Deck 14: Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Question 1

What is tardive dyskinesia?

A)a side effect of some antipsychotic drugs
B)a neuroleptic drug
C)a brain site affected by schizophrenia
D)a side effect of schizophrenia

Answer 1

a side effect of some antipsychotic drugs

Question 2

Kyle just had a hallucination due to schizophrenia.What type of hallucination did he most likely experience?

A)tactile
B)olfactory
C)auditory
D)visual

Answer 2

auditory

Question 3

What is the negative symptom of schizophrenia known as "flat affect"?

A)an inability to initiate and persist in activities
B)a lack of emotional response and a blank facial expression
C)an inability to experience pleasure
D)a lack of speech content and/or slowed speech response

Answer 3

a lack of emotional response and a blank facial expression

Question 4

What is the general trend in the treatment of schizophrenia today?

A)The trend is toward the use of fewer biological therapies and more psychosocial interventions.
B)The trend is toward early intervention.
C)The trend is toward new psychosurgery techniques.
D)The trend is toward the use of more biological therapies and fewer psychosocial interventions.

Question 5

What was included in the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia?

A)cognitive symptoms
B)subtypes of schizophrenia
C)risk of violence assessment
D)dimensional assessment of the symptoms

Question 6

Wayne believes that people are spying on him.He claims that the RCMP has put a microphone in his dog's stomach so that they can listen to his private conversations.What kind of delusions do Wayne's beliefs illustrate?

A)delusions of being controlled
B)delusions of reference
C)delusions of persecution
D)delusions of grandeur

Question 7

Since the latter half of the 20th century, what has been the outcome of the deinstitutionalization policy?

A)a worsening of symptoms in many patients
B)former patients becoming more independent and productive members of the community
C)greater patient compliance regarding medication
D)many former patients becoming homeless

Question 8

Eugen Bleuler's concept of schizophrenia as an "associative splitting" of the basic functions of personality led to an incorrect use of the term.What is this incorrect meaning?

A)manic-depressive disorder
B)multiple personality
C)a fugue state
D)folie à deux

Question 9

In the 1970s, researchers set up a treatment system called a "token economy" in a mental health centre.What is the focus of this type of treatment for patients with schizophrenia?

A)language and speech
B)routines for self-control
C)socialization and self-care skills
D)the self-monitoring of hallucinations

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a persecutory delusion?

A)the belief that people are out to get you
B)the belief that a body part has changed in some impossible way
C)the belief that a familiar person is actually a double
D)the belief that you are a famous or important person

Question 11

Which of the following would be considered a delusion?

A)clearly seeing a vision of an object that is not physically present
B)having to wash one's hands thoroughly every time one touches something
C)feeling pain in one's back even though there is no physical sign of injury
D)being convinced that one's neighbours are aliens from another planet

Question 12

The neuroleptic drugs, which were introduced in the 1950s, primarily treat the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.Which of the following is NOT a positive symptom?

A)alogia
B)delusions
C)agitation
D)hallucinations

Question 13

Several studies have shown a link between eye-tracking deficits and schizophrenic symptoms.Which of the following symptoms are these?

A)negative symptoms
B)both positive and negative symptoms
C)both positive and negative symptoms, but mostly positive symptoms
D)positive symptoms

Question 14

Many celebrity "stalkers" likely have which form of delusional disorder?

A)erotomanic type
B)jealous type
C)grandiose type
D)persecutory type

Question 15

According to Statistics Canada, how does the rate of acute care hospitalizations differ for Indigenous individuals with schizophrenic/psychotic disorders compared to non-Indigenous individuals with the same disorders?

A)Indigenous individuals living on and off the reserve have almost double the hospitalizations.
B)Indigenous individuals living on the reserve have almost triple the hospitalizations.
C)Indigenous individuals living off the reserve have almost half the hospitalizations.
D)Indigenous individuals have similar amounts of hospitalizations, regardless of residence.

Question 16

How are schizophrenia and delusional disorder different?

A)In schizophrenic delusions, the imagined events could be happening but they're not; in delusional disorder, the imagined events aren't possible.
B)Delusional disorder usually lasts only a few days; schizophrenia is long lasting and chronic.
C)Delusional disorder is often triggered by stressful events; schizophrenia is never precipitated by stressful events.
D)Schizophrenia usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood; delusional disorder often has an age of onset in the 40s.

Question 17

Liam has been showing signs of schizophrenia for a couple of months.At this point, which disorder can he be diagnosed with?

A)schizoaffective disorder
B)schizophreniform disorder
C)delusional disorder
D)schizophrenia

Question 18

In the 1950s, what medications provided the first real hope for people with schizophrenia?

A)insulin
B)neuroleptics
C)antagonists
D)antidepressants

Question 19

When looking for abnormalities in the brain as clues to the influences of schizophrenia, it is important to keep certain questions in mind when doing correlational research.For example, if a person with schizophrenia were found to have an excess of dopamine, a researcher would need to ask certain questions.Which of the following is NOT one of these questions?

A)Why is the dopamine system active in the schizophrenic brain?
B)Is there some factor that causes both schizophrenia and an excess of dopamine?
C)Does too much dopamine cause schizophrenia?
D)Does having schizophrenia cause an excess of dopamine?

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a type of symptom in schizophrenia?

A)positive
B)negative
C)manic
D)disorganized

Question 21

Karl had surgery to treat his schizophrenia in 1947.What type of surgery did he have?

A)electroconvulsive therapy
B)prefrontal lobotomy
C)cingulotomy
D)insulin coma therapy

Question 22

Which term refers to the one- to two-year period when less severe yet unusual behaviours start to show themselves?

A)a prodromal stage
B)the attenuated period
C)an episodic stage
D)the evidentiary period

Question 23

Which concept supports the outcome of the Genain sisters (the identical quadruplets all diagnosed with schizophrenia)?

A)an unshared environment
B)a unique perceptive interpretation
C)an environmental phenomenon
D)a variable home structure

Question 24

When did researchers observe that the ventricles of the brain of people with schizophrenia where enlarged?

A)1907
B)1927
C)1947
D)1967

Question 25

Toward the end of the 19th century, the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin used a term to refer to an onset of symptoms that often occurs before adulthood, and what we now call schizophrenia.What was that term?

A)folie à deux
B)dementia praecox
C)adolescent insanity
D)hebephrenia

Question 26

Frank has schizophrenia.He frequently giggles childishly to himself on the subway and cries when he watches cartoons on television.What symptom is he exhibiting?

A)catatonic affect
B)cognitive slippage
C)anhedonia
D)inappropriate affect

Question 27

What is the disorganized symptom of schizophrenia known as "tangentiality"?

A)incomprehensible speech
B)abruptly changing the topic of conversation to unrelated or only peripherally related areas
C)drawing illogical conclusions in one's speech
D)going off topic when answering a question

Question 28

Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia.In which species is the parasite most often found?

A)cats
B)dogs
C)birds
D)bats

Question 29

Which statement best describes the onset of schizophrenia?

A)Most people with schizophrenia develop symptoms in their teen years.
B)Most people with schizophrenia develop symptoms in their 40s.
C)The probability of developing schizophrenia is greater for males than for females until age 36.
D)The probability of developing schizophrenia is greater for females than for males until age 36.

Question 30

Who first used the term dementia praecox?

A)Eugen Bleuler
B)Walter Heinrichs
C)Heinz Lehmann
D)Emil Kraepelin

Question 31

What kind of treatment did researchers hope would improve patient compliance in taking antipsychotic medication?

A)skin patches worn for several months
B)pills taken once a week instead of daily
C)liquids instead of pills
D)injections every few weeks

Question 32

If you have schizophrenia and live in a family with high levels of expressed emotion, how much more likely are you to experience relapse?

A)1.8
B)2.4
C)3.7
D)4.6

Question 33

Allen is convinced that his brother has been replaced by an imposter.What aspect of schizophrenia is Allen displaying?

A)delusional disorder
B)Capgras syndrome
C)schizoaffective disorder
D)folie à deux

Question 34

Janet has been diagnosed with schizophrenia.What is the likelihood Janet will have delusions and hallucinations?

A)between 5 percent and 20 percent
B)between 20 percent and 40 percent
C)between 50 percent and 70 percent
D)between 80 percent and 90 percent

Question 35

Which statement does NOT accurately describe the theories of auditory verbal hallucinations?

A)Individuals may be misinterpreting their inner speech as other's voices.
B)Auditory verbal hallucinations may arise from abnormal activation of the primary auditory cortex.
C)There is increased metabolic activity in the left primary auditory cortex.
D)Individuals with schizophrenia have been found to be missing the Wernicke's area in the brain, the area responsible for speech comprehension.

Question 36

How is the genetic basis of schizophrenia best understood?

A)Schizophrenia is primarily genetically caused.
B)Researchers have discovered the gene responsible for causing schizophrenia.
C)Genes are responsible for making some individuals vulnerable to schizophrenia.
D)Some forms of schizophrenia are influenced by genes; others are not.

Question 37

Peter Liddle (2000), from the University of British Columbia, found that the best predictor of asociality in people with schizophrenia is which of the following?

A)lack of emotional responses
B)chronic cognitive impairment
C)inability to experience pleasure
D)delusional thoughts

Question 38

What do cross-cultural studies of schizophrenia suggest?

A)Schizophrenia is universal in its prevalence, course, and outcome.
B)Schizophrenia is more prevalent in developing countries.
C)Schizophrenia is largely a Western phenomenon.
D)Schizophrenia is universal, but it may vary in its course and outcome across cultures.

Question 39

Brown and colleagues (1962) followed a sample of people who had been discharged from the hospital after an episode of schizophrenic symptoms.What did the researchers find?

A)Those who had limited contact with their relatives did worse than patients who spent longer periods with their families.
B)If the mothers of the patients had schizophrenia, the patients did better.
C)If the mothers of the patients did not have schizophrenia, the patients did better.
D)Those who had limited contact with their relatives did better than patients who spent longer periods with their families.

Question 40

An experimental technique called "transcranial magnetic stimulation" has been used in some patients with schizophrenia.What is the purpose of this treatment?

A)to reduce symptoms of thought disorder
B)to reduce the negative side effects of antipsychotic medications
C)to block auditory hallucinations
D)to modulate negative symptoms such as social withdrawal

Question 41

Jack was recently arrested, for the fifth time, for stalking a local media celebrity who he believes is in love with him.This is a persistent and strongly held belief of Jack's, but it is his only symptom.What disorder does Jack most likely have?

A)brief psychotic disorder
B)delusional disorder
C)erotic schizophrenia
D)disorganized paranoid disorder

Question 42

What is Cotard's syndrome?

A)the belief that people are out to get you
B)the belief that a body part has changed in some impossible way
C)the belief that you are a famous or important person
D)the belief that a familiar person is actually a double

Question 43

Roberts (1991) studied 17 people who had elaborate delusions about themselves and the world and compared them with a matched group of people who previously had delusions but were now improving.Compared to those who previously suffered delusions, what did Roberts discover about people with current delusions?

A)Those with current delusions expressed a lack of purpose and meaning in life and greater depression.
B)Those with current delusions were more motivated to undergo therapy.
C)Those with current delusions expressed a stronger sense of purpose and meaning in life and less depression.
D)Those with current delusions were functioning at a higher level in their everyday life.

Question 44

Which statement best characterizes an individual who is diagnosed with psychosis?

A)The person has delusions.
B)The person has hallucinations and delusions.
C)The person has hallucinations.
D)The person has hallucinations and delusions but in a less serious form than in the diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Question 45

A woman with schizophrenia has a vision of St.Paul hovering in mid-air at the foot of her bed.What is this vision an example of?

A)an apparition
B)a hallucination
C)an avolition
D)a delusion

Question 46

What has research on the relationship between schizophrenia and cannabis demonstrated?

A)Certain genes may act as vulnerability factors that interact with specific environmental pathogens and can lead to the development of schizophrenia.
B)Cannabis use in youth is an established but weak risk factor for developing schizophrenia.
C)If predisposed to psychosis, smoking cannabis can decrease symptoms.
D)If smoking cannabis induces psychosis, we can use this as proof a marker for schizophrenia.

Question 47

What is one reason why schizophrenic delusions persist in the face of contradictory information?

A)One of the symptoms of schizophrenia is perseverative thinking.
B)The ventricles are enlarged.
C)The delusions may provide the affected individual with a sense of purpose and meaning in life.
D)The individual cannot recognize the difference between the voices in his or her head and voices of other people who are providing the information.

Question 48

Use of antipsychotic medications can cause tardive dyskinesia.When they have been used long-term, what is the possible outcome on these symptoms?

A)The symptoms are often irreversible.
B)When the drugs are discontinued, the symptoms will take months disappear.
C)If the dosages of these medications are reduced, the symptoms can disappear within months.
D)The symptoms can disappear within weeks when these drugs are discontinued.

Question 49

A mother who responds coolly to her child's embrace but says, "Don't you love me anymore?" when the child withdraws is said to be engaging in which type of communication style?

A)conflicting
B)contradictory
C)double bind
D)abusive

Question 50

What hypothesis has the fact that nothing that resembles our current image of schizophrenia exists in historic records or ancient literature given rise to?

A)Schizophrenia is a recent phenomenon and, like AIDS, may involve some newly introduced virus.
B)Schizophrenia is a social and cultural construct.
C)There may have been effective treatments for the symptoms of schizophrenia in some ancient societies.
D)Schizophrenia was frequently confused with bipolar illness.

Question 51

Some patients with schizophrenia are helped to function better in the community by independent living skills programs.Which skill do these programs NOT teach?

A)how to identify signs that warn of a relapse
B)social skills
C)money management
D)medication management

Question 52

Which factor is NOT related to patients' noncompliance with a medication regimen for treatment of schizophrenia?

A)poor social support
B)cognitive impairments causing the individual to forget
C)negative doctor-patient relationships
D)cost of the medication

Question 53

Chris has schizophrenia and been receiving cognitive-behavioural therapy.What does Chris most likely have now?

A)better self-esteem
B)fewer visual and auditory hallucinations
C)reduced conviction in his delusional beliefs
D)better social skills

Question 54

Tardive dyskinesia, a severe side effect of antipsychotic medications, includes several involuntary movements.Which of the following is NOT one of these movements?

A)involuntary chewing
B)tongue protrusion
C)puffing of the cheeks
D)tooth grinding

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT a typical, minor side effect of antipsychotic medications?

A)blurred vision
B)grogginess
C)headaches
D)dryness of the mouth

Question 56

Jess tells her friend Hannah that her brother is psychotic.What does Jess likely mean?

A)He has disorders of thought.
B)He has disorganized speech and disorganized behaviour.
C)He has paranoia.
D)He hallucinates and has delusions.

Question 57

Which statement best provides evidence for structural difference in the brains of patients with schizophrenia?

A)In some patients with schizophrenia, there is an excess amount of "gray matter" in the cerebral cortex.
B)Schizophrenic patients have smaller ventricles in their brains.
C)The majority of patients with schizophrenia have enlarged ventricles in their brains.
D)Many patients with schizophrenia have increased activity in the frontal lobes of the brain.

Question 58

You read a story about a couple who was arrested because they abducted their children from their previous marriages.They shared the theory that government agencies and others were plotting to sell children to childless parents.Which disorder best characterizes what these two people had?

A)brief psychotic disorder
B)folie à deux
C)dual schizophrenia
D)schizophreniform disorder

Question 59

Veronica is hospitalized after a suicide attempt.In the hospital, she spends all her time drawing sketches of monsters that she calls "hell's keepers." She claims that these "hell's keepers" talk to her and ordered her to plan her suicide.She talks to invisible people in her room.What is Veronica most likely suffering from?

A)dissociative identity disorder
B)paranoid personality disorder
C)schizophrenia
D)schizoid personality disorder

Question 60

Of the various genetic linkage and association studies, which one seems to be a possible "marker" for schizophrenia?

A)unusual facial features
B)eye-tracking
C)scores on various cognitive tests
D)blood type

Question 61

Current research suggests that at least three specific neurochemical abnormalities are involved in the development of schizophrenic symptoms.What are they?

A)overactive striatal D2 receptors; underactive prefrontal D1 receptors; alterations in glutamate transmission
B)underactive striatal D2 receptors; underactive prefrontal glutamate receptors; alterations in serotonin transmission
C)underactive striatal D2 receptors; overactive prefrontal D1 receptors; underactive glutamate transmission
D)overactive striatal D2 receptors; underactive prefrontal serotonin receptors; underactive glutamate transmission

Question 62

Which symptom of schizophrenia has been referred to as "the basic characteristic of madness"?

A)delusions
B)hallucinations
C)Cotard's syndrome
D)disorganized thought

Question 63

Hailey takes antipsychotic medications and has developed akinesia.Hailey exhibits which of the following?

A)excited speech
B)an expressionless face
C)jerky limb movements
D)hand tremors

Question 64

Arthur, who is described in your textbook, suddenly experienced the delusion that he could save all the starving children in the world with a "secret plan." Because his symptoms lasted only a few days, what was his diagnosis?

A)schizotypal personality disorder
B)cocaine abuse
C)brief psychotic disorder
D)folie à deux (shared psychotic disorder)

Question 65

In the 1970s, Paul and Lentz applied behavioural principles in the form of a token economy to a traditional inpatient environment.What was the result?

A)Fewer patients recovered from severe schizophrenic symptoms.
B)Fewer patients were able to be discharged.
C)More patients were able to be discharged.
D)More patients recovered from severe schizophrenic symptoms.

Question 66

According to a study on the relapse rates of schizophrenia, as described in the textbook, approximately what percentage of people who have one episode of schizophrenia will have no lasting impairments or further episodes?

A)25
B)50
C)75
D)100

Question 67

Historic records and ancient literature contain descriptions of symptoms in people who today would be diagnosed with various disorders.Which of the following is NOT one of these disorders?

A)mood disorders (depression and mania)
B)schizophrenia
C)intellectual disability
D)dementia

Question 68

After Martha's last final examination, she began experiencing auditory hallucinations and told her friends about her plans to reunite all missing children from around the world with their parents.Martha's friends were relieved two weeks later when Martha reported that she was not hearing any voices and did not have any plans for reuniting missing children.What had Martha most likely experienced?

A)an undiagnosable event
B)a schizophreniform disorder
C)a brief psychotic disorder
D)a delusional disorder

Question 69

Martin believes that he was sent to earth to save humankind.He says that he regularly hears the voice of God describing his mission.His appearance is dishevelled, and he often speaks incoherently.He has experienced these symptoms for the past seven months.Based on this information, what disorder does Martin most likely have?

A)delusional disorder
B)schizophrenia
C)brief psychotic disorder
D)schizophreniform disorder

Question 70

You are the mayor of a city with 100 000 people in it.About how many people with schizophrenia can you estimate live in your city?

A)50
B)100
C)250
D)1000

Question 71

As a prevention method, researchers have looked at the classic at-risk study from the 1960s by Mednick and Schulsinger.In this study, which of the following factors is an environmental influence that may trigger the onset of schizophrenia?

A)self-esteem
B)drug use
C)social skills
D)instability of the family

Question 72

According to the terminology relating to dementia praecox, which symptom would Susanna demonstrate if she was showing silly and immature emotionality?

A)paranoia
B)hebephrenia
C)mania
D)catatonia

Question 73

Which treatment was first used in the 1930s to treat schizophrenia but is now used primarily to treat severe depression?

A)insulin coma therapy
B)prefrontal lobotomy
C)psychosurgery
D)electroconvulsive therapy

Question 74

James is experiencing alogia.What would someone spending time with James notice about him?

A)He would seem to have an inability to experience pleasure.
B)He would seem to have an inability to initiate and persist in activities.
C)He would show a lack of speech content and/or slowed speech response.
D)He would show a lack of emotional response and a blank facial expression.

Question 75

What is Heinz Lehmann credited with?

A)developing insulin therapy
B)performing the first prefrontal lobotomy on a schizophrenic patient
C)introducing neuroleptic mediations as a treatment method in North America
D)discovering the role of dopamine in schizophrenia

Question 76

What is a common treatment, alongside antipsychotics, for schizophrenia in China?

A)cognitive-behavioural therapy
B)yoga
C)meditation
D)acupuncture

Question 77

Tardive dyskinesia-induced motor disruptions in schizophrenia are similar to motor disruptions with which other disease?

A)Parkinson's disease
B)ALS
C)Huntington's disease
D)muscular sclerosis (MS)

Question 78

Which of the following explains gradations of severity in people with schizophrenia (from mild to severe) and explains that the risk of having schizophrenia increases with the number of affected relatives in the family?

A)the neurological damage theory of schizophrenia
B)the quantitative trait loci model of schizophrenia
C)the hypofrontality theory of schizophrenia
D)the dopamine theory of schizophrenia

Question 79

What percentage of individuals with schizophrenia display negative symptoms?

A)25
B)50
C)75
D)100

Question 80

Who renamed dementia praecox as schizophrenia?

A)Heinz Lehmann
B)Eugen Bleuler
C)Walter Heinrichs
D)Emil Kraepelin