Deck 4: Infancy

Question 1

Birth weight doubles by the time the infant is __ months old.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Why do babies who are getting new teeth bite?

A) It helps stimulate enamel production.
B) The counter pressure makes them feel better.
C) It helps the teeth erupt through the gums.
D) It allows the teeth to be planted firmly in the jawbone.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Height during the first year of life increases ____.

A) very quickly in the beginning and slows down
B) slowly in the beginning and increases very quickly
C) at a slow, even rate
D) unevenly in spurts

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Compared to other animals, the human brain is very large at birth, but it is also ____.

A) well developed
B) malformed
C) relatively immature
D) nearly adult-like

Question 5

As described in the text, which of the following are appropriate methods to soothe an infant who is teething?

A) The use of a teething ring, a cold wet washcloth or topical pain relievers
B) The use of paediatric oral dentures
C) The use of children's acetaminophen or ibuprofen
D) The use of a cotton ball that is soaked in whiskey

Question 6

Helena first develops the ability to control her head. She then could sit up unassisted, and eventually could walk. This progression of motor development is called the ____.

A) cephalocaudal principle
B) thoracic torso principle
C) phalangeal-metatarsal principle
D) proximodistal principle

Question 7

As the first teeth break through the skin of the gums, and in the weeks before this happens, most babies experience discomfort and pain called ____.

A) teething
B) gumming
C) eruption
D) enameling

Question 8

Lorenzo first develops the ability to control his chest, then his arms, then his hands and finally his fingers. This progression of motor development is called the ____.

A) cephalocaudal principle
B) thoracic torso principle
C) phalangeal-metatarsal principle
D) proximodistal principle

Question 9

By the end of his or her first year, the typical infant ____.

A) weighs 20% less due to the loss of baby fat
B) remains the same weight during the second 6 months
C) doubles his or her body weight
D) triples his or her body weight

Question 10

Teething generally occurs around ____ months of age.

A) 1-5
B) 5-9
C) 9-13
D) 13-17

Question 11

Growth and development proceed from the middle of the body outward, which is known as the ____.

A) head first, body second principle
B) cephalocaudal principle
C) proximodistal principle
D) top-down principle

Question 12

Your friend's baby was sleeping through the night a couple of months earlier. Now she is waking up quite a bit at night. This is not only frustrating, but also concerning. She knew that you took a developmental course and wants to know if you have any ideas. What do you tell her?

A) Her baby is probably teething.
B) It sounds like night terrors.
C) She might need to eat more frequently due to a growth spurt.
D) Sometimes there are just no reasons.

Question 13

Your aunt and uncle are worried. Your cousin is 7 months old and does not have a tooth yet. What would you tell your aunt and uncle?

A) Your cousin might be toothless his entire life.
B) Most infants do not get their first tooth until between their fifth and ninth months, so he is still doing fine.
C) They should probably have him fitted for dentures if they ever want him to eat corn on the cob.
D) He should have had his first tooth around his second month.

Question 14

Your friend has a 6-month-old daughter who is has been a really good baby, but now she is irritable and is reluctant to bottle-feed. She thinks that she is doing something wrong as a mother. What would you tell her? Her daughter is ____.

A) probably teething
B) probably a fast to warm up baby
C) going through a growth spurt
D) probably at risk for seizures

Question 15

Mallory, who is 7 months old, drools heavily, coughs frequently and gnaws on her hands every chance she gets. Which of the following best explains Mallory's behaviours?

A) Indigestion
B) Teething
C) A buildup of excess gas
D) The rooting reflex

Question 16

Growth and development in infancy proceeds from the head downward, which is known as the ____.

A) head first, body second principle
B) cephalocaudal principle
C) proximodistal principle
D) top-down principle

Question 17

When do infants usually get their first tooth?

A) Between 1 and 2 months
B) Between 5 and 9 months
C) Between 10 and 12 months
D) Between 14 and 16 months

Question 18

Which of the following describes a head to tail progression of growth?

A) proximodistal principle
B) cephalocaudal principle
C) thoracictorso principle
D) phalangeal-metacarpal principle

Question 19

In the first year of life, infants accumulate fat. This helps the infant ____.

A) maintain a constant body temperature
B) maintain high energy levels
C) build muscle
D) create brain cells

Question 20

Many infants begin 'sleeping through the night' around 4 months. A couple of months later they may begin waking during the night again. Why?

A) Night terrors
B) Teething pain
C) Growth spurt
D) No reason

Question 21

The _________ lobe is responsible for processing auditory information, including language.

A) frontal
B) parietal
C) occipital
D) temporal

Question 22

In animals, quite a bit of brain development occurs prenatally. When does this same brain development occur in human infants?

A) Prenatally as well
B) During the first year of life
C) Only during the foetal period
D) After the first year of life

Question 23

The band of neural fibres that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the _________.

A) cerebral callosum
B) corpus connection
C) corpus callosum
D) neural connection

Question 24

At birth, the neurons have only a few connections. By age 2, each neuron is connected to ____.

A) about as many as at birth
B) hundreds or thousands of other neurons
C) millions of other neurons
D) billions of other neurons

Question 25

Which of the following analogies is similar to synaptic pruning?

A) Stocking up on one of everything to make sure you always have the proper tool
B) Transplanting a tree to a place where there is more sunlight
C) Over-growing seedlings and then weeding out ones that are not needed
D) Watering a flower twice a day so it does not dry out

Question 26

Chemicals that are used to communicate between neurons are ____.

A) neurotoxins
B) neurocommunicators
C) neurotransmitters
D) neurochems

Question 27

What part of a neuron receives the neurotransmitters?

A) Soma
B) Axons
C) Myelin
D) Dendrites

Question 28

Neurotransmitters are ____.

A) the cell body of a neuron
B) a layer of insulation that surrounds axons
C) chemicals that are released into the synapse
D) tiny gaps between neurons

Question 29

What is the name of the sheath that encases axons to protect them and increase the speed of communication between neurons?

A) Neuronal sheath
B) Dendritic sheath
C) Synaptic sheath
D) Myelin sheath

Question 30

Myelination is especially active during the early years of life but continues at a slower rate past the age of ___.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 40
D) 65

Question 31

Approximately how many neurons are there in the average infant's brain?

A) 100,000 to 200,000
B) 100 million to 200 million
C) 100 billion to 200 billion
D) 100 trillion to 200 trillion

Question 32

Synaptic pruning takes place during all of the following except?

A) Childhood
B) Adolescence
C) Emerging adulthood
D) Late adulthood

Question 33

The _________ lobe is responsible for processing bodily sensations.

A) frontal
B) parietal
C) occipital
D) temporal

Question 34

____ is a tiny gap between neurons.

A) A neurotransmitter
B) The synapse
C) A dendrite
D) Myelin

Question 35

When neuronal connections that are used become stronger and faster, and the neuronal connections that are not used wither away, what is happening?

A) Brain death
B) Axonal withering
C) Synaptic pruning
D) Intellectual development

Question 36

By age 2, the number of neurons in the brain ____.

A) decreases to a quarter as many as were present at birth
B) decreases to half as many as were present at birth
C) increases by twice as many as were present at birth
D) increases by four times as many as were present at birth

Question 37

Neurons communicate between each other chemically across small gaps. What are these gaps called?

A) Synapses
B) Neuronal gaps
C) Transmitter nodes
D) Myelin

Question 38

The _________ is the outermost portion of the forebrain, containing the four regions with distinct functions.

A) frontal cortex
B) cerebral cortex
C) thalamus
D) hypothalamus

Question 39

During the second trimester of prenatal development, neurons are produced at the astonishing rate of 250,000 per _______.

A) second
B) minute
C) hour
D) day

Question 40

What part of a neuron releases the neurotransmitters?

A) Dendrites
B) Soma
C) Axons
D) Myelin

Question 41

You and your paediatrician get into an argument regarding where the infant should sleep. You strongly believe that she should sleep with you, while your paediatrician insists that it can be dangerous for her not to sleep in her own crib. What would be your argument?

A) There is no medical reason that your infant cannot sleep with you, it is just a cultural opinion.
B) Paediatricians do not care as much about infants as you do.
C) There is scientific evidence that infants who sleep in cribs in different rooms grow up developmentally deprived.
D) You love your infant too much to have him or her in a different room!

Question 42

When you are visiting friends who just had a newborn, you notice that the baby is lying face-down in her crib. What do you tell your friends?

A) That their daughter looks peacefully asleep.
B) That this is the best position for an infant to be in.
C) That they need to have her on her back because lying face-down puts her at risk for SIDS.
D) Their daughter might grow up with a flat nose from being laid on her stomach.

Question 43

Your neighbour's infant daughter has epilepsy. They are considering surgery to help with the seizures, but they are worried that permanent brain damage will result. What should you tell them?

A) At that age, the brain is 'plastic', so that a different part of the brain can likely take over the functioning of the damaged area.
B) They should carefully consider this option in that any damage will be permanent.
C) It will be difficult to tell if there will be brain damage because infants do not really do much.
D) They should proceed with caution in that, if there is any brain damage on the left hemisphere, their daughter might never learn to speak.

Question 44

The text describes orphanages in Romania in which all of the infants had been seriously deprived. What was found regarding cognitive development for the children who were adopted when they were older than 6 months of age?

A) They had a rate of cognitive impairment several times higher than the children adopted less than 6 months of age.
B) They recovered extremely quickly.
C) They were initially impaired, but recovered by the time they were 2 years old.
D) They recovered very slowly, but by the time they were 20 were similar to others of their age.

Question 45

Neonates, on average, sleep ____ hours a day, and of that time, ____ is spent in REM.

A) 18-20; 40%
B) 16-17; 50%
C) 14-15; 60%
D) 12-14; 70%

Question 46

What is a risk factor for SIDS?

A) Sleeping right-side-down
B) Sleeping left-side-down
C) Sleeping stomach-down
D) Sleeping back-down

Question 47

How do non-Western cultures view the belief that infants should sleep in a crib in a room of their own?

A) They agree that this should be the way that infants sleep.
B) They view it as a form of child neglect.
C) They view it as way to increase independence.
D) They view it as punishment.

Question 48

What is the leading cause of death for infants between birth and 1 year of age in developed countries?

A) Accidents
B) SIDS
C) AIDS
D) Genetic disorders

Question 49

What is the term that describes the brain's high responsiveness to environmental circumstances?

A) Plasticity
B) Sensitivity
C) Growth
D) Pruning

Question 50

The text describes orphanages in Romania in which all of the infants had been seriously deprived. The children were later adopted and recovered dramatically in physical development. It was found that the recovery in cognitive development ____.

A) recovered rapidly for all children
B) was dependent on the age in which the children were adopted
C) did not occur for any of the children
D) not only recovered quickly, but the children outperformed other children very rapidly

Question 51

What term describes the situation in which the infant sleeps with the parents?

A) Parental sleeping
B) Co-sleeping
C) Communal sleeping
D) Familial sleeping

Question 52

At 6 months of age, Australia infants sleep about 14 hours a day, whereas infants who are of the same age in Kenya sleep about 12 hours a day, and infants in the Netherlands sleep about 16 hours a day. This variation is best described by ____.

A) reflexive responses
B) cultural practice
C) innate preprograming
D) biological influence

Question 53

Which of the following are known factors related to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome?

A) A high Apgar score, low irritability and colic
B) A family history of SIDS and high irritability
C) Soft bedding, sleeping stomach down and low birth weight
D) Hard bedding, sleeping back down and low irritability

Question 54

If the infant's brain has been damaged due to injury or illness, what is likely to happen?

A) The functions that are associated with the damaged areas are permanently lost.
B) Other parts of the brain can assume the functions of the damaged area.
C) The affected areas will grow new neurons and then resume functioning.
D) The damaged areas will begin infecting other areas until complete brain death occurs.

Question 55

What is a risk factor for SIDS?

A) Maternal diabetes
B) Maternal smoking during pregnancy
C) Paternal asthma
D) Paternal chromosomal disorders

Question 56

Which of the following is a known factor that increases the probability of SIDS?

A) The family having pets
B) Sleeping stomach-down instead of flat on the back
C) Having average birth weight and a high Apgar score
D) The infant being born in the morning

Question 57

While providing solace to a family who have just been told that their infant sustained brain damage in a car accident, Dr. Doofenschmirtz tells them that the good news is that the infant is young and his brain is not fully mature. As compared to an adult, the infant's brain has not been shaped or formed but is still highly responsive to the environment and the prognosis is good. Which of the following describes the topic of Dr. Doofenschmirtz's discussion?

A) Cognitive neurology
B) Brain plasticity
C) Biological physiology
D) Neural psychology

Question 58

Lipsitt (2003) extensively examined SIDS and found that infants were most vulnerable to succumb to SIDS between 2 and 4 months. Why?

A) They still have not fully developed their immune systems.
B) Many women stop breastfeeding at this time and the protection stops.
C) This time represents a transition from reflex behaviour to intentional behaviour.
D) Weight poses a problem for infants during this time.

Question 59

During the early 1990s, ____________ launched a major 'BACK to Sleep' campaign to inform parents and health professionals of the importance of putting infants to sleep on their backs.

A) Australia
B) the United Kingdom
C) the United States
D) All of the above

Question 60

____ describes when an infant who does not have any apparent illness or disease simply falls asleep and never wakes up.

A) Activation Synthesis
B) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
C) Nocturnal Enuresis
D) Neurological Plasticity

Question 61

Throughout history, various cultural groups have attempted to protect infants from disease and illness; however, they know very little of the true causes. As a common practice, many cultural groups developed ____.

A) vaccinations and immunisations to protect their infants
B) practices to protect their infants
C) laws and codes to protect their infants
D) mechanical tools and safety devices to protect their infants

Question 62

What disease occurs in malnourished infants in which their bodies stop growing, muscles atrophy, and they become lethargic?

A) Failure to thrive
B) Human growth hormone deficiency
C) Marasmus
D) Progeria

Question 63

What type of development includes balance and posture as well as whole-body movements?

A) Cephalocaudal motor
B) Whole-body motor
C) Fine motor
D) Gross motor

Question 64

Cameron is an infant and has just recently begun to chew and swallow his food in a fashion that more closely resembles the true eating process and not infantile suckling. Cameron is probably close to ____ of age.

A) 2 months
B) 4 months
C) 5 months
D) 8 months

Question 65

Infants need more ____ in their diets than at any later point in life, for the growth of their bodies and especially their brains.

A) fluoride
B) fat
C) folic acid
D) iron

Question 66

Erika lives in Australia and takes her infant to the paediatrician's office, where she is advised to begin introducing solid foods. It is safe to assume that Erika's daughter is close to ____.

A) 5 or 6 months old
B) 9 or 10 months old
C) 11 or 12 months old
D) at least a year old

Question 67

____ are the leading cause of neonatal mortality.

A) Parental neglect and abuse
B) Accidents and injuries
C) Accidental poisoning and drowning
D) Severe birth defects and low birth weight

Question 68

It is known that malnutrition leads to ____.

A) dyslexia and difficulty with mathematics
B) Munchausen and Stockholm syndrome
C) attention deficit hyperactive disorder and oppositional defiance
D) poorer cognitive development in both verbal and spatial intelligence

Question 69

Malnourished infants are at risk for ____, a disease in which the body wastes away from lack of nutrients.

A) HIV
B) marasmus
C) Stockholm syndrome
D) ADHD

Question 70

____ involves having infants with diarrhoea drink a solution of salt and glucose mixed with clean water.

A) Oral rehydration therapy
B) Hydro replacement therapy
C) Saline-based hydration
D) Electrolyte replenishment

Question 71

What percentage of children typically gets the major infant vaccinations in Africa and South Asia?

A) 40%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 70%

Question 72

SIDS is almost unknown in cultures where ____.

A) co-sleeping is the norm
B) corporal punishment is discouraged
C) infants sleep in their own cribs in their own rooms
D) there are low rates of obesity

Question 73

____ is a major killer of infants, responsible for about one million infant deaths per year, mainly in Africa.

A) Malaria
B) Dysentery
C) Asthma
D) Eczema

Question 74

At 4-5 months old, infants still have a(n) ____ that causes them to spit out any solid item that enters their mouths.

A) aversion to solid foods
B) gag reflex
C) defiant temperament
D) preference for fat

Question 75

In traditional Bali, it is believed that infants should be treated like gods, since they have just arrived from the spirit world, where the gods dwell. Consequently, infants should be held constantly and should never touch the ground, out of respect for their godly status. If an infant dies, this is often interpreted as indicating that the infant was not shown the proper respect and so decided to return to the spirit world. This describes how cultures developed ____.

A) biological explanations for their physical world
B) practices to protect their infants
C) a moral code that is incongruent with modern society
D) laws and values that are consistent with modern medicine

Question 76

In addition to breast milk or formula, most infants begin to eat solid foods during their ____.

A) first year
B) second year
C) third year
D) fourth year

Question 77

Although rumours have circulated on the internet that some immunisations may actually cause harm to children, for example by triggering autism, scientific studies have found ____.

A) a link to ADHD
B) no basis for these claims
C) a link to boys
D) a link to girls

Question 78

What type of development includes more skilled movements of the hands, such as grasping and manipulating objects?

A) Fine motor
B) Gross motor
C) Cephalocaudal motor
D) Whole-body motor

Question 79

____ is the number one source of infant mortality beyond the first month but within the first year.

A) Diarrhoea
B) Dysentery
C) Cholera
D) Iron deficiency

Question 80

Most infant mortalities occur during the ____.

A) first month of life
B) second month of life
C) third month of life
D) fourth month of life