Deck 13: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

Question 1

Clark and colleagues (1997) found that patients with one personality disorder also tend to obtain high scores on measures of sociotropy.What was the personality disorder?

A)borderline personality disorder
B)dependent personality disorder
C)avoidant personality disorder
D)narcissistic personality disorder

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Oliver has "ideas of reference," but senses that these beliefs are probably unrealistic.Which personality disorder is Oliver most likely to be diagnosed with?

A)histrionic personality disorder
B)paranoid personality disorder
C)schizoid personality disorder
D)schizotypal personality disorder

Answer 2

D

Question 3

To people who know her casually, Liz is charming.But underneath her superficial charm is an impulsive, self-centred, insensitive, irresponsible person who has little anxiety and feels no guilt or remorse when she hurts someone else.She blames others for her problems.While she can appear to be the nicest person in the world, if you get in her way-watch out! Which personality disorder does Liz most likely have?

A)paranoid personality disorder
B)antisocial personality disorder
C)schizotypal personality disorder
D)narcissistic personality disorder

Answer 3

B

Question 4

How do individuals with dependent personality disorder respond to therapy?

A)They are flirtatious and seductive.
B)They are too unstable to do the intellectual work that therapy requires.
C)They are seemingly "model" patients.
D)They are resistant to the therapeutic process.

Question 5

Dr.Hamid studies antisocial personality disorder.Which group most likely comprises the basis for much of Dr.Hamid's research?

A)hospital inpatients
B)outpatient volunteers
C)college and university students
D)criminals

Question 6

One unusual finding discussed in your textbook is that a personality disorder may have played a role in the behaviour of several serial killers.Which personality disorder is it?

A)histrionic personality disorder
B)narcissistic personality disorder
C)schizotypal personality disorder
D)obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Question 7

A woman demonstrating very stereotypical female traits probably would be diagnosed with histrionic personality disorder.Whatwould most likely occur if a man demonstrated very stereotypical masculine traits?

A)He would not be diagnosed with a personality disorder.
B)He would be given a diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder.
C)He would be given a diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder.
D)He would be given a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder.

Question 8

Terrance is very work oriented, spends little time going to movies or parties, is rigid in his thinking, and has generally poor interpersonal relationships.Which personality disorder does Terrance most likely have?

A)antisocial personality disorder
B)avoidant personality disorder
C)obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
D)narcissistic personality disorder

Question 9

Phillipe Pinel (1801) used the term manie sans délire to describe roughly the same symptoms as a disorder in the DSM-5.What is that disorder?

A)schizotypal personality disorder
B)bipolar disorder
C)schizophrenia
D)antisocial personality disorder

Question 10

What does the presence of low-frequency theta waves in the brains of psychopaths lead to?

A)underarousal
B)cortical immaturity
C)shamelessness
D)fearlessness

Question 11

Marielle has histrionic personality disorder.Her family has asked Marielle's psychiatrist whether there is any treatment that can help reduce her problematic behaviours.What is the psychiatrist most likely to say?

A)"Strict behavioural programs have been shown to be effective in controlled research."
B)"There are no well-controlled studies demonstrating success."
C)"Cognitive therapy is most effective."
D)"Patients who voluntarily attend therapy tend to get better."

Question 12

There appears to be a relationship between two personality disorders, with some evidence that each may be gender-typed, alternative ways of expressing the same underlying condition.What are these two disorders?

A)histrionic and antisocial personality disorders
B)borderline and histrionic personality disorders
C)antisocial and borderline personality disorders
D)histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders

Question 13

Martin's father asks Martin's psychiatrist what has caused Martin's schizoid personality disorder.What is the psychiatrist most likely to say?

A)The cause is social.
B)The cause is unknown.
C)It is learned in genetically predisposed individuals.
D)It is genetic.

Question 14

One prominent theory of psychopathy suggests that the behaviours are caused by an imbalance between two systems.What are these two systems?

A)the brain's behavioural inhibition system and reward system
B)the brain's fight/flight system and reward system
C)the brain's cortical stimulation system and reward system
D)the brain's behavioural inhibition system and fight/flight system

Question 15

Individuals with avoidant personality disorder usually respond to certain feelings by avoiding relationships; those with dependent personality disorder respond to the same feelings by clinging to relationships.Which of the following best characterizes those feelings?

A)depression
B)self-consciousness
C)anxiety
D)inadequacy

Question 16

What does the psychological treatment that has been found to be most effective in helping patients with borderline personality disorder involve?

A)learning to cope with life stressors in a more effective manner
B)regressing patients to the time in their lives when they experienced trauma
C)removing the reinforcing attention that they have received for their disordered behaviour in the past
D)changing maladaptive attitudes about the patient himself or herself, and others

Question 17

Ming has narcissistic personality disorder and Ian has antisocial personality disorder.Although they are quite different, which of the Big Five personality traits do they most likely share?

A)disagreeableness
B)openness to experience
C)extroversion
D)irresponsibility

Question 18

According to the underarousal hypothesis, why do psychopaths engage in their characteristic behaviours?

A)to provide a sense of relief from the feelings of depression that they experience when they are not highly aroused
B)to reduce the generally high level of arousal that they feel
C)to deal with their anger
D)to provide a level of stimulation that most of us receive from more typical behaviours

Question 19

Dr.Eso specializes in treating histrionic personality disorder and dependent personality disorder.Which statement most likely describes her patient population?

A)There will be more women with histrionic personality disorder and more women with dependent personality disorder.
B)There will be similar numbers of men and women with histrionic personality disorder and dependent personality disorder.
C)There will be more women with histrionic personality disorder and more men with dependent personality disorder.
D)There will be more men with histrionic personality disorder and more women with dependent personality disorder.

Question 20

Which of the following pairs includes the two major neurobiological theories that have received a great deal of attention in psychopathy?

A)Yerkes-Dodson and lack of shame
B)underarousal and fearlessness
C)underarousal and lack of shame
D)cortical immaturity and underarousal

Question 21

When working with a patient diagnosed with dependent personality disorder, what must the therapist be particularly careful about?

A)that the patient does not behave seductively toward the therapist
B)that the patient does not avoid attending sessions
C)that the patient does not rely on the therapist for decision making
D)that the patient does not manipulate the therapist with flattery

Question 22

According to a study by Ford and Widiger (1989), what is most likely the cause of gender differences observed in the prevalence of many personality disorders?

A)cultural scripts that dictate the type of disordered behaviour appropriate for each gender
B)genetic differences
C)gender-specific, learned behaviour patterns
D)gender bias on the part of the diagnosing clinician

Question 23

Why were passive-aggressive personality disorder and sadistic personality disorder NOT included in the DSM-5?

A)These disorders are categorical and not dimensional.
B)The existence of these disorders as distinct personality disorders remains controversial.
C)Treatment plans need to be determined prior to their inclusion.
D)There are already too many personality disorders listed in the current edition of the DSM.

Question 24

What is the main reason we do NOT have sufficient research examining the development of personality disorders?

A)There is insufficient research funding for these disorders due to relative lack of public awareness.
B)Many individuals do not seek treatment in the early phases of these disorders.
C)There are many other disorders involving far greater impairment, and these tend to receive the most research funding.
D)Sophisticated research methods are necessary to study disorders that are so ingrained in personality.

Question 25

According to Lasch, which of the following disorders has been increasing in frequency due to significant cultural changes?

A)narcissistic personality disorder
B)antisocial personality disorder
C)histrionic personality disorder
D)dependent personality disorder

Question 26

Sam goes through life as a loner and is not motivated to interact with others, but he has relatively normal behaviour and beliefs.Which personality disorder is Sam most likely to be diagnosed with?

A)schizoid personality disorder
B)paranoid personality disorder
C)avoidant personality disorder
D)narcissistic personality disorder

Question 27

How effective is the treatment of antisocial personality disorder and the related antisocial behaviours?

A)Therapy is successful in about half of the cases treated.
B)There has been greater success in reducing antisocial behaviour in children than in adults.
C)Treatment is rarely effective because people with the disorder will not participate in treatment.
D)There has been greater success in reducing antisocial behaviour in adults than in children.

Question 28

Clinicians who have criticized the way DSM-5 classifies personality disorders view personality disorders as extremes of normal personality rather than as which of the following?

A)impaired functioning
B)medical conditions
C)biologically based traits
D)separate categories of disorders

Question 29

What does research indicate regarding psychopaths and their goal setting patterns?

A)Individuals with this disorder are less likely to be motivated toward a goal.
B)Individuals with this disorder are more likely to keep trying even though the goal is probably unattainable.
C)Individuals with this disorder are less likely to attempt difficult goals.
D)Individuals with this disorder are more likely to quit trying as soon as failure appears imminent.

Question 30

What is the relationship between psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder?

A)Antisocial personality disorder predicts future psychopathic behaviour.
B)Antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy are the same concept.
C)The diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder are more liberal than those for psychopathy.
D)Antisocial personality disorder is diagnosed before the age of 18 and if the behaviour persists, the individual will be diagnosed as a psychopath.

Question 31

Josie has extremely unstable behaviour and emotion; she is impulsive, depressed, and often injures herself.What personality disorder does Josie most likely have?

A)schizotypal personality disorder
B)borderline personality disorder
C)dependent personality disorder
D)histrionic personality disorder

Question 32

Which psychotherapy has a growing body of evidence to support its effectiveness in treating borderline personality disorder?

A)cognitive therapy
B)dialectical behaviour therapy
C)exposure and ritual prevention
D)interpersonal therapy

Question 33

Karen's brother Paul has paranoid personality disorder.She is considering seeking treatment for Paul.What do you tell her based on your knowledge of research on the effects of treatment on paranoid personality disorder?

A)Cognitive restructuring therapy is effective in most cases.
B)Treatment can be successful only if the patient remains in therapy for a minimum of one year.
C)Strict behavioural approaches, which do not require that the patient become attached to the therapist, are most effective.
D)Therapy probably will not help.

Question 34

What role do genetics play in the development of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

A)The role of genetics is non-existent.
B)The role of genetics is dependent upon the specific pattern of symptoms displayed.
C)The role of genetics is moderate.
D)The role of genetics is strong.

Question 35

In Jill's psychotherapy sessions, her therapist has been using systematic desensitization to gradually make her more comfortable with social situations.The therapist has given Jill homework assignments that require her to practice talking to strangers, join informal groups, and speak in front of small groups.Which personality disorder is Jill most likely being treated for?

A)schizoid personality disorder
B)schizotypal personality disorder
C)avoidant personality disorder
D)dependent personality disorder

Question 36

Dr.Gall is studying a personality characteristic that is NOT a dimension in the five-factor model of personality.What is it?

A)extraversion
B)neuroticism
C)conscientiousness
D)expressiveness

Question 37

Research by Ferguson and Rodway (1994) indicates that a certain therapy can be effective in treating one important aspect of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.What is the therapy and what aspect of the disorder is it for?

A)interpersonal therapy for dysfunctional relationships
B)humanistic therapy for underlying feelings of inadequacy
C)psychoanalytic therapy for an obsessive need for cleanliness
D)cognitive-behavioural therapy for perfectionism

Question 38

Dave and Mike both have antisocial personality disorder.Dave has gotten in trouble with the law whereas Mike has not.If you had to guess what differs between the two men, what would you say?

A)Mike has the capacity for empathy and Dave does not.
B)Mike received early intervention and Dave did not.
C)Mike probably has more supportive parents than Dave.
D)Dave probably has a lower IQ than Mike.

Question 39

Why are individuals with narcissistic personality disorder most likely to become depressed?

A)They seldom live up to their unrealistic expectations of themselves.
B)They are involved in an endless search for the ideal person who will meet their unfulfilled empathic needs.
C)They feel that others don't understand and appreciate them.
D)They become upset when their intimate relationships fail.

Question 40

Your friend's therapist said that her borderline personality disorder may actually be another disorder.Which disorder was the therapist most likely to be referring to?

A)histrionic personality disorder
B)post-traumatic stress disorder
C)dependent personality disorder
D)bipolar disorder

Question 41

Jeremy has schizotypal personality disorder and also meets the criteria for another psychological disorder.What is that other disorder most likely to be?

A)schizoid personality disorder
B)major depressive disorder
C)schizophrenia
D)paranoia

Question 42

An individual presents for treatment and keeps talking about how gangsters are "out to get" him.Before diagnosing paranoid personality disorder, what must we determine?

A)whether he is overly sensitive to criticism
B)whether his fears are justified
C)whether he has any meaningful relationships
D)whether he has symptoms from any other personality disorder

Question 43

It is possible that teaching children to "trust nobody" and to "be careful all of the time because people want to hurt you" may contribute to the development of a personality disorder.Which personality disorder would it be?

A)schizoid personality disorder
B)paranoid personality disorder
C)schizotypal personality disorder
D)socially anxious personality disorder

Question 44

According to Ogloff and colleagues, which trait is important in predicting the amount of effort and likelihood of improvement of criminals in therapy programs?

A)egocentrism
B)neuroticism
C)psychopathy
D)impulsivity

Question 45

What is the key characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?

A)criminal behaviour at a very young age
B)impulsivity
C)failure to comply with social norms
D)selfishness

Question 46

Approximately 65 percent of individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder also have another disorder.What is the other disorder?

A)bipolar disorder
B)a substance use disorder
C)antisocial personality disorder
D)an eating disorder

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a necessary condition for the diagnosis of a personality disorder?

A)maladaptive functioning
B)pervasive pattern of behaviour
C)subjective feelings of distress
D)chronic pattern

Question 48

What is the most likely cause of schizotypal personality disorder?

A)poor parenting
B)isolation during childhood
C)social modelling
D)biological factors

Question 49

Amy quickly becomes the centre of attention when she enters a room.She is a tall and attractive young woman who generally wears something striking.Amy is known as a flirt and acts in a seductive manner around men.When Amy speaks, she uses exaggerated terms, even when describing relatively ordinary situations.What is Amy's most likely diagnosis?

A)histrionic personality disorder
B)dependent personality disorder
C)borderline personality disorder
D)narcissistic personality disorder

Question 50

How effective is the treatment of avoidant personality disorder?

A)Individuals with this disorder are seldom sufficiently motivated to succeed in treatment.
B)There are well-controlled studies, though none show any treatment success.
C)No well-controlled studies of treatment outcomes have been conducted.
D)Behavioural intervention programs for anxiety and social skills have had some success.

Question 51

Shauna shows excessive emotionality; has an excessive need for praise, reassurance, and approval; and constantly needs to be the centre of attention.Which personality disorder does Shauna most likely have?

A)narcissistic personality disorder
B)dependent personality disorder
C)histrionic personality disorder
D)borderline personality disorder

Question 52

When asked about their childhood, how do individuals diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder tend to remember their parents?

A)as warm and loving
B)as depressed
C)as rejecting
D)as harsh and physically abusive

Question 53

Some researchers believe that personality disorders are extreme versions of otherwise typical personality variations.Through which model do these people personality disorders?

A)functioning model
B)dimensional model
C)biological model
D)categorical model

Question 54

In which of the following examples is a subtle but important difference between the unusual perceptual experiences associated with schizotypal personality disorder versus schizophrenia apparent?

A)People with schizotypal personality disorder may have the feeling that someone else is in the room (when there isn't), whereas people with schizophrenia may strongly believe others are trying to hurt them.
B)People with schizotypal personality disorder may have the feeling that someone else is in the room (when there isn't), whereas people with schizophrenia may strongly believe there is someone else in the room (when there isn't).
C)People with schizotypal personality disorder are very emotional, whereas people with schizophrenia express little emotion.
D)People with schizotypal personality disorder may think they have a "sixth sense," whereas people with schizophrenia may strongly believe they have superhuman powers.

Question 55

What is the relationship between childhood sexual and physical abuse and borderline personality disorder?

A)Although early trauma may play a small role in the development of borderline personality disorder, it is likely that biological factors play the major role.
B)Neither sexual nor physical abuse appears to be necessary or sufficient to produce the disorder.
C)Early trauma is indirectly related to the disorder in that all cases of borderline personality disorder resemble post-traumatic stress disorder.
D)Because early abuse is linked to a number of disorders in addition to borderline personality disorder, it is unlikely that it is causally related to any specific disorder.

Question 56

Jane and Katelyn both have personality disorders that are part of the DSM-5 Cluster B.Although the women have been diagnosed with different personality disorders, what characteristics do they most likely have in common?

A)elevated levels of impulsivity
B)elevated levels of anxiety
C)elevated levels of eccentricity
D)elevated levels of extraversion

Question 57

Theo is a loner.He walks to class by himself, does not talk to anyone, and appears indifferent to other people.It is clear that Theo neither desires nor enjoys closeness with others.He does not act in any obviously unusual ways nor does he appear to possess strange beliefs about the world.Which personality disorder does Theo most likely have?

A)schizotypal personality disorder
B)schizoid personality disorder
C)avoidant personality disorder
D)antisocial personality disorder

Question 58

Jamie keeps to himself because he is anxious and fearful of rejection.Which personality disorder is he most likely to be diagnosed with?

A)avoidant personality disorder
B)antisocial personality disorder
C)schizoid personality disorder
D)dependent personality disorder

Question 59

Steven loves to brag.While he is not overly dramatic or flirtatious, he enjoys being the centre of attention.He is self-absorbed and lacks empathy for others.He is successful in his career and very proud of his accomplishments.Steven just wishes others would appreciate how wonderful he thinks he is.He is preoccupied with fantasies of future success and power.Which personality disorder does Steven most likely have?

A)antisocial personality disorder
B)histrionic personality disorder
C)narcissistic personality disorder
D)borderline personality disorder

Question 60

Why might labelling childhood trauma as a cause of borderline personality disorder be too simplistic an explanation?

A)People with borderline personality disorder frequently lie about childhood trauma.
B)Childhood traumas occur frequently and don't always create any disorders.
C)Individuals with borderline personality disorder tend to respond to SSRI medications.
D)There are too many neurological deficits that are noted in borderline personality disorder patients.

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT a personality disorder cluster?

A)odd or eccentric
B)dramatic, emotional, erratic
C)avoidant and paranoid
D)anxious or fearful

Question 62

Data from long-term follow-up research indicates that many adults with antisocial personality disorder or psychopathy had another condition as children.What is that condition?

A)learning disability
B)attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
C)conduct disorder
D)autism

Question 63

Martin believes he can read people's minds and foretell the future.He often feels as if deceased relatives are in the room with him.He talks to himself frequently and often speaks to others in a meandering, vague, although not incoherent manner.He is often unkempt, he believes people are talking about him, and he tends to be socially aloof.Which personality disorder does Martin most likely have?

A)schizoid personality disorder
B)schizotypal personality disorder
C)paranoid personality disorder
D)multiple personality disorder

Question 64

Which type of personality disorder most often leads to self-mutilation?

A)schizoid personality disorder
B)schizotypal personality disorder
C)antisocial personality disorder
D)borderline personality disorder

Question 65

Which of the following disorders is NOT likely to coexist with borderline personality disorder?

A)substance abuse
B)depression
C)panic disorder
D)bulimia

Question 66

Rija overreacts to everything, is overly dramatic and vain, and seeks reassurance and approval constantly.Which personality disorder is Rija most likely to be diagnosed with?

A)narcissistic personality disorder
B)histrionic personality disorder
C)antisocial personality disorder
D)borderline personality disorder

Question 67

Gary's parents are furious at the psychiatrist for diagnosing him with a second personality disorder.They feel that the psychiatrist is incompetent, so they seek a second opinion.What will the second psychiatrist most likely tell them?

A)You are right; it's impossible to have more than one disorder unless the person suffers from dissociative identity disorder.
B)Multiple diagnoses are common.
C)It is possible but only for personality disorders in the same DSM-5 cluster.
D)It is rare but possible.

Question 68

Why do individuals with avoidant personality disorder avoid most relationships?

A)They are simply not interested in social interaction.
B)They are extremely sensitive to the opinions of others and fear rejection.
C)They lack normal social skills and are generally rejected by others.
D)They experience debilitating anxiety at the thought of embarrassing themselves in front of others.

Question 69

Which statement best describes patients diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder?

A)They are usually indifferent to the idea of changing their behaviour but make more progress once they become invested in the therapeutic relationship.
B)They are usually highly resistant to begin therapy at first but become more motivated if they have a trusting relationship with the therapist.
C)They are usually indifferent to the idea of changing their behaviour until they are convinced of the potential benefits to themselves.
D)They are usually not motivated to begin therapy but may make some progress with social skills training.

Question 70

According to research, what is the best treatment to reduce symptoms or postpone the onset of later schizophrenia in individuals with schizotypal personality disorder?

A)antipsychotic medication and social skills training
B)community treatment and social skills training
C)antipsychotic medication and community treatment
D)antipsychotic medication, community treatment, and social skills training

Question 71

How effective is the treatment of dependent personality disorder?

A)It is generally successful with a cognitive-behavioural approach.
B)It is successful when based on systematic desensitization and social-skills training.
C)It is well researched, though no effective treatments have been established.
D)It is not well researched.

Question 72

Alice wants to be involved with people.She loves people and has strong needs for affection and acceptance.But her fears of rejection and public embarrassment prevent her from reaching out to those around her.Instead, she sticks to her routine and refuses to take any risks or try anything new.Which personality disorder is Alice most likely suffering from?

A)histrionic personality disorder
B)dependent personality disorder
C)avoidant personality disorder
D)paranoid personality disorder

Question 73

Kelly is a born actress.She is always the centre of attention.She is highly dramatic, overemotional, self-centred, spoiled, and inconsiderate of her friends.While she can appear charming and is often flirtatious and seductive, she has never had a truly intimate relationship.She has poor self-esteem and tries to impress others as a means of improving her own self-worth.Which personality disorder does Kelly most likely have?

A)histrionic personality disorder
B)narcissistic personality disorder
C)dependent personality disorder
D)borderline personality disorder

Question 74

According to research, what role does genetics play in the cause of antisocial personality disorder?

A)Genetic factors account for at least 90 percent of criminal behaviour.
B)Genetic factors may cause criminal behaviour even in the absence of negative environmental influences.
C)There is no evidence of a genetic cause.
D)Genetic factors may contribute to criminal behaviour only in the presence of certain environmental factors.

Question 75

One of the contributing factors in the developmental history of individuals with antisocial personality disorder or psychopathy appears to involve parenting.Which behaviour were their parents more likely than average parents to have used?

A)an overly permissive parenting style
B)overly firm discipline
C)physical discipline
D)inconsistent discipline

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT another name for what the DSM-5 calls antisocial personality disorder?

A)egopathy
B)sociopathy
C)idiopathy
D)moral insanity

Question 77

Dr.Dawson is studying possible causes of borderline personality disorder.What is she NOT interested in researching?

A)parental neglect
B)interpersonal relationships
C)child physical abuse
D)child sexual abuse

Question 78

James has autism spectrum disorder and has also been diagnosed with a Cluster A personality disorder.What personality disorder has James most likely been diagnosed with?

A)paranoid personality disorder
B)schizoid personality disorder
C)avoidant personality disorder
D)schizotypal personality disorder

Question 79

You are waiting to board a plane when you hear that the flight has been delayed because of a passing thunderstorm.The man sitting next to you says, "Passing thunderstorm, sure! That's Jim again; he's been doing everything to make me miss this meeting because he's trying to get me fired!" Which personality disorder are his remarks most consistent with?

A)paranoid personality disorder
B)schizotypal personality disorder
C)psychotic personality disorder
D)borderline personality disorder

Question 80

Recently, Janice was diagnosed with borderline personality disorder.Her therapist told her that many people with this disorder respond well to a variety of which medications?

A)antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs
B)anti-anxiety drugs
C)atypical antipsychotics and lithium
D)anti-anxiety drugs and lithium