Deck 1: A Cultural Approach to Human Development

Question 1

What trend is occurring with the worldwide total fertility rate (TFR) over the past 10 years?

A) The TFR is continuing to increase sharply.
B) The TFR is continuing to decrease sharply.
C) The TFR has continued to hold steady for the past 10 years.
D) The TFR is continuing to increase gradually.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

At what point does the total fertility rate (TFR) become the replacement rate?

A) 1.4
B) 2.1
C) 2.8
D) 3.2

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The total fertility rate (TFR) is defined as the number of ____.

A) births per woman
B) conceptions per woman
C) foetuses that were spontaneously aborted
D) women on fertility drugs

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Human population doubled from 1 to 2 billion between 1800 and 1930. What led to this increase in population?

A) Government-controlled farming
B) Globalisation and shared resources
C) Medical advances that eliminated many diseases
D) People had more children

Question 5

What will happen to the populations of developed countries during the next few decades and beyond? They will _____.

A) increase more than developing countries
B) remain stable in population
C) decrease
D) increase slowly

Question 6

____ is the total pattern of a group's customs, beliefs, art and technology.

A) Culture
B) Ethnicity
C) Race
D) Nationality

Question 7

____ is the number of births per woman.

A) Total fertility rate
B) Expressive births
C) Implicit calculation of replacement
D) The sum of replacement

Question 8

Given what is known about the population changes in the past 10 years, which country is likely to see the highest total fertility rate (TFR)?

A) United States
B) Canada
C) South Korea
D) India

Question 9

What is the total pattern of a group's customs, beliefs, art and technology?

A) Clan
B) Society
C) Culture
D) Beliefs

Question 10

How long did it take the human population to double from 500 million to 1 billion?

A) 150 years
B) 300 years
C) 450 years
D) 600 years

Question 11

Nearly all of the population growth in the decades to come will take place in ____.

A) developed countries
B) developing countries
C) emerging countries
D) South American countries

Question 12

For most of human history, how many children did women typically birth?

A) 1 to 2
B) 4 to 8
C) 10 to 12
D) 13 to 15

Question 13

What is the current total fertility rate (TFR) worldwide?

A) 1.4
B) 2.5
C) 4.2
D) 5.6

Question 14

Which of the following most contributed to the large increase in world population that occurred around the 1800s to 1900s?

A) Families increased the average number of children per household from one to three children.
B) Less women were dying in childbirth because they waited longer to have children.
C) The domestication of animals provided a larger food supply.
D) The elimination or sharp reduction of deadly diseases.

Question 15

Human beings everywhere have essentially the same biological constitution, yet their paths through the life span are remarkably different depending on ____.

A) their genetic lineage
B) their culture
C) the strength of their id
D) the expression of their phenotype

Question 16

The human population began to increase noticeably around 10,000 years ago. What has been hypothesised as the reason for the population increase at that time?

A) The discovery of medicine.
B) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals.
C) An increase in the size of women's pelvic openings that assisted in labour.
D) Construction techniques that allowed for stronger homes that were better heated.

Question 17

If current trends continue, when will the worldwide total fertility rate (TFR) reach the replacement rate?

A) 2020
B) 2050
C) 2080
D) 3010

Question 18

When did the human population reach 500 million people?

A) 400 years ago
B) 1,000 years ago
C) 4,000 years ago
D) 10,000 years ago

Question 19

According to the text, for most of history the total human population was under ______.

A) 1 million
B) 10 million
C) 100 million
D) 1 billion

Question 20

The way people grow and change across the lifespan is referred to as ____.

A) development
B) evolution
C) change
D) growth

Question 21

Developed countries can be viewed as ____, whereas developing countries can be seen as ____.

A) wealthy; populated
B) populated; wealthy
C) collective; individualistic
D) individualistic; collective

Question 22

Developed countries roughly make up ____ of the world's population, whereas, developing countries make up ____.

A) 18%, 82%
B) 27%, 73%
C) 37%, 63%
D) 47%, 57%

Question 23

What per cent of the world's population lives in the United States?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 20%

Question 24

What term is used in the text to refer to the most affluent countries in the world?

A) Affluent countries
B) Developed countries
C) Developing countries
D) Population-rich countries

Question 25

What term is used in the text to refer to countries which have less wealth, but are experiencing rapid economic growth?

A) Impoverished countries
B) Developed countries
C) Developing countries
D) Population-rich countries

Question 26

What portion of the United States' population will increase from 16% to 30% by 2050?

A) African American
B) Anglo American
C) Asian American
D) Latino

Question 27

Which of the following is true regarding population changes by country?

A) Japan is projected to drop in population due to a low fertility rate.
B) England is projected to grow in population due to a significant increase in total fertility rate (TFR).
C) Canada is projected to increase in population due to high rates of immigration.
D) The United States is projected to drop in population due to limits placed on immigration.

Question 28

Although economic growth has been strong for the past decade, what region remains the poorest region in the world?

A) Africa
B) South America
C) Southeast Asia
D) Western Australia

Question 29

Between now and 2050, what will the increase in population in the United States be nearly entirely due to?

A) Immigration
B) Minority fertility
C) Majority fertility
D) In vitro fertilisation

Question 30

What country allows for more legal immigrations than most other countries and has tens of millions of illegal immigrants as well?

A) The United States
B) Canada
C) Germany
D) Japan

Question 31

How much of the world is made up of developed countries?

A) 22%
B) 43%
C) 55%
D) 83%

Question 32

____ cultures emphasise independence and self-expression, whereas ____ cultures emphasise obedience and group harmony.

A) Individualistic; collective
B) Collective; individualistic
C) Developed; developing
D) Developing; developed

Question 33

José was born in a country where his parents make less than $2 a day and he is expected to attend grade school but not university. Jose was most likely born in a ____.

A) developed country
B) developing country
C) collective culture
D) individualistic culture

Question 34

What developed country is projected to have the steepest decline in population between now and 2050?

A) The United States
B) Germany
C) Japan
D) Canada

Question 35

What per cent of the current world's population lives in the most affluent countries?

A) 18%
B) 34%
C) 51%
D) 68%

Question 36

What per cent of individuals in developed countries receive tertiary education or other post-secondary training?

A) 30%
B) 50%
C) 70%
D) 90%

Question 37

____ refers to the most affluent countries in the world.

A) Developed countries
B) Developing countries
C) Collective cultures
D) Individualistic cultures

Question 38

What per cent of the world's population lives on a family income of less than $6,000 per year?

A) 20%
B) 40%
C) 60%
D) 80%

Question 39

Statistically speaking, a child born today will most likely be from ______.

A) a developing country
B) a developed country
C) an economically wealthy country
D) a high social economic status culture

Question 40

The United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand and nearly all the countries of Europe are examples of ____.

A) developed countries
B) developing countries
C) collective cultures
D) individualistic cultures

Question 41

What did Arnett define as the increasing connections between different parts of the world in trade, travel, migration and communication?

A) Globalisation
B) Social networks
C) The Internet
D) Small world syndrome

Question 42

____ includes an individual's educational level, income level and occupational status.

A) Nationality
B) Ethnicity
C) Sociohistorical index
D) Socio-economic status

Question 43

Within any given country, which of the following sets most of the norms and standards, and holds most of the positions of political, economic, intellectual and media power?

A) Majority culture
B) Minority culture
C) Ethnic populace
D) Subcultural groups

Question 44

Also referred to as a person's social class, his or her ____ includes their level of education, income and occupational status.

A) socio-economic status
B) ethnicity
C) culture
D) sociohistorical index

Question 45

In Australia, a physician spends 12 years in university and training, generally has a high income and possesses a strong occupational status. In terms of socio-economic status, a physician would most likely be _____.

A) low SES
B) middle SES
C) moderate SES
D) high SES

Question 46

The expectations that cultures have for males and females are different from the time they are born. The degree of the difference depends on _____.

A) culture
B) age
C) gender
D) socio-economic status

Question 47

What general values do developing countries tend to regard highly?

A) Collectivistic
B) Individualistic
C) Traditional
D) Modern

Question 48

What term is used to refer to people in the rural areas of developing countries, who tend to adhere more closely to the historical aspects of their culture than do people in urban areas?

A) Agrarian cultures
B) Conventional cultures
C) Traditional cultures
D) Rural cultures

Question 49

Who sets most of the norms and standards and holds most of the positions of political, economic, intellectual and media power in most countries?

A) Power culture
B) Controlling culture
C) Minority culture
D) Majority culture

Question 50

Who attends colleges, universities and other forms of post-secondary education in developing countries?

A) The wealthy elite
B) Most of the population
C) About half of the middle class
D) About one-fourth of the middle class

Question 51

Many African countries were constructed by European colonial powers in what century?

A) 17^th
B) 18^th
C) 19^th
D) 20^th

Question 52

What term describes a variety of aspects of different groups that include cultural origin, cultural traditions, race, religion and language?

A) Gender
B) Race
C) Ethnicity
D) Age

Question 53

Individuals from collectivist cultures would be most likely to value

A) making independent decisions.
B) spending time alone.
C) getting along with their family members.
D) receiving praise for hard work on an academic exam.

Question 54

LaWanda has a high school diploma and is currently working as a waitress but is attending school in hopes of becoming a paediatrician. Her current socio-economic status is likely ____; however, when she becomes an established paediatrician, her socio-economic status will be ____.

A) low; high
B) high; moderate
C) high; low
D) moderate; low

Question 55

In Australia, infant mortality in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people is almost _______ the rate of non-Indigenous Australians.

A) half
B) twice
C) non-existent compared to
D) three times

Question 56

What per cent of children in developing countries are enrolled in secondary education?

A) 30%
B) 50%
C) 70%
D) 90%

Question 57

The expectations cultures have for males and females are different from the time they ____. However, the degree of the differences ____.

A) are conceived; is minimal among cultures
B) are born; varies greatly among cultures
C) reach puberty; is consistent among cultures
D) reach adulthood; is minimal among nations

Question 58

What term is often used to refer to a person's social class, which includes educational level, income level and occupational status?

A) Social class status
B) Socio-economic status
C) Tax bracket status
D) Education status

Question 59

Globalisation is ____.

A) the number of births per woman
B) the ways people grow and change across the life span
C) the total pattern of a group's customs, beliefs, art and technology
D) the increasing connections between different parts of the world in trade, travel, migration and communication

Question 60

What general values do developed countries tend to regard highly?

A) Collectivistic
B) Individualistic
C) Traditional
D) Modern

Question 61

How much larger was the size of early Homo's brain compared to the brains of earlier hominids?

A) 100%
B) 200%
C) 55%
D) 70%

Question 62

How much larger are the brains of Homo sapiens than the brains of the early Homo species that immediately preceded us?

A) 100 cc
B) 300 cc
C) 500 cc
D) 700 cc

Question 63

In ____, the young of any species are born with variations on a wide range of characteristics. Among the young, those who will be ____ until they can reproduce will be the ones whose variations are best adapted to their environment.

A) Social Darwinism; able to gain financial resources
B) the theory of psychoanalysis; controlled by their unconscious
C) natural selection; most likely to survive
D) humanistic psychology; congruent between their different 'selves'

Question 64

Charles Darwin, in his book The Origin of Species, first proposed the theory of _____.

A) natural selection
B) social Darwinism
C) psychosocial reproduction
D) the unconscious id

Question 65

____ may include a variety of components, such as cultural origin, cultural traditions, race, religion and language.

A) Ethnicity
B) Race
C) Socio-economic status
D) Cultural independency

Question 66

Kalid is an African American who was born in the United States but is currently living in Australia. When asked his political and religious beliefs, he describes himself as more similar to those who are located in the northeastern states than those who are located in the southern part of the United States. At times, his friends amuse themselves at Kalid's expense by mocking his Brooklyn accent. The above statements are describing Kalid's ______.

A) nationality
B) race
C) ethnicity
D) mainstream cultural group

Question 67

Which of the following best describes how the scientific community views Darwin's proposal of evolution?

A) Most researchers have discounted the theory of evolution, as it lacks empirical and scientific support.
B) Darwin's theory of evolution received a high degree of support at its initial proposal; however, in recent times it has lost the backing of the scientific community.
C) There is an enormous amount of evidence that has accumulated to verify the theory and support the principle of natural selection as the main mechanism of evolutionary change.
D) Darwin's theory of evolution has been abandoned for the more comprehensive and scientifically supported theory of intelligent design.

Question 68

In a town in England, the wings of a local butterfly species had a black and white pattern. Over the years, as air pollution worsened in the town, a coat of black soot often covered everything. From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following is a logical sequencing?

A) Butterflies became blacker because the ones with relatively more black on their wings were most likely to blend in with the sooty background.
B) Butterflies became lighter because the ones with relatively more white on their wings were least likely to blend in with the sooty background.
C) Butterflies became more aggressive because their behaviours were altered by the toxins that were in the black soot.
D) Butterflies morphed into moths because environmental conditions triggered an unfolding of a hidden gene.

Question 69

Evolutionary biologists believe that the jaw and teeth of early Homo sapiens reduced in size because

A) the brain also reduced in size.
B) the overall size of the body was also decreasing.
C) food cooked with fire is easier to chew compared to raw food.
D) there was a great likelihood that its head would get stuck in the pelvic opening

Question 70

By 200,000 years ago, the early hominid species had evolved into our species: ______.

A) Homo sapiens
B) Hydro sapiens
C) Poly sapiens
D) Hetero sapiens

Question 71

Which of the following best describes natural selection?

A) Individuals are striving to find consistency between their ideal self, their real self and their fear self.
B) Humans are born as blank slates and they are conditioned unknowingly and without free will by their environment.
C) Humans are in a constant struggle to control their unconscious urges for physical gratification and aggressive impulses.
D) Species change little by little with each generation, and over a long period of time they can develop into new species.

Question 72

In the book ____, Charles Darwin proposes the theory of natural selection.

A) The Origin of Species
B) Principles of Psychology
C) On Becoming a Person
D) Walden Two

Question 73

Who first wrote about the principles of evolution in his book The Origin of Species?

A) Alfred Binet
B) Francis Galton
C) Charles Darwin
D) Robert Hook

Question 74

What term is used to describe the development of the individual?

A) Ontogenetic development
B) Phylogenetic development
C) Polygenetic development
D) Autogenetic development

Question 75

Which of the following best highlights phylogenetic development?

A) Jenny grows from 3 to 5 feet in the period of two years.
B) Manuel gets married after he finishes university and soon has two children.
C) Amalia is the top reader in her class. Last year, she struggled in this area.
D) Irene has red hair. Her entire family has red hair because of a genetic mutation that was passed down for centuries.

Question 76

When did the early hominid species evolve into Homo sapiens?

A) 20,000 years ago
B) 200,000 years ago
C) 2,000,000 years ago
D) 20,000,000 years ago

Question 77

What term is used to describe the development of the human species?

A) Ontogenetic development
B) Phylogenetic development
C) Polygenetic development
D) Autogenetic development

Question 78

The evolutionary line that eventually led to humans is known as the _____.

A) hominid line
B) Neolithic line
C) Upper Palaeolithic line
D) amphibious line

Question 79

What term describes the process in which the young of any species will be more likely to survive because they were born with variations on a wide range of characteristics that are best adapted to their environment?

A) Evolution
B) Adaptive centrism
C) Mutational change
D) Natural selection

Question 80

Evolutionary biologists believe that the larger brains of early Homo babies meant that babies were born less mature than they were for earlier hominids, resulting in ____.

A) a greater likelihood of death at birth
B) a longer time before the rest of the body could support the head in infancy
C) a longer period of dependency of infants on their parents
D) a great likelihood that its head would get stuck in the pelvic opening