Deck 17: Legal and Ethical Issues in Mental Health

Question 1

Why is the public often skeptical of testimony from expert witnesses?

A)Expert witnesses are biased and want their testimony in court to be consistent with what they have concluded in research they have published.
B)Expert witnesses generally are concerned about being sued if they give testimony that frees a person who goes on to commit a violent crime.
C)The public suspects that the side paying the expert witness determines the expert's opinion.
D)The public often does not fully understand the scope and breadth of expertise within academic fields.

Answer 1

The public suspects that the side paying the expert witness determines the expert's opinion.

Question 2

In defence of deinstitutionalization, some have argued that it does not lead to homelessness or patient abandonment.For example, researchers at the University of Montreal did not find higher rates of homelessness in a deinstitutionalized sample as compared to a control sample of those who were hospitalized during the same interval.What did these researchers find?

A)Most discharged patients moved back home with their families.
B)Most discharged patients moved to some form of group residential supervised care in the community.
C)Most discharged patients sought hospitalized treatment in other communities.
D)Most discharged patients were able to live independently.

Answer 2

Most discharged patients moved to some form of group residential supervised care in the community.

Question 3

Since the 19th century, the method of determining responsibility when a person's mental state is in question has been based on the M'Naghten rule.Where did this rule originate?

A)England
B)Ireland
C)Australia
D)Canada

Answer 3

England

Question 4

Dr.Bell works in the United States.Dr.Bell has a patient who has made threats against someone.What is Dr.Bell's legal obligation?

A)to warn a patient's potential victim(s)
B)to advise a patient of his or her rights
C)to file a police report
D)to involuntarily commit the patient

Question 5

Dr.Papadopolous has found that a certain type of therapy is effective with different patients, in different settings, and with different therapists.In other words, what is Dr.Papadopolous claiming the therapy has?

A)internal validity
B)generalizability
C)been replicated clinically
D)feasibility

Question 6

The government justifies its right to commit someone to a mental health facility under two types of authority.One is police power.What is the second type?

A)legal power
B)the protection of the mentally ill
C)parens patriae (state as the parent)
D)the will of the people

Question 7

According to Hans (1986), what percentage of people who responded to a survey agreed with the statement that the "insanity plea is a loophole that allows too many guilty people to go free"?

A)23
B)44
C)77
D)90

Question 8

According to estimates from the 2016 Census, how many people in Canada are homeless in a given year?

A)50 000
B)110 000
C)235 000
D)320 000

Question 9

The outcome of Frank's trial resulted in a finding of "not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder." According to Canadian law, where will Frank now be sent?

A)a psychiatric hospital
B)a prison
C)a community mental health centre
D)a prison with 24-hour psychiatric treatment

Question 10

Civil commitment laws can vary by province and territory and are set by which of the following?

A)federal government
B)provincial governments
C)Mental Health Acts
D)Tri-council policies

Question 11

What is the main argument used by some mental health professionals against the unlimited right of all patients to refuse treatment?

A)Mental health professionals are in the best position to know what is in patients' best interests by virtue of their clinical training and experience.
B)The public has a stronger right to be protected against violent, mentally ill people.
C)Under certain circumstances, people with severe mental illness are not capable of deciding in their own best interest.
D)Rights must be earned, not automatically granted.

Question 12

Hannah's family has just begun the process of civil commitment.What have they had completed?

A)a petition to the court, submitted by the Crown attorney's office
B)a report by police or emergency medical workers
C)an assessment by one or two physicians or psychiatrists
D)an individual voluntarily requesting admission to a mental health facility

Question 13

According to the APA clinical practice guidelines, what is the clinical utility axis concerned with?

A)the effectiveness of the intervention in the practice setting in which it is to be applied
B)whether patients accept the intervention and comply with its requirements, and whether it is easy to administer
C)external validity
D)the extent to which an intervention is effective with patients of differing backgrounds

Question 14

Andrew has been accused of committing a crime and is currently in a mental health facility.He will stay there until it is determined that he is fit to participate in legal proceedings against him.What does it mean if Andrew is found unfit to stand trial?

A)He will be convicted of the crime but sent to a psychiatric hospital instead of prison.
B)He will have a better chance of success with a "not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder" defence.
C)He will be conditionally discharged, detained in hospital, or ordered to receive treatment.
D)He will be acquitted of the crime.

Question 15

Since 1991, when the "not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder" (NCRMD) defence was introduced in Canada, which of the following has occurred?

A)The number of people recommended for NCRMD has remained constant.
B)There have been fewer cases recommended for NCRMD each successive year since 1991.
C)There has been a slight increase over time in the number of people recommended for NCRMD, but it is still fairly uncommon.
D)There has been a steady and substantial increase each year in the number of people recommended for NCRMD and it is becoming the most common defence used in Canadian criminal cases.

Question 16

What is recognized by the fact that the "not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder" defence used since 1991 has replaced "not guilty" with "not criminally responsible"?

A)The act is not really a crime because it was committed without sufficient intent.
B)The person feels remorse for the behaviour.
C)The person did commit the crime.
D)The act may be morally wrong but not legally wrong.

Question 17

An important legal question was raised to determine whether a person had the right to refuse psychiatric treatment in advance and when competent.The Ontario Appeals court determined that to ignore this previously stated position was a violation of section 7 of the Chadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.Who challenged the constitutionally of forced treatment?

A)Ewan Cameron
B)Russell Flemming
C)Wayne Sullivan
D)George Reid

Question 18

The examination of long-term criminal outcomes of NGRI or NCRMD individuals between 1941 and 2015 revealed which of the following?

A)Only 8 percent committed a new violent crime.
B)Only 13 percent committed a new violent crime.
C)Only 18 percent committed a new violent crime.
D)Only 24 percent committed a new violent crime.

Question 19

According to the textbook, what is one of the most fundamental rights of people in mental health facilities?

A)the right to treatment
B)the right to legal counsel
C)the right to refuse treatment
D)the right to not participate in research

Question 20

According to the research by Ogloff and his colleagues of nearly 300 psychiatric patients, which of the following individuals would NOT likely be at risk for self-injury?

A)those who engaged in self-injurious behaviour within the two weeks before being committed to hospital
B)those who have a history of self-harm
C)those who showed verbal and physical aggression toward others in the hospital
D)those who were recently victimized by a physical assault

Question 21

In British Columbia, during the two years following the legal change to the "not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder" (NCRMD) defence, what percentage of cases remanded for assessment of criminal responsibility led to psychiatrists' recommendations favouring an NCRMD defence?

A)1
B)29
C)57
D)71

Question 22

Which jurisdiction does NOT require that a person have a mental illness before they can be detained under civil commitment legislation?

A)British Columbia
B)Alberta
C)Quebec
D)Ontario

Question 23

Gavin was taken into custody under the principle of parens patriae.What does this mean?

A)The state is acting as a legal advisor.
B)The state is acting as a social worker.
C)The state is acting as a legal guardian.
D)The state is acting as a surrogate parent.

Question 24

The term "transinstitutionalization" refers to the movement of people with severe mental illness out of psychiatric hospitals.Which of the following is NOT a place where these people are to move to?

A)jails and prisons
B)group residences
C)nursing homes
D)community health centres

Question 25

The government justifies its right to commit someone to a mental health facility under two types of authority: police power and parens patriae.What happens under parens patriae?

A)The government becomes the legal guardian for an individual who is incompetent.
B)The government acts on behalf of a citizen who is not likely to act in his or her own best interest.
C)The government takes responsibility for protecting public health, safety, and welfare.
D)The government temporarily suspends the rights of a person who is harming or may harm others.

Question 26

Which subject is NOT included in the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists published by the Canadian Psychological Association?

A)the requirement that psychologists do no harm
B)boundary issues
C)the need for psychologists to practise within their area of expertise
D)total confidentiality

Question 27

According to Ogloff and Whittemore (2001), what do negative public perceptions of the "not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder" (NCRMD) defence reflect?

A)an underestimate by the public of how often the NCRMD defence is used in criminal cases
B)a lack of understanding by the public about the nature and prevalence of mental illness
C)a lack of understanding by the public about criminal law
D)a lack of appreciation by the public about just how serious the consequences are of using this defence

Question 28

Gerri was found to be malingering.How was Gerri's malingering most likely detected?

A)through a polygraph
B)through a validated instrument, such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
C)through the clinical experience of expert witnesses
D)through an fMRI

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT outlined in civil commitment laws?

A)when a person is dangerous to himself/herself or others
B)when a person can be legally detained in a psychiatric institution, even against his or her will
C)what kinds of treatments can or cannot be administered, with or without the person's consent
D)when a person can be legally declared to have a mental illness

Question 30

Fatima has a mental illness.She has the legal right to treatment.What else does she have a legal right to?

A)hospital treatment for as long as it takes to stabilize
B)the least restrictive treatment option possible
C)to refuse treatment even if she is at risk for harming herself or others
D)to choose the facility where she will receive treatment

Question 31

Which scenario does NOT fall under limits to confidentiality?

A)if there is suspected child abuse
B)if there is a third party at risk for harm
C)if there is risk to himself or herself
D)if they identify that they have abused their spouse in the past

Question 32

What do statistics say about the relationship between dangerousness and mental illness?

A)Statistics point to a small increased rate of violence among people with mental illness.
B)Statistics suggest that there is an overwhelming increase in the rate of violence among people with mental illness.
C)Statistics suggest that there is a significant increase in the rate of violence among those with mental illness and that the violent acts are more severe.
D)Statistics overwhelming prove that there is no evidence to suggest that a higher rate of violence exists among people with mental illness.

Question 33

In British Columbia, a psychiatrist can commit a patient with schizophrenia if they refuse to take their medications.This provincial difference is due to which of the following?

A)It is the result of more liberal definitions of competence.
B)It is the result of more liberal definitions of safety and protection.
C)It is the result of restricting patients' right to refuse treatment.
D)It is the result of more narrow definitions of safety and protection.

Question 34

What does research suggest is the relationship between mental health treatment and homelessness in Canada?

A)Deinstitutionalization created an increase in homelessness.
B)More than 90 percent of homeless people in Canada have a mental health disorder.
C)Symptoms of mental health disorders make living on the streets easier than living elsewhere for many people with mental illnesses.
D)Homelessness has increased because of an increase in unemployment and a shortage of low-income housing, which affects many mentally ill people indirectly.

Question 35

Which group does NOT appear to be overrepresented among the homeless in Canada?

A)Indigenous people
B)refugees
C)ethnic minorities
D)young people

Question 36

What is the connection between mental illness from a legal standpoint and mental illness based on the criteria in the DSM-5?

A)Not everyone who is considered mentally ill from a legal standpoint would meet the criteria for a DSM-5 diagnosis.
B)It is a legal term used when the courts are describing dangerousness.
C)Not everyone who receives a DSM-5 diagnosis is considered mentally ill from a legal standpoint.
D)Mental illness has the same definition as psychological disorder.

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT included in the "boundary issues" principle in the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists?

A)Give reasonable assistance to help a person secure needed services if the therapist is unable to treat the person himself or herself.
B)Do not exploit any relationship established with a client to further one's own personal, business, or political interests at the expense of the best interests of the client.
C)Avoid dual relationships (e.g., acting as therapist to someone the therapist has interactions with in another context).
D)Do not take advantage of a client's trust or dependency to encourage or engage in sexual relations with clients or with a client's partner or relatives.

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a trend that has influenced the number of people in Canada who are involuntarily committed each year?

A)the increase in the number of people who are homeless
B)the inability to create the necessary network of community mental health services
C)the movement of people with severe mental illness out of institutions
D)the growing size of urban centres

Question 39

What has research determined regarding the accurate predictions of the risk for violence in mentally ill persons?

A)They can be made in over 90 percent of the cases.
B)They are rare but any prediction, even if inaccurate, is worth the risk to public safety.
C)They are impossible.
D)They are possible.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for involuntary civil commitment?

A)a lawyer's request that his or her client be admitted
B)a person is deemed dangerous to herself/himself or others
C)a person has a mental disorder
D)a person needs treatment

Question 41

What does "malingering" mean?

A)warning potential victims of the mentally ill
B)hanging around on street corners
C)feigning symptoms, possibly to avoid criminal prosecution
D)reporting child abuse

Question 42

The rights of people with mental illness in Canada is protected by advocacy efforts and constitutional provisions.One of these rights is the right to treatment in the least restrictive environment possible.What is the other?

A)the right to refuse treatment
B)the right to choose their own medial practitioner
C)the right to legal counsel
D)the right to treatment in a supportive manner

Question 43

What question was the clinical efficacy axis of the APA clinical practice guidelines designed to answer?

A)What is the most efficient way of admitting patients to clinics or hospitals?
B)Is the treatment effective compared to an alternative treatment or to no treatment in a controlled clinical research setting?
C)What kind of research should be done to determine the type of clinician best suited for particular patients in terms of their diagnosis and chronicity?
D)How long should the treatment be continued if there is no improvement in the patient's condition or if the patient has serious side effects?

Question 44

What percentage of involuntary patients persist in refusing treatment?

A)2
B)10
C)20
D)30

Question 45

The court has found that Mounir is currently unable to participate in his own defence.What does this mean?

A)The court found Mounir not guilty by reason of insanity.
B)The court found Mounir not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder.
C)The court found Mounir unfit to stand trial.
D)Mounir was conditionally charged.

Question 46

As specified by the U.S.case of Wyatt v.Stickney (1972), the least restrictive conditions for intellectually disabled individuals included several issues.Which of the following is NOT one of these issues?

A)integration into the community
B)more structured living
C)smaller facilities
D)independent living

Question 47

According to the Canadian Criminal Code, which of the following is NOT a requirement for a person assessed as being fit to stand trial?

A)They must understand the nature and object of the proceedings.
B)They must understand the nature and moral quality of the act of which they stand accused.
C)They must understand the possible consequences of the proceedings.
D)They must communicate with counsel.

Question 48

Under the 1985 Canadian Criminal Code, what would happen to a person found not guilty by reason of insanity?

A)The person would be automatically detained until his or her mental disorder improved sufficiently to justify release.
B)The person would be released back into the community in the care of his or her family.
C)The person would be automatically detained until he or she could appreciate the quality of his or her act.
D)The person would be incarcerated for the same number of years in a psychiatric institution as he or she would have been sentenced in jail for the same offence.

Question 49

In a Canadian review, Woodworth and colleagues (2003) suggested that forensic community programs are one of the best settings for helping people who are judged to be not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder.Which of the following is NOT a recommendation made by the authors to ensure a successful implementation of such community-based programs?

A)Routine use must be made of validated risk assessment tools.
B)There must be unanimous acceptance of the program by people in the community.
C)People in the community must be aware of the program and educated about the risk that these individuals pose.
D)There must be high levels of monitoring of these individuals.

Question 50

What were the two goals of the deinstitutionalization movement in the 1970s and 1980s?

A)to downsize or close the large mental hospitals and create a network of community mental health services
B)to close mental hospitals and give the responsibility of caring for the mentally ill back to their families
C)to improve treatment for mentally ill patients and save money
D)to eliminate the construct of "mental illness" and improve social conditions for the poor and vulnerable members of society

Question 51

Whereas the clinical efficacy axis of the APA clinical practice guidelines is concerned with effective interventions, what is the clinical utility axis concerned with?

A)feasibility and cost-effectiveness
B)internal validity
C)external validity
D)ineffectiveness of the intervention in clinical practice

Question 52

According to your textbook, which of the following is one of the most controversial issues in mental health today?

A)the "not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder" defence
B)the misuse of expert witnesses in criminal trials
C)the right of people, even those with severe mental disorders, to refuse treatment
D)sexual relations between therapists and clients

Question 53

According to Canadian law, who can raise the issue of "not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder" (NCRMD) at any time, and who can raise the possibility of NCRMD only after the defendant has been found guilty or after the defence raises the issue of the defendant's mental state?

A)defendant and prosecution, respectively
B)government and psychiatrist, respectively
C)prosecution and defendant, respectively
D)defendant and psychiatrist, respectively

Question 54

In the 1980s, psychologist David Garner lost his licence to practise psychology in Ontario after he engaged in sexual relations with two clients he was treating.Which ethical principle for psychologists did Garner breach?

A)boundary issues
B)do no harm
C)not engaging in sexual relationships with clients under the age of 21
D)recognizing limits of competence

Question 55

In Canada, which of the following establishes the rights of human research participants?

A)provincial mental health acts
B)the Tri-Council policy statement
C)the Canadian Criminal Code
D)provincial human rights codes

Question 56

What is a general requirement for civil commitment in all provinces in Canada?

A)presence of a mental disorder
B)dangerousness to self or others
C)a crime having been committed
D)a need for treatment

Question 57

Which case is the M'Naghten rule based on?

A)A man attempted to kill former Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien.
B)A man in Ireland shot and killed his wife while in a dissociative state.
C)An Australian woman killed her husband after many years of severe abuse.
D)A man killed the British prime minister's secretary, thinking it was the prime minister.

Question 58

When can parens patriae power be used to commit individuals with severe mental illness to mental health facilities?

A)when it is believed that they might be harmed because they are unable to secure the basic necessities of life, such as food and shelter
B)when it is believed that they might be harmed because they are not taking their medications
C)when it is believed that they might be harmed because they are vulnerable to attack by other inmates in jail
D)when it is believed that they might be harmed because they are being abused in their family situation

Question 59

Arden has agreed to be part of a research study examining the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural therapy at treating schizophrenia.As a research participant, which of the following rights does Arden have?

A)the right to demand compensation for participation
B)the right to know the risks and benefits of the research
C)the right to see the data from other participants in the study
D)the right to modify any research condition

Question 60

Dr.McKenzie has developed a new cognitive therapy for the treatment of severe depression.Over the years, he found it to be highly effective on many inpatients in the hospital where he works.However, when his colleague agreed to conduct an outcome assessment of Dr.McKenzie's treatment in a highly ethnically diverse community, she found the effectiveness of the treatment to be highly variable according to ethnicity and whether patients are inpatients or outpatients.According to the APA clinical practice guidelines, what would this procedure be considered low in?

A)feasibility
B)generalizability
C)internal validity
D)clinical efficacy

Question 61

According to Stuart and Arboldea-Florez (2000), what percentage of those using the inner-city shelters in Calgary had some type of mental health issue?

A)25
B)50
C)75
D)100

Question 62

The M'Naghten rule (the insanity defence), which is still being used by numerous countries worldwide, holds that individuals are not responsible for their criminal behaviour if a certain condition applies.What is this condition?

A)if they don't know what they are doing, or they don't know that what they are doing is wrong
B)if they don't know that what they are doing is illegal
C)if they know that what they're doing is wrong, but they are unable to control their behaviour
D)if they are unable to appreciate the legal consequences of their act

Question 63

According to Ogloff and Whittemore's (2001) research on public opinions, what happens when someone is found not criminally responsible on account of a mental disorder?

A)The public often protests that the person "got off" too easily.
B)The public expresses more negative views of the mentally ill than before.
C)The public becomes a little more educated about the nature of mental illness.
D)The public mistakenly believes the person will be hospitalized for the rest of his or her life.

Question 64

Margaret was diagnosed with schizophrenia ten years ago and has been hospitalized several times.She has paranoid delusions and hallucinations.Her speech is rambling and incoherent.Recently, Margaret got hold of a gun and shot several people, believing that they were her enemies.Following her arrest, what is the most likely scenario for Margaret?

A)Her case will never go to trial.
B)She will be found fit to stand trial.
C)If convicted, she will go to prison.
D)Following a trial, she will be hospitalized again.

Question 65

The government justifies its right to commit someone to a mental health facility under two types of authority: police power and parens patriae.Which of the following describes what happens under police power?

A)The government allows for the arrest of people who commit criminal offences whether mentally ill or not.
B)The government acts on behalf of a citizen who is not likely to act in his or her own best interest.
C)The government takes responsibility for protecting public health, safety, and welfare.
D)The government temporarily suspends the rights of a person who is harming or may harm others.

Question 66

Which of the goals of deinstitutionalization have been accomplished?

A)the creation of innovative outpatient mental health and recreational services
B)the reduction of the societal stigma that once harmed those suffering from a mental illness
C)the closing of large psychiatric hospitals
D)the creation of a network of community mental health centres

Question 67

In Canadian jurisdictions, the patient must satisfy one of two necessary criteria for compulsory community treatment.One is that they possibly pose harm to themselves or others.What is the other?

A)some risk of mental deterioration
B)they will not voluntarily seek help
C)they are unable to be hospitalized due to lack of space
D)they are refusing treatment

Question 68

Danny murdered his brother, Wayne.If Danny's lawyers recommended the most commonly used insanity defence, what defence would Danny be using?

A)the M'Naghten rule
B)the American Law Institute rule 1962
C)the Mental Disease rule
D)the Durham rule

Question 69

If a person succeeds at using the "not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder defence," which of the following is most likely to occur?

A)The person would express regret for having done so because of the stigma associated with mental illness.
B)The person would automatically be incarcerated in a psychiatric institution for exactly the same length of time as he would have been sentenced to prison if he had not used this defence.
C)The person may end up spending only a fraction of the time in a psychiatric institution than he would have been sentenced to prison if he had not used this defence.
D)The person may end up incarcerated in psychiatric institutions for much longer periods than he would have been sentenced to prison if he had not used this defence.

Question 70

Andrea is being held in a psychiatric hospital after being tried for a criminal offence.Why is she in this facility instead of in jail?

A)She was found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder.
B)She was found criminally responsible because of her particular mental health diagnoses.
C)She was found not guilty by reason of insanity.
D)She was found to be unable to participate in legal proceedings against her.

Question 71

The first major consideration of the clinical utility axis of the APA clinical practice guidelines is feasibility, which asks several questions.Which of the following is NOT one of these questions?

A)Has research shown the treatment to be effective?
B)Will patients accept the intervention?
C)Is the treatment relatively easy to administer?
D)Will patients comply with the requirements?

Question 72

What did the court find in the 1995 case (described in your textbook) of André Dallaire, who tried to kill former Prime Minister Jean Chrétien?

A)André Dallaire was not guilty of the crime and not criminally responsible for his actions.
B)André Dallaire was guilty of the crime but not criminally responsible for his actions.
C)André Dallaire was guilty of the crime but insane.
D)André Dallaire was not guilty of the crime by reason of insanity.

Question 73

Dr.Beck is a psychologist who risked having his psychologist's licence revoked after he was ordered by the provincial court to surrender his records on a client who was involved in a criminal proceeding.Dr.Beck had recorded information about his client that was so carelessly and ambiguously worded that it was clinically inaccurate and was misinterpreted by the jury, to the detriment of his client.Which principle in the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists did Dr.Beck appear to violate?

A)recognizing limits of competence
B)incompetence case recording
C)boundary issues
D)do no harm

Question 74

According to the APA clinical practice guidelines, what does the feasibility issue on the clinical utility axis refer to?

A)the extent to which an intervention is effective with patients of differing backgrounds
B)generalizability
C)whether patients accept the intervention and comply with its requirements, and whether it is easy to administer
D)the effectiveness of the intervention in the practice setting in which it is to be applied

Question 75

Joe is being treated in a closed psychiatric ward for his panic disorder with agoraphobia.Which of the following patient rights issues arises here?

A)The staff-patient ratio is insufficient.
B)Less restrictive treatments are available.
C)The patient has a right to treatment.
D)The patient has a right to refuse treatment.

Question 76

In which of the following cases would someone most likely use the insanity defence?

A)if the person knew what they were doing was wrong but was compelled to do it because of a compulsion
B)if the person was not aware of the law that they were breaking
C)if the person had been committed to a psychiatric institution within 12 months of committing the offence
D)if it was a charge of murder and the person did not know they had killed the person

Question 77

Which statement best explains the definition of mental illness in Canada?

A)It is defined differently among provinces and territories.
B)It is defined similarly across Canada.
C)It is defined by the hospital where the patient is being committed.
D)It is determined by the federal government.

Question 78

Although battered woman syndrome is not recognized in the DSM-5, the Supreme Court of Canada has acknowledged that it may in some cases be used as a valid form of the self-defence defence.Why is this so?

A)because a woman who has been severely battered may not possess reasonable control over her behaviour
B)because an accused may reasonably believe that her life is in danger even though it may not be imminent or immediate
C)because a person has the right to protect himself or herself
D)because the battering may have resulted in brain damage, rendering the woman incapable of knowing right from wrong

Question 79

What do we call the situation in which a person has formally agreed to be a research participant after being apprised of all aspects of the study?

A)minimization of harm
B)participant consensus
C)informed consent
D)applied understanding

Question 80

According to Stuart and Arboldea-Florez (2000), what groups are increasing among the homeless?

A)younger people, women, and families
B)senior citizens who are unable to survive on fixed incomes
C)young children who have been abandoned by their families and women
D)couples and single women