hide her favorite toy behind the couch. When she gets down from her high chair after lunch, she crawls over to the couch and gets her toy. What type of memory is Maddie using?

A) sensory
B) working
C) long-term
D) short-term

Question 59

Which area is a control processor that directs the flow of information and regulates cognitive activities such as attention, action, and problem solving?

A) sensory memory
B) sensory regulator
C) central executive
D) reflex center

Question 60

The ability to focus and switch attention is influenced by ______.

A) metabolic changes
B) fine motor skills
C) social bonding skills
D) neurological development

Question 61

Jennifer is an infant who has begun to put all the spoons in a pile and all the forks in a pile when her mother is doing dishes. She also will put the toy cars together and the stuffed animals together in boxes in her playroom. Approximately how old is Jennifer?

A) 3-6 months
B) 7-12 months
C) 15 months
D) 24 months

Question 62

Which scale of the Bayley-III determines ability to regulate emotions?

A) Language
B) Cognitive
C) Social-Emotional
D) Adaptive Behavior

Question 63

A statement that describes an infant's ability to categorize objects is that infants ______.

A) perform the task initially by perceiving similarity of objects
B) are unable to truly categorize objects until they reach about 7 months of age
C) are unable to accurately perform the task until they are able to point
D) reach a milestone in Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development

Question 64

A researcher most likely study an infant's ability to categorize by ______.

A) looking at brain imaging to see if there was a shift when an infant was shown something in a different category
B) seeing if an infant looks longer at a picture of something in a different category from what he or she has been shown
C) observing if an infant reaches for objects that are in a different category from what he or she has in front of him or her
D) studying which objects an infant puts into his or her mouth as the objects are presented to him or her

Question 65

Which technique would be the best strategy for a researcher to study the ability of infant over 1 year of age to categorize?

A) showing pictures and recording how long he or she looked at different pictures
B) presenting objects from two categories and recording how he or she touches them
C) using brain imaging studies to record changes when he or she is shown various pictures
D) recording which toys, out of a wide selection, he or she prefers to play with

Question 66

What is the assumption behind baby signing?

A) Cognitive and gross motor skills are superior to the fine motor control skills of speech.
B) Children understand motor movements much better than spoken language.
C) Cognitive and gross motor skills develop before the fine motor control needed to articulate speech.
D) Children prefer to move their bodies to communicate rather than speak.

Question 67

Which scale of the Bayley-III measures gross and fine movement skills?

A) Motor
B) Cognitive
C) Social-Emotional
D) Adaptive Behavior

Question 68

Janna is an infant who is taking the Bayley-III. She is asked to drink from a cup, is observed sitting in an upright position, and asked to climb stairs. Which of the scales is she being assessed on?

A) Motor
B) Cognitive
C) Social-Emotional
D) Adaptive Behavior

Question 69

Which infant will use the most categories to organize objects?

A) Quinn, who is 4 months old
B) Kazimar, who is 6 months old
C) Dahlia, who is 8 months old
D) Tanisha, who is 10 months old

Question 70

What is a simple definition of intelligence?

A) development of motor skills
B) ability to adapt to the world
C) preference for various experiences
D) habituation to a stimulus

Question 71

Kenzie's mother is being asked to report on Kenzie's ability to communicate, regulate her emotions, and display certain behaviors. Which of the Bayley-III scales does this relate to?

A) Cognitive
B) Adaptive Behavior
C) Social-Emotional
D) Language

Question 72

Which scale of the Bayley-III measures attending to a stimulus?

A) Motor
B) Cognitive
C) Social-Emotional
D) Adaptive Behavior

Question 73

The most often used standardized measure of infant intelligence is the ______.

A) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised
B) Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Development
C) Bayley Scales of Infant Development III (BSID-III)
D) Stanford-Binet

Question 74

D'Asha is being asked to name different types of animals. Which of the Bayley-III scales is she being tested for?

A) Cognitive
B) Social-Emotional
C) Language
D) Adaptive Behavior

Question 75

The testing approach studies intelligence in infancy by ______.

A) determining motor skills
B) examining specific processing skills
C) measuring ability to bond with others
D) comparing results with age-based norms

Question 76

Which scale of the Bayley-III measures ability to follow directions?

A) Language
B) Cognitive
C) Social-Emotional
D) Adaptive Behavior

Question 77

An intelligence measure that fails to predict childhood and adolescent intelligence is one that determines ______.

A) infants' abilities using scales of infant development
B) how quickly infants look when shown a stimulus
C) the degree to which infants prefer new stimuli over familiar ones
D) how quickly infants habituate to a stimulus

Question 78

Khalid's favorite toy has been hidden from him. Observers watch as he searches for it. Which of the Bayley-III scales is he being tested for?

A) Motor
B) Cognitive
C) Social-Emotional
D) Adaptive Behavior

Question 79

Which scale of the Bayley-III determines play activity?

A) Language
B) Cognitive
C) Social-Emotional
D) Adaptive Behavior

Question 80

Indra's mother is being asked about Indra's play activity. Which of the Bayley-III scales does this relate to?

A) Cognitive
B) Adaptive Behavior
C) Language
D) Social-Emotional