Deck 4: Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

A benefit of breast-feeding for mothers is a lower rate of ______.

A) diabetes
B) respiratory disease
C) renal failure
D) anemia

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In the United States and the UK, most likely to breast-feed are mothers who ______.

A) are low-income
B) are young
C) have college degrees
D) have low levels of education

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which child is most likely to experience growth stunting?

A) Carlos, who lives in South America
B) Asali, who lives in South-Central Asia
C) Ejiro, who lives in West Africa
D) Sefu, who lives in East Africa

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Approximately how many women continue to breast-feed their babies after 6 months?

A) one-fourth
B) one-half
C) two-thirds
D) three-fourths

Question 5

What age do infants typically double their birth weight?

A) 2 months
B) 4 months
C) 1 year
D) 2 years

Question 6

Who is least likely to breast-feed her baby?

A) Mimi, who is in a master's degree program
B) Tori, who has an income over $50,000 a year
C) Rosie, who is 17 years old
D) Hollie, who is in her fourth decade

Question 7

After birth, which part of the body grows last according the proximodistal development principle?

A) trunk
B) arms
C) legs
D) feet

Question 8

Which statement describes breast-feeding?

A) Most babies find it easier to digest formula than breast milk.
B) Babies have fewer gastrointestinal issues with breast milk than formula.
C) Babies fed breast milk have higher rates of allergies.
D) Most babies who are fed breast milk need supplemental protein.

Question 9

Ethan is a toddler who lives in the United States and has regular medical checkups. Anna is a toddler who lives in a nonindustrialized country and fails to receive regular medical checkups. Which statement best describes the expected growth of Ethan and Anna?

A) Anna will grow just as tall and fast as Ethan because growth is mainly due to maturation.
B) Ethan will grow taller and faster than Anna because he lives in a country with good sanitation, nutrition, and access to health care.
C) Ethan will grow taller and faster than Anna because he is a boy.
D) Anna will grow taller and faster than Ethan because she has little access to good nutrition.

Question 10

Which 1-year-old child is average height?

A) Tessa, who is 28 inches tall
B) Jorge, who is 26 inches tall
C) Channing, who is 30 inches tall
D) Eliza, who is 32 inches tall

Question 11

What age do children reach one half of their adult height?

A) 12 months
B) 1 year
C) 18 months
D) 2 years

Question 12

Infants typically eat their first solid food at the age of ______.

A) 4-6 months
B) 8-10 months
C) 12-14 months
D) 16-18 months

Question 13

Linn lives in Sweden where she receives paid maternity leave until her baby is 1 year old. A prediction about Linn's choice during this time is that she will most likely ______.

A) use formula or breast milk for her baby
B) feed her baby solid foods at an earlier age
C) feed her baby a formula substitute for breast milk
D) breast-feed her baby exclusively

Question 14

Small bursts of growth are associated with increased ______.

A) bouts of sleep
B) protein intake
C) play time
D) bouts of socialization

Question 15

After birth, which part of the body grows first using the proximodistal growth principle?

A) trunk
B) limbs
C) hands
D) feet

Question 16

Rapid, excessive weight gain in infancy is associated with ______.

A) cancer
B) childhood obesity
C) asthma
D) adult obesity

Question 17

Growth norms are expectations for typical gains and variations in ______.

A) cognition and emotional development based on age and ethnic background
B) metabolism and strength based on height and weight
C) height and weight based on age and ethnic background
D) social and communication skills based on age

Question 18

Which meal is an appropriate first solid food for a baby between 4 and 6 months of age?

A) cereal mixed with breast milk or formula
B) grapes cut up into very small pieces
C) pureed meats
D) pureed vegetables

Question 19

Which principle states that growth proceeds from the head downward?

A) cephalocaudal
B) cerebral
C) proximodistal
D) continuous

Question 20

Which growth pattern explains why an infant's head at birth is one fourth the total body length?

A) bidirectional
B) cephalocaudal
C) proximodistal
D) continuous

Question 21

The creation of new nerve cells is called ______.

A) neurogenesis
B) glial formulation
C) synaptogenesis
D) myelin formation

Question 22

Which damage caused by malnutrition is likely irreversible, even if nutrition is reinstated early?

A) gross motor skills
B) fine motor skills
C) socialization abilities
D) attention difficulties

Question 23

Glial cells are important for brain development because they ______.

A) make it possible to sense the world, think, and move the body
B) help parts of the brain to communicate with each other
C) instruct neurons to form connections with other neurons
D) influence synaptic pruning which leads to cognitive efficiency

Question 24

The wasting disease in which the body's fat and muscle are depleted is ______.

A) kwashiorkor
B) marasmus
C) muscular dystrophy
D) cerebral palsy

Question 25

A child's brain reaches what percentage of its adult weight by 2 years of age?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 70%
D) 85%

Question 26

Myelination contributes to advances in neural communication because myelin ______.

A) increases the speed of impulses
B) contributes to synaptic pruning
C) decreases the speed of impulses
D) stimulates neurogenesis

Question 27

What is the term for the condition children have when their weight is less than 95% of the norm for their age?

A) marasmus
B) kwashiorkor
C) growth stunting
D) failure to thrive

Question 28

What connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain, permitting them to communicate and coordinate processing?

A) corpus callosum
B) prefrontal cortex
C) cerebellum
D) lobe

Question 29

The malnutritive disease characterized by lethargy, wrinkled skin, and a bloating and swelling of the stomach, face, legs and arms is ______.

A) kwashiorkor
B) marasmus
C) muscular dystrophy
D) cerebral palsy

Question 30

A common misconception about vaccines is that they are linked to ______.

A) anxiety
B) autism
C) childhood obesity
D) respiratory issues

Question 31

The loss of unused connections between nerve cells occurs through a process called ______.

A) neuronal pruning
B) synaptic pruning
C) myelination
D) neurogenesis

Question 32

Who would have the most synapses?

A) Leena, who is 28
B) Reginald who is 56
C) Olivier, who is 2
D) Kara, who is 3

Question 33

Which time period in a child's life is considered to be very important in terms of experience and neural development?

A) before birth, during the initial time of the brain formation
B) first 3 years when connections are forming between neurons
C) once a child begins formal education, approximately at the age of 5
D) once a child begins puberty and the final growth in brain development begins

Question 34

The process of the hemispheres becoming specialized to carry out different functions is called ______.

A) myelination
B) lateralization
C) neurogenesis
D) synaptogenesis

Question 35

Which statement describes a factor involved in hemispheric dominance?

A) Newborns have slightly better hearing from their left ear.
B) Newborns are better able to control the left side of their bodies.
C) Most fetuses face toward the right when in utero.
D) Generally infants prefer to use their right hands.

Question 36

Olivia is an infant with parents who provide her with stimulating toys, read to her every day, and take her on walks where she can see, hear, smell, and touch various things in her environment. It is likely that Olivia's brain is experiencing ______.

A) lower than average levels of myelination
B) a great degree of synaptic pruning
C) higher than average levels of synaptogenesis
D) decreased production of neurons

Question 37

Who is experiencing the most rapid myelination?

A) Casey, who is still in utero
B) Dax, who was just born
C) Annalise, who is 3 years old
D) Isaac, who is 8 years old

Question 38

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that children be vaccinated against most vaccine-preventable disease by the time they are which age?

A) 12 months
B) 18 months
C) 2 years
D) 3 years

Question 39

The connection between neurons is called a ______.

A) cortex
B) synapse
C) myelin
D) lobe

Question 40

Which cortex is least likely to show a peak in synaptogenesis in the first year of life?

A) sensorimotor
B) auditory
C) visual
D) prefrontal

Question 41

Parents and infants co-sleeping is most likely to occur in which country?

A) England
B) Japan
C) Australia
D) Germany

Question 42

Habituation is defined as ______.

A) making an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus that triggers an innate reaction
B) engagement in behaviors based on their consequences
C) gradual decline in the intensity, frequency, or duration of a response to a repeated stimulus
D) mimicking the behaviors of others

Question 43

Learning through association is known as ______.

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) neurogenesis
D) habituation

Question 44

Which type of brain development depends on contextual and cultural circumstances of a child's life?

A) experience-expectant
B) experience-independent
C) experience-dependent
D) experience-equivalent

Question 45

An infant who will have the greatest amount of brain development is the one who spends what percentage of sleep time in REM sleep?

A) 25%
B) 35%
C) 40%
D) 50%

Question 46

A researcher would examine experience-expectant brain development by ______.

A) conducting tests of motor skill ability on infants
B) observing toddlers playing in a playground with a lot of equipment and toddlers in a playground with minimal equipment
C) doing sensory deprivation experiments with animals to see what impact that had on abilities
D) putting some animals in stimulating environments and some animals in deprived environments and measuring brain size

Question 47

Brain development that occurs in response to learning is known as ______.

A) experience-dependent
B) experience-expectant
C) stimuli-expectant
D) reactive-expectant

Question 48

Based on what researchers have learned regarding experience and neural development, which statement best reflects their findings?

A) At all points in development, intrinsic and environmental factors interact to support the structures and functions of the brain.
B) In infancy, genetics and biological functioning are more important for brain growth.
C) In infancy, experience plays a more significant role in brain growth than genetics.
D) The brain experiences the most growth prenatally which means that genetics plays a greater role than the environment.

Question 49

What is the developmental nature of brain structure as people age?

A) Infancy is the primary time for the formation and strengthening of synapses.
B) Synapses are formed only in infancy but are strengthened throughout a person's lifetime.
C) Infancy is important for the formation and strengthening of synapses, but experience shapes brain structure throughout life.
D) Neurons are formed in infancy, but the varied experiences that adults encounter influence the physical structure of the brain to a greater degree than in childhood.

Question 50

When the brain depends on experiencing certain basic events and stimuli at key points in time in order to progress normally, it is called ______.

A) neurogenesis
B) synaptogenesis
C) experience-dependent development
D) experience-expectant development

Question 51

Infants who habituate quickly during the first 6-8 months of life tend to show more advanced capacities for what during their second year of life?

A) fine motor skills
B) gross motor skills
C) learning language
D) mimicking behaviors

Question 52

Which example is noninfluential towards experience-dependent brain development?

A) going for a walk and stepping in the fall leaves
B) building with blocks
C) painting with finger paints
D) practice using the vocal cords with babbling

Question 53

What behavior is newborn Conroy exhibiting if he stops being startled every time the family dog barks?

A) habituation
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) mimicking

Question 54

Humans demonstrate habituation as early as ______.

A) 19-21 weeks' gestation
B) 22-24 weeks' gestation
C) 3 days old
D) 5 days old

Question 55

A researcher knows that an infant experienced dishabituation if the infant ______.

A) goes to sleep after being shown the same photo for a period of time
B) continues to look at different pictures without showing a behavioral response
C) notices that the picture of a face changed to a picture of a puppy
D) smiles when seeing a picture of his or her mother

Question 56

A statement that describes classical conditioning is that ______.

A) conditioned stimulus produces a different response from the unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus produces the same response from the unconditioned stimulus
C) neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus trigger a learned response
D) neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus trigger a diminished response

Question 57

Katya is an infant who lives in a Romanian orphanage. She receives very little stimulation from her environment, and spends most of her days sitting in her crib. She does receive all the food and basic care she needs. Katya's neural development will most likely involve ______.

A) higher than average levels of myelination
B) a greater degree of synaptic pruning
C) higher than average levels of synaptogenesis
D) a greater degree of neuron production

Question 58

Which baby will habituate the fastest?

A) Anselmo, who is 2 days old
B) Liu, who is 2 weeks old
C) Indira, who is 6 months old
D) Sammi, who is 9 months old

Question 59

Which area of the brain is thought to underlie age-related gains in habituation skill?

A) hypothalamus
B) amygdala
C) visual cortex
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 60

Which example shows experience-expectant brain development?

A) Tristan's parents let him climb all the time when he was young; therefore, he has very good balance and little fear of heights.
B) Mari was born with a congenital cataract in one eye and received treatment too late; therefore, she lost the capacity to process visual stimuli in the affected eye.
C) McKenzie's parents bought her a trampoline when she was 2 years old that she jumped on all the time and learned to do a flip at a very young age.
D) Alex has loved playing with blocks and Legos from a very young age; now, that he is older, he has very good eye-hand coordination.

Question 61

The ability to perceive the distance of objects from each other and from self is called ______.

A) visual acuity
B) visual tracking
C) depth perception
D) depth clarity

Question 62

The sharpness of vision or the ability to see is called visual ______.

A) perception
B) sensation
C) acuity
D) clarity

Question 63

Lucy has discovered that when she finishes her bottle, her father cuddles with her. Lucy's parents have noticed that she sucks faster on her bottle when her father is in the room. What behavior is Lucy displaying?

A) operant conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) habituation
D) imitation

Question 64

The sense the brain makes of a stimulus and the accompanying awareness of it is called ______.

A) locomotion
B) sensation
C) perception
D) habituation

Question 65

At which age can babies start visually tracking a fast-moving object?

A) 2-3 months
B) 4-5 months
C) 6-7 months
D) 8-9 months

Question 66

Baby Neil is presented with several images. Which is he most likely to prefer?

A) human face
B) three squares
C) white circle
D) black oval

Question 67

Which infant is demonstrating classical conditioning?

A) Yoshi, who was held with a stuffed bear while feeding and now starts salivating whenever he sees the bear
B) Talia, who increases the rate she sucks on her bottle when she hears her mother's voice
C) Billy, who continues to sleep while the vacuum cleaner is running
D) Sascha, who learned to blow a kiss after watching her sister do it

Question 68

Which method would a researcher use to study ability to see clearly?

A) visual tracking
B) visual cliff
C) preferential looking
D) neuroimaging

Question 69

Preferential-looking studies show that infants reach adult levels of visual acuity between what ages?

A) 3-5 months
B) 6-12 months
C) 12-15 months
D) 16-18 months

Question 70

Learning to engage in behaviors based on their consequences is known as ______.

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) neurogenesis
D) habituation

Question 71

The definition of sensation is ______.

A) sense the brain makes of a stimulus and the accompanying awareness of it
B) change in the environment that the nervous system is able to detect
C) response to a stimulus
D) detection of a stimulus

Question 72

Newborns tend to require repeated exposures to conditioning stimuli because they ______.

A) require a great deal of sleep
B) require feeding every few hours
C) process information quickly
D) process information slowly

Question 73

Which infant will require fewer trials pairing behavior and consequence in operant conditioning?

A) Caleb, who is 2 days old
B) Jun, who is 2 weeks old
C) Pablo, who is 3 months old
D) Kora, who is 5 months old

Question 74

Which statement accurately describes classical conditioning?

A) Newborns have an innate ability to learn through associating different stimuli with each other.
B) Newborns require only one exposure to a stimulus because newborns are primed to learn innately.
C) Premature infants demonstrate associative learning at faster rates than full-term infants.
D) As infants grow older, classical conditioning occurs more slowly and deliberately.

Question 75

According to operant conditioning, behaviors increase when they are followed by ______.

A) knowledge
B) punishment
C) reward
D) habituation

Question 76

The evolutionary development of social communication is related to infants' ability to ______.

A) be influenced by classical conditioning
B) respond to operant conditioning
C) habituate to stimuli
D) copy others' actions

Question 77

Learning new actions and behaviors by observing others is known as ______.

A) imitation
B) operant conditioning
C) classical conditioning
D) habituation

Question 78

When do infants discriminate colors as well as adults?

A) at birth
B) when they begin crawling
C) 2 months of age
D) 7 months of age

Question 79

A statement that describes imitation in the newborn is that the newborn ______.

A) innately understands what imitation is
B) is incapable of performing imitation
C) mimics because of mirror neuron action
D) mimics because of mirror neuron inhibition

Question 80

Dr. Andrews is a researcher interested in studying newborn vision. She wants to know if infants see objects that move and how well they can follow objects with their eyes. What strategy should Dr. Andrews use?

A) preferential looking
B) habituation and dishabituation
C) brain imaging
D) visual tracking