Deck 7: Middle Childhood

Question 1

What term describes nearsightedness?

A) Myopia
B) Presbycusis
C) Hyperopia
D) Protanopia

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following pairs has the highest concordance rate for myopia?

A) Monozygotic twins in a developed nation
B) Monozygotic twins in a developing nation
C) Dizygotic twins in a developed nation
D) Dizygotic twins in a developing nation

Answer 2

A

Question 3

____ is a measure of the ratio of weight to height.

A) Body growth scale
B) Body mass index
C) Progressive development index
D) Physiological rating

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Myopia is also known as ____.

A) farsightedness
B) nearsightedness
C) binocular vision
D) monocular vision

Question 5

In middle childhood, physical growth continues at a slow but steady pace. How many centimetres per year does the average child gain in height during this time?

A) 5-8
B) 6-9
C) 7-10
D) 8-11

Question 6

According to Mutti et al. (2002), what percentage of children in developed countries need glasses by the end of middle childhood?

A) 15%
B) 25%
C) 35%
D) 45%

Question 7

Agility is ____.

A) synchronisation of different body parts
B) moving quickly and precisely
C) a response to changing information
D) the ability to manage equilibrium

Question 8

Hearing improves in middle childhood because the tube in the inner ear that is often the site of ear infections in toddlerhood and early childhood has now matured to be longer and narrower than it was before. How does this help with ear infections?

A) The tympanic membrane becomes less permeable.
B) It allows the immune system to concentrate its efforts on this area.
C) Children develop immunity to the bacteria that cause ear infections during this time.
D) Less bacteria-containing fluid flows from the mouth to the ear.

Question 9

What is the measure of the ratio of weight to height called?

A) Growth index
B) Body fat index
C) Body mass index
D) W-H index

Question 10

How many primary teeth do children have?

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 11

Your sister came home from a paediatrician's visit with your 9-year-old nephew and was very worried because the doctor told her that your nephew has myopia. She was also very unhappy because the paediatrician failed to give her medication to treat it. What would you tell her about myopia?

A) It simply means nearsightedness.
B) It is an intense fungal infection of the sclera.
C) It results in permanent retinal damage.
D) It is a disease of the eye that occurs only in children with cancer.

Question 12

In middle childhood, physical growth continues at a slow but steady pace. How many kilograms per year does the average child gain in weight during this time?

A) 2-2.5
B) 2.5-3
C) 3-3.5
D) 3.5-4

Question 13

Your sister has an 8-year-old who seems to be losing his teeth at a rapid pace. This is her first child and she is concerned. What would you tell her? From ages 6 to 12 years, children ____.

A) lose all of their primary teeth-this is normal
B) lose some of their teeth, but at a very slow rate
C) do not lose any teeth-she needs to consult a dentist immediately
D) only lose the front few teeth

Question 14

Myopia is more likely to occur in _____, as it is positively correlated with _____.

A) developed countries; reading, writing and using computers
B) developing countries; reading, writing and using computers
C) developed countries; hunting, farming and gathering
D) developing countries; hunting, farming and gathering

Question 15

During which of the following time periods of life are boys and girls most likely to be the slimmest?

A) Infancy
B) Middle childhood
C) Adolescence
D) Late childhood

Question 16

When he was 6 years old, Perry used to chase his older brother, Marcus, in the backyard, but got winded sooner than Marcus did. Now that Perry is a 9-year-old, he can run faster and longer than ever before and has less trouble keeping up with Marcus's pace. This is a result of increased ____ in middle childhood.

A) lung capacity
B) fine motor movement
C) flexibility
D) myopic vision

Question 17

Improvements in _____ in middle childhood allow a child to stay steady on a bike without training wheels or walk on a board across a river.

A) balance
B) strength
C) hand-eye coordination
D) reaction time

Question 18

From ages 6 to 12 years, how many primary teeth do children lose?

A) A quarter of them
B) Half of them
C) Three-quarters
D) All of them

Question 19

Children during middle childhood can run faster and longer. What allows children to achieve these results during this time in the lifespan?

A) The heart grows 80% larger during this time.
B) Competition leads to increased willingness to put forth more effort.
C) Cognitive desire increases.
D) Lung capacity expands.

Question 20

Your sister is happy that your niece loves to read and she reads constantly. What is a potential problem that can occur as a function of reading?

A) Hyperopia
B) Protanopia
C) Myopia
D) Retinopathy

Question 21

What percentage of American middle school children in 1969 participated in daily physical education?

A) 80%
B) 50%
C) 30%
D) 8%

Question 22

In the United States, the percentage of children involved in daily physical education programs during middle childhood decreased from ____ in 1969 to just ____ in 2005.

A) 80%; 8%
B) 70%; 7%
C) 60%; 6%
D) 50%; 5%

Question 23

Barrett and Frank (1987) studied children from Guatemala who were classified as having high nutrient levels or low nutrient levels. Compared to children with low nutrient levels, children with high nutrient levels were ____.

A) more likely to explore and to persist in a frustrating situation
B) likely to cling to their mothers more
C) significantly more anxious
D) less likely to be energetic

Question 24

By the end of middle childhood, what abilities have nearly reached adult maturity?

A) Gross motor skills
B) Psycho-motor skills
C) Vestibular-motor skills
D) Fine motor skills

Question 25

As compared to earlier times, physical development during middle childhood is best described as:

A) 'Bodies are stronger and immune systems are better developed.'
B) 'Bodies are much more susceptible to disease and illness.'
C) 'Bodies are much pudgier with a higher body mass index.'
D) 'Bodies are much weaker and immune systems are stressed and taxed.'

Question 26

In a Guatemalan study that examined nutrition and development, children who were classified as having ____ were more likely than children with ____ to explore new environments in middle childhood and persist in a frustrating situation.

A) low body mass index; high body mass index
B) high body mass index; low body mass index
C) low nutrient levels; high nutrient levels
D) high nutrient levels; low nutrient levels

Question 27

Development in what allows children in middle childhood to respond rapidly to changing information, like hitting a tennis ball or catching a baseball?

A) Reaction time
B) Eye-hand coordination
C) Myelination
D) Muscular virility

Question 28

. What percentage of American middle school children in 2005 participated in daily physical education?

A) 80%
B) 50%
C) 30%
D) 8%

Question 29

____ is the ability to move quickly and precisely, whereas ____ is the response to changing information.

A) Agility; reaction time
B) Reaction time; agility
C) Coordination; strength
D) Strength; coordination

Question 30

Not many 3- or 4-year-olds can ____ successfully, but nearly all ____-year-olds can.

A) tie their shoe; 8-9
B) kick a ball; 5-6
C) pet a dog; 8-9
D) run and jump; 6-7

Question 31

In many developing countries, children become valuable as factory workers in middle childhood because of their ____.

A) ability to perform gross motor tasks such as threading a needle on a sewing machine
B) cognitive ability to perform complex conceptual tasks such as designing products
C) emotional stability, because some adult factory employees are hot tempered
D) ability to perform intricate fine motor tasks such as weaving rugs

Question 32

Which of the following fine motor tasks is within the appropriate developmental age range for a 6-year-old?

A) Writing the letters of the alphabet, their name and numbers from 1 to 10
B) Writing complete sentences, reading a second-grade level book and spelling words such as 'hippopotamus'
C) Running a 4-minute mile, jumping over hurdles and dribbling a soccer ball
D) Writing in cursive, drawing in three-dimensional shapes and using symbolism in storytelling

Question 33

Generally, by the end of middle childhood the fine motor abilities have ____, whereas gross motor development ____.

A) remained the same; has grown exponentially
B) reached their pinnacle; grew very little
C) nearly reached adult maturity; will continue to advance for many years to come
D) tripled in strength; has declined rapidly

Question 34

Each year, about ________ Australian children participate in Auskick.

A) 27,000
B) 70,000
C) 170,000
D) 207,000

Question 35

Children are considered to be overweight if they ____.

A) eat more than 2,000 calories a day
B) fail to exercise for more than 30 minutes per day
C) have a BMI that exceeds 18
D) have 20% or more body fat

Question 36

Across cultures, advances in fine motor development are especially evident in two areas-what are they?

A) Throwing and catching
B) Drawing and writing
C) Jumping and hopping
D) Walking backwards and rolling

Question 37

At age 7, Felix is a much better soccer player than he was at age 4. Not only is he a fast runner but he can dribble the soccer ball down the field by alternating right-foot, left-foot kicks. He can also fake out defenders by pretending to kick the ball with his right foot but actually using his left foot. Felix's improvement in soccer illustrates growth in which of the following areas?

A) Balance
B) Agility
C) Reaction time
D) Strength

Question 38

Your brother was a baseball shortstop during university. His 8-year-old son is not nearly as good at catching a baseball as your brother would like. He was hoping that your nephew would also be interested in and good at baseball. Although you think that your brother should support his son's interests rather than have your nephew pursue what your brother wants him to do, what can you tell your brother about his son's athletic abilities?

A) Gross motor skills continue to develop for quite a while, he should be patient.
B) His son is probably not going to be athletic. He is too clumsy.
C) Perhaps your brother should enrol his son in gymnastics to help him improve his coordination.
D) His son's chance of being a great baseball player is doomed. Your nephew's fine motor skills seem to be abnormal.

Question 39

6-year-olds can ____, whereas 8-year-olds can ____.

A) divide numbers in their head; add numbers in their head
B) add numbers in their head; divide numbers in their head
C) write in cursive; write letters of the alphabet
D) write letters of the alphabet; write in cursive

Question 40

When are children less vulnerable to the effects of malnutrition?

A) Infancy
B) Early childhood
C) Middle childhood
D) Adolescence

Question 41

What has research discovered regarding childhood obesity in children who were adopted? Adopted children ____.

A) have BMIs that are more similar to their adoptive parents
B) are likely to have the same interest in sedentary games as their biological parents
C) crave sweets and fats like their biological parents
D) have BMIs that are closer to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents

Question 42

Which group in New Zealand has the highest rates of childhood obesity?

A) Maori
B) Pacific
C) Low SES
D) High SES

Question 43

As children spend more time watching TV, they are more likely to be ____ and spend less time ____.

A) overweight or obese; exercising
B) underweight or thin; using a computer
C) of average weight; reading
D) overweight or underweight; in school

Question 44

Which of the following changes is the largest contributor to the increased rate of overweight and obese children?

A) Dietary change
B) Genetic change
C) Chromosomal change
D) Biological change

Question 45

In a longitudinal study that followed a sample of American children from age 4 to 11, TV watching predicted gains in body fat. The study found that these were ____.

A) positively correlated-as TV consumption increased, body fat increased
B) negatively correlated-as TV consumption increased, body fat decreased
C) uncorrelated-there is no relationship between TV consumption and body fat
D) neutrally correlated-as TV consumption increased, body fat remained the same

Question 46

Across countries, rates of overweight and obesity are highest in the most ____ regions and lowest in the ____ regions.

A) affluent; poorest
B) poorest; affluent
C) largest; smallest
D) smallest; largest

Question 47

In New Zealand, rates of overweight and obesity are higher in ____.

A) ethnic minority groups
B) high income families
C) first-generation families
D) White American families

Question 48

Why are the rates of overweight and obese children in developing countries rising?

A) There is a worldwide shortage of protein.
B) Their children are becoming lazy.
C) Their diets are becoming more like the diets of developed countries.
D) They are also acquiring the technology to play games on the Internet for hours.

Question 49

Children are considered to be obese if they ____.

A) eat more than 4,000 calories a day
B) fail to exercise for more than 10 minutes per day
C) have a BMI that exceeds 21
D) have 40% or more body fat

Question 50

At what point did obesity begin to climb dramatically in Australia?

A) 1900
B) 1930
C) 1950
D) 1970

Question 51

You are a single parent of two children who are 7 and 9 years old. You have noticed that both of them are starting to look like they are gaining weight. According to the text, what is the most important thing that you can do to ensure that they will not become overweight or obese?

A) Prepare healthy foods for meals
B) Never let them eat desserts
C) Increase their activity levels
D) Allow them to snack while playing video games

Question 52

In a study that followed a sample of children who were involved in various levels TV watching. The study showed that as TV viewing increases, so does ____.

A) aggression
B) academic scores
C) cognitive ability
D) socioemotional maturity

Question 53

Which of the following age groups has the lowest amount of media use on weekdays in Australia?

A) 4-5
B) 6-7
C) 10-11
D) 12-13

Question 54

As a contributor to the ____ rate of obesity, over recent decades people have become ____ likely to prepare meals at home and ____ likely to buy meals away from home.

A) increased; less; more
B) increased; more; less
C) decreased; less; more
D) decreased; more; less

Question 55

Which group in New Zealand has the lowest rates of childhood obesity?

A) Maori
B) Pacific
C) Low SES
D) High SES

Question 56

Your brother was happy to report to you that your 7-year-old niece and 8-year-old nephew both watch about 3 hours of educational television per day. He is convinced that this is a great way for his children to learn additional information that is not presented in school. What do you think? Your niece and nephew are likely to ____.

A) develop technical skills that other children their ages do not possess
B) skip a grade level soon
C) be on their way to becoming overweight or obese
D) be two of the smartest children at their schools

Question 57

Children are considered to be ____ if their BMI exceeds 18 and ____ if their BMI exceeds 21.

A) overweight; obese
B) obese; overweight
C) underweight; emaciated
D) emaciated; underweight

Question 58

Your little brother, who is 8 years old, has gained a lot of weight over the past couple of years and your parents are concerned. At his annual physical exam, the doctor indicated that he had a BMI of 23. This means that your brother ____.

A) is obese
B) is overweight
C) is of normal weight
D) is actually underweight for his age

Question 59

You and your roommate are having a discussion of the 'Westernisation' of many developing countries. You are concerned about the ill effects of some of Western culture. In terms of the healthy weight of children in developing countries, why would you be concerned about the potential changes in their diets that can come with Westernisation? Children in developing countries ____.

A) can now get pre-packaged Western foods that contain precisely the nutrients that they require
B) require that their diets contain fluoride because of the great risk of tooth decay
C) need extra calories to be healthy and Western diets are not sufficient
D) are eating more unhealthy foods as a result of Western diets

Question 60

Which of the following age groups has the highest amount of media use on weekdays in Australia?

A) 4-5
B) 6-7
C) 10-11
D) 12-13

Question 61

Asthma affects _______ of children under age 14 in Australia.

A) 1%
B) 11%
C) 21%
D) 31%

Question 62

What can be said regarding the relationship between genetics and obesity?

A) Genetics provides only a risk for overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny.
B) Genetics is destiny. If an individual has the FTO gene, he or she will become obese.
C) There really is no genetic relationship, only environment.
D) Eating sweets and carbs changes chromosomes so that the individual's offspring will have difficulties with obesity.

Question 63

Even in middle childhood, obesity can result in ____.

A) diabetes
B) nephrosis
C) stroke
D) cardiac arrest

Question 64

The Growing Up in Australia study found that ______ of children had experienced name calling, social exclusion and/or physical aggression at least once in the past year.

A) 15%
B) 37%
C) 59%
D) 66%

Question 65

By middle childhood, obesity is a risk factor for ____.

A) not being popular in middle school
B) ADHD, primarily hyperactivity-impulsivity type
C) schizophrenia
D) a variety of emotional and behaviour problems

Question 66

_____ of parents of obese children view their children as overweight.

A) 90 to 95%
B) 80 to 85%
C) 70 to 75%
D) Less than 50%

Question 67

An asthma attack can be triggered by ____.

A) an immunisation
B) exercise or emotional stress
C) high levels of lead in gasoline
D) a genetic predisposition to heart disease

Question 68

Which of the following is a reason for rising asthma in developed countries?

A) Pets
B) Carpets
C) Airtight windows
D) All of the above

Question 69

____ is a chronic illness of the lungs characterised by wheezing, coughing and shortness of breath.

A) Asthma
B) Eczema
C) Allergies
D) Psoriasis

Question 70

Adopted children tend to have a ____ that is closer to their ____ than to their ____.

A) BMI; biological parents; adoptive parents
B) BMI; adoptive parents; biological parents
C) blood glucose level; biological parents; adoptive parents
D) blood glucose level; adoptive parents; biological parents

Question 71

In developed and developing countries, middle childhood is ____.

A) the most dangerous period of life
B) the safest and healthiest time of life
C) a time when there is a spike in injury due to accidents
D) equal in safety to infancy and early childhood

Question 72

What percentage of children remains obese/overweight in adulthood?

A) 20%
B) 40%
C) 60%
D) 80%

Question 73

Which of the following age groups has the lowest amount of media use on weekends in Australia?

A) 4-5
B) 6-7
C) 10-11
D) 12-13

Question 74

By age 6 or 7, children have the ___________ to be excellent workers at many jobs.

A) motor skills
B) cognitive skills
C) emotional and behavioural self-regulation
D) all of the above

Question 75

During middle toddlerhood, more children have received ____ and their _____ stronger, which contributes to a lower death rate.

A) vitamin B; lungs are
B) calcium; heart is
C) immunisations; immune system is
D) viral infections; muscles are

Question 76

Socially, being obese ____ the likelihood that a child will be socially ____ and the object of ____ by peers.

A) decreases; accepted; envy
B) decreases; rejected; ridicule
C) increases; included; envy
D) increases; excluded; ridicule

Question 77

Your sister constantly worries about your nephew, who is currently a toddler. She knows that this is a time of important physical and behavioural development and worries that every bump, bruise or sniffle could negatively affect his future health and well-being. What can you tell her as your nephew approaches middle childhood?

A) It is the safest and healthiest time of life.
B) She needs to be very careful because there is a spike in injury rates during this time.
C) More children get sick and injured during this time than when they were younger.
D) Most children suffer no illnesses or injuries during this time.

Question 78

Your roommate believes that overweight children are happy children. What is the truth about this myth?

A) Not only are they the happiest, they have the most friends.
B) Obese children, not overweight children, are the happiest children in most cultures.
C) Overweight children are at risk for a variety of emotional and behaviour problems.
D) Although overweight children tend to be happier compared to their peers, this is only true in adolescence, not earlier in childhood.

Question 79

Which of the following stages of life has the lowest death rate?

A) Infancy
B) Late toddlerhood
C) Middle childhood
D) Early adolescence

Question 80

You have a friend whose parents are obese. Since he graduated from university, he has devoted a significant amount of his efforts to doing well in his new job, leaving him with less time to exercise and prepare healthy meals. Consequently, he has gained weight. He is concerned that since he must have the FTO gene, he is doomed to be obese like his parents. What would you tell him?

A) Genetics provides only a risk for overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny. If he eats nutritious meals and begins to exercise, he should lose the weight.
B) Genetics is destiny. He might as well not worry about becoming obese since he is definitely going to be obese no matter what he does.
C) His weight gain has nothing to do with his parents. There really is no genetic relationship.
D) His parents must have eaten quite a bit of sweets and carbs before he was conceived and he now has the genes for obesity.