Deck 10: Sexual Dysfunctions, Paraphilic Disorders, and Gender Dysphoria

Question 1

Why are antidepressant medications sometimes used to treat narcolepsy?

A)Antidepressant medications promote progressive muscle relaxation.
B)These medications suppress REM sleep, which can trigger cataplexy.
C)The anti-anxiety properties of these medications reduce narcolepsy.
D)Narcolepsy is often caused by depression.

Answer 1

These medications suppress REM sleep, which can trigger cataplexy.

Question 2

According to Burkhalter and colleagues (2015), what is a newer treatment that may help people with circadian rhythm problems readjust their sleep patterns?

A)bright light
B)Ritalin
C)Ambien
D)phase changes

Answer 2

bright light

Question 3

When do sleep terrors and sleepwalking generally occur?

A)during NREM sleep
B)during twilight stages between sleep and waking
C)during REM sleep
D)after some severe daytime stressor

Answer 3

during NREM sleep

Question 4

What are two factors that help regulate our natural sleep/wake cycles?

A)light and psychological factors
B)melatonin and light
C)psychological factors and melatonin
D)melatonin and serotonin

Question 5

Which individual is least likely to experience insomnia?

A)a male child
B)a female teenager
C)a female adult
D)a male senior

Question 6

Carrie has insomnia and her doctor thinks that a biological factor is contributing to the problem.What might that biological factor be?

A)higher body temperature
B)low body weight
C)percentage of body fat
D)genetics

Question 7

While a patient sleeps, which of the following is NOT collected in the data of a polysomnographic evaluation?

A)muscle movements
B)respiration
C)brain waves
D)metabolic rate

Question 8

Rose has been taking over-the-counter sleeping pills for several weeks because of the disrupted sleep patterns she experienced from frequent international travelling.When she stopped the medication, she experienced difficulty falling and staying asleep.What do we call this condition?

A)primary hypersomnia
B)primary insomnia
C)primary dyssomnia
D)rebound insomnia

Question 9

John reports not feeling refreshed and rested even though he has slept the whole night.What type of disorder might John be suffering from?

A)primary insomnia
B)some type of parasomnia
C)a disorder not related to sleep
D)some type of dyssomnia

Question 10

People who have unrealistic expectations such as "I must sleep a full eight hours every night, or I will be unable to function" are more likely to experience insomnia.What does this example show might influence insomnia?

A)cognition
B)early learning
C)self-fulfilling prophecy
D)cultural norms

Question 11

If a person spends 10 percent of "bed time" awake, what is their sleep efficiency?

A)10
B)40
C)60
D)90

Question 12

Fred has been having a great deal of trouble initiating and maintaining sleep.He guesses that he is sleeping about three hours each night.He complains that he feels terrible during the day.In addition, Fred has always experienced some anxiety, but it recently increased tremendously.How can we characterize Fred's experience?

A)It is extremely common since sleep problems can be both a cause and a result of anxiety.
B)It indicates that the insomnia is a result of the anxiety rather than a cause of the anxiety.
C)It makes the diagnosis of primary insomnia incorrect.
D)It increases our confidence that primary insomnia is the correct diagnosis.

Question 13

Why are health problems arguably linked to sleep problems?

A)the number of accidents increases substantially
B)the loss of even a few hours of sleep reduces immune functioning
C)the loss of sleep causes heart irregularities over time
D)lack of sleep causes rapid weight loss

Question 14

What did the research by Adachi and colleagues (2009) show in relation to the value of educating parents about the sleep of their young children?

A)Children whose parents received education about sleep experienced few sleep problems.
B)Children need to be at least six to show benefits of sleep education.
C)Education can be effective if multiple follow-ups occur to ensure the parents retain the information.
D)There was no real effect because the sleep-deprived parents were unable to retain the information.

Question 15

Recent Canadian data suggests that many mothers frequently bed-share with their infant in their first year.What is the approximate percentage of mothers that engage in this behaviour?

A)25
B)33
C)50
D)66

Question 16

Simon sometimes wakes up feeling that there are other people in the room, but he is unable to move or say anything.What is Simon most likely experiencing?

A)sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations associated with narcolepsy
B)hypnagogic hallucinations associated with hypersomnia
C)cataplexy associated with narcolepsy
D)sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations associated with hypersomnia

Question 17

In addition to medication and mechanical devices, what other medical treatment is used for severe sleep apnea?

A)surgery
B)progressive relaxation
C)changing the patient's sleep schedule
D)exercise of the neck muscles

Question 18

Which term refers to the very rare degenerative brain disorder that causes a total lack of sleep, eventually leading to death?

A)primary insomnia
B)atypical insomnia
C)medical insomnia
D)fatal familial insomnia

Question 19

Andreas' therapist is suggesting therapy for his insufficient sleep and depression.What therapy is the therapist likely to suggest based on prior research?

A)cognitive-behavioural therapy
B)medication
C)relaxation training
D)sleep hygiene training

Question 20

What characterizes obstructive sleep apnea?

A)interruption of air flow without cessation of respiratory activity
B)central nervous system disorders and trauma
C)complete cessation of respiratory activity for brief periods
D)interruption of air flow and brief cessation of respiratory activity

Question 21

How much sleep do people need each night?

A)It depends on the individual and their age.
B)They need under six hours.
C)They need between seven and eight hours.
D)They need more than eight hours.

Question 22

Which of the following does NOT characterize sleepwalking?

A)occurrence primarily in children
B)no memory of the sleepwalking event
C)occurrence during the deepest stage of sleep
D)acting out a dream

Question 23

In which area of the brain do we see a mutual neurobiological connection with anxiety and dream sleep?

A)prefrontal cortex
B)pons
C)limbic system
D)HPA axis

Question 24

Which statement does NOT accurately explain one drawback of medical treatment for insomnia?

A)Benzodiazepine medications can actually cause insomnia.
B)People can easily become dependent on them and misuse them.
C)The medications are only meant for short-term use.
D)They may increase the likelihood of sleepwalking-related problems.

Question 25

What type of sleep do we typically awaken from when we wake up in the morning?

A)deep, slow-wave sleep
B)REM sleep, during a dream
C)Stage 2 sleep, where we were just dozing and thinking
D)deep, slow-wave sleep, during a dream

Question 26

Bill suffers from narcolepsy.In which of the following situations is he is most likely to experience cataplexy?

A)when placed in a physical environment with little sun or light
B)immediately upon waking up after a long, restful sleep
C)while jumping up and cheering for his favourite team
D)under hypnosis

Question 27

How is the most comprehensive evaluation of sleep performed?

A)by a polysomnographic evaluation
B)by an electromyographic evaluation
C)by an electroencephalographic evaluation
D)by an actigraphic evaluation

Question 28

What is often is impacted when we shift to daylight savings time?

A)REM sleep
B)dreams
C)circadian rhythm
D)physical health

Question 29

Raz just spent 10 hours asleep.How much of that time did he likely spend dreaming?

A)2 hours
B)3 hours
C)4 hours
D)5 hours

Question 30

Which of the following has NOT been implicated as a factor that may cause sleepwalking?

A)extreme fatigue
B)stress
C)sedative or hypnotic drugs
D)amphetamines

Question 31

What do we call abnormal events such as nightmares, sleep terrors, and sleepwalking that occur during sleep or during the twilight time between sleep and waking?

A)REM disorders
B)catalepsy
C)parasomnias
D)dyssomnias

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of sleep apnea?

A)obstructive
B)central
C)cessation
D)mixed

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a typical sign that someone may be experiencing breathing-related sleep problems?

A)heavy sweating during the night
B)morning headaches
C)sleep attacks
D)cataplexy

Question 34

According to a study by Morin and colleagues (2011), what was the estimated number of Canadians that had used prescribed medications to help them sleep?

A)5 percent
B)10 percent
C)15 percent
D)20 percent

Question 35

Jessie constantly grinds her teeth at night and her doctor is concerned she might be experiencing a sleep problem.What might her doctor suggest Jessie is dealing with?

A)a REM disorder
B)catalepsy
C)a parasomnia
D)a dyssomnia

Question 36

Given what we know about classical conditioning and learning through association, what do sleep experts generally recommend?

A)They recommend learning as much as possible about all the various sleep disorders.
B)They recommend spending a bit of time thinking about sleep before going to bed.
C)They recommend using the bed for sleep and sex only.
D)They recommend that patients reward themselves every time they sleep the recommended number of hours the previous night.

Question 37

How are alcohol and sleep related?

A)Alcohol may help initiate sleep and enhance ongoing sleep, but it leads to addiction if used as a sleep aid.
B)Alcohol may help initiate sleep, but it interrupts ongoing sleep and can cause a vicious cycle.
C)Alcohol increases REM sleep.
D)Alcohol increases total sleep time in an effective manner, but continued use produces tolerance, which negates this beneficial effect.

Question 38

What percentage of young adults are achieving the recommended number of hours of sleep a night?

A)65 percent
B)70 percent
C)75 percent
D)80 percent

Question 39

Patricia has just been woken from sleep; however, she reported that she didn't think she was asleep but was just "dozing and thinking." Which stage of sleep was she likely in?

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 3
D)Stage 4

Question 40

Joan is a six-year-old child who cries out in the middle of the night, appearing frightened and inconsolable.Her parents are unable to comfort her during these episodes, and Joan has no memory of the event in the morning.What does Joan appear to be experiencing?

A)temporary amnesia
B)dyssomnia
C)sleep terrors
D)nightmares

Question 41

What is one approach to successfully reducing the frequency of sleep terrors?

A)Make sure that the child is very tired before going to bed.
B)Wake the child during the attack.
C)Make sure the child does not eat one hour before bedtime; diet matters.
D)Use scheduled awakenings to briefly awaken the child before an attack occurs.

Question 42

What is the relationship between sleep problems and ADHD in children?

A)Sleep problems cause behavioural symptoms in children with ADHD.
B)ADHD symptoms keep children from dreaming during REM sleep.
C)Very few children with ADHD experience sleep problems, but those that do seem to have more severe symptoms.
D)Sleep problems are prevalent although the exact nature of these problems is unknown.

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT something people with narcolepsy commonly experience?

A)cataplexy
B)hypnagogic hallucinations
C)hypnapompic hallucinations
D)sleep paralysis

Question 44

According to the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS, 2014-2015) what percentage of Canadians experienced nighttime insomnia symptoms that lasted at least one year?

A)10
B)25
C)35
D)50

Question 45

Research with Doberman pinschers and Labrador retrievers, who also inherit the disorder, has contributed to specific genetic models of which of the following?

A)narcolepsy
B)insomnia
C)REM sleep disturbances
D)sleep apnea

Question 46

Cheryl's doctor is sending her home with a wristwatch-sized device to record her arm movements during sleep to determine the length and quality of her sleep.What assessment tool is he using?

A)a polysomnograph
B)an electromyograph
C)an electroencephalograph
D)an actigraph

Question 47

Jones is undergoing therapy for his sleep disorder.During therapy he is instructed to lie in bed and try to stay awake for as long as he can.Which type of therapy would employ this strategy?

A)cognitive relaxation
B)graduated extinction
C)paradoxical intention
D)progressive relaxation

Question 48

What does the term "stimulus control" refer to when discussing sleep?

A)using the bedroom only for sleeping and for sex
B)keeping noise to a minimum during the sleeping hours
C)quietly listening to the radio while trying to fall asleep
D)decorating the bedroom in neutral shades and a minimum of furniture

Question 49

Children sometimes experience intense episodes of sitting up during deep sleep, appearing frightened, showing signs of extreme arousal, talking, thrashing wildly, and then remembering nothing of the episode the next morning.What do such episodes indicate?

A)sleepwalking
B)sleep terrors
C)REM disorders
D)nightmare disorder

Question 50

How are sleep disorders diagnosed?

A)according to the quantity of sleep vs.the amount of sleep time the individual believes is desirable
B)according to the quality and quantity of sleep and polysomnographic results
C)according to the quality and quantity of sleep as well as daytime sequelae
D)according to the clinical experience of the clinician

Question 51

Which of the following is it NOT necessary to rule out before a clinician can diagnose hypersomnia?

A)family history of similar sleep problems
B)current medical conditions that would account for the symptoms
C)insomnia
D)sleep apnea

Question 52

Jack has always been the "early to bed and early to rise" type of person.Which type of circadian rhythm does he demonstrate?

A)premature sleep phase
B)delayed sleep phase
C)advanced sleep phase
D)average sleep phase pattern

Question 53

Joe has recently started having a great deal of difficulty falling asleep.In addition, he frequently wakes up during the night and has trouble falling back to sleep once awakened.What has most likely caused Joe's sleep problems?

A)medical conditions
B)a diagnosable sleep disorder
C)either medical or psychological conditions
D)psychological concerns

Question 54

Which individual is most likely to be suffering from obstructive sleep apnea?

A)Ming, a 32-year-old male who recently suffered head trauma in a car accident
B)John, a 64-year-old overweight male
C)Karen, a 64-year-old overweight female
D)Harpreet, an 88-year-old female with cerebral vascular disease

Question 55

Compared to people who sleep normally, what are people who do not get enough sleep most likely to experience?

A)more health problems and more frequent hospitalization
B)a reduced number of hours of sleep per night in early adulthood and increases in hours of sleep in middle adulthood
C)more physical health problems but normal levels of productivity
D)weight loss

Question 56

Which type of treatment has the best long-term success for treating sleep disorders in older adults?

A)drug therapy
B)drug therapy combined with psychological treatments
C)psychological treatments
D)self-help treatments

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT a parasomnia?

A)nocturnal eating syndrome
B)sexsomnia
C)somnambulism
D)hypopnea syndrome

Question 58

When are sleep problems considered a disorder?

A)when the individual is spending less than 50 percent of the time spent lying in bed actually being asleep
B)when the individual experiences daytime fatigue
C)when the sleep problems are accompanied by symptoms of depression and/or anxiety
D)when the individual experiences discomfort or impairment because of it

Question 59

What does "sleep hygiene" refer to?

A)lifestyle behaviours that facilitate or interfere with sleep
B)the purity of a person's melatonin level
C)the effects of the physical environment of the bedroom on sleep
D)the use of medications to induce sleep

Question 60

What is the difference between a bad dream and a nightmare?

A)Bad dreams occur in REM and nightmares occur in NREM sleep.
B)Nightmares awaken the sleeper, bad dreams do not.
C)There is no difference between the two; they are different terms to describe the same experience.
D)Nightmares are a dyssomnia while bad dreams are parasomnias.

Question 61

What is NOT typically included in the reciprocal model to explain how children's sleep problems are produced and maintained?

A)personality characteristics
B)sleep difficulties
C)parental reaction
D)diet

Question 62

Professor Thompson is explaining how lack of sleep can contribute to obesity.In her explanation she discusses that the release of a specific hormone because of poor sleep can ultimately lead to weight gain.What hormone is she referring to?

A)growth hormone
B)testosterone
C)cortisol
D)estrogen

Question 63

As described by Stanley Coren (1996), sleep can be divided into which two broad states?

A)slow-wave and long-wave sleep
B)alpha and theta
C)slow-wave and REM
D)REM and rapid-wave sleep

Question 64

What did Kenneth Parks use as a defense in his trial for killing his mother-in-law and attempting to kill his father-in-law?

A)sleep terrors
B)sleepwalking
C)dyssomnia
D)parasomnia

Question 65

When attempting to "reset the biological clock" of an individual with a circadian rhythm sleep disorder, what is it generally best to do?

A)Keep the person awake for several days in a row.
B)Leave the patient's bedtime alone and change the duration of sleep.
C)Make the patient's bedtime earlier.
D)Make the patient's bedtime later.

Question 66

Describe the narcolepsy-related phenomena of sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations.Discuss their possible relationship to UFO experiences.

Question 67

What occurs after an individual goes without sleep for one or two nights?

A)They start to hallucinate.
B)They will experience microsleeps.
C)They will be diagnosed with insomnia.
D)A potential medical condition will be explored.

Question 68

Compare and contrast parasomnia and dyssomnia.Provide one example of each disorder along with a suggested treatment for each example.

Question 69

Anxiety and primary insomnia often co-exist in a "chicken and egg" cycle, where it seems impossible to determine if the anxiety is causing the sleep disorder or if the sleep disorder is causing the anxiety.Describe the process of how anxiety and primary insomnia might interact within a patient.Why would it be difficult to determine which came first?

Question 70

Which of the following sleep disorders is most accurately described?

A)parasomnia-not getting enough REM sleep
B)parasomnia-difficulties in getting enough sleep
C)dyssomnia-sleepwalking and nightmares
D)dyssomnia-difficulties in getting enough sleep

Question 71

What is another term for somnambulism?

A)sleep terrors
B)sleepwalking
C)nightmare
D)parasomnia

Question 72

While suddenly and unexpectedly falling asleep during normal waking hours, Sarah experiences vivid hallucinations of being in a horrible car crash.The experience is so realistic that she actually feels physical sensations as if the hallucination was real.What is Sarah's most likely diagnosis?

A)hypersomnia
B)sleep apnea
C)narcolepsy
D)a psychotic disorder

Question 73

What does a typical case of insomnia involve?

A)an individual who has difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep
B)an individual who does not sleep at all
C)an individual who sleeps all night but still feels like he or she has been awake for hours
D)an individual who frequently sleepwalks

Question 74

Describe the problems associated with using medications such as benzodiazepines as a treatment for primary insomnia.

Question 75

As noted by Michael Antle at the University of Calgary (2005), our internal clock is in which area of the brain?

A)suprachiasmatic nucleus
B)amygdala
C)pons
D)hippocampus

Question 76

What type of therapy would seven-year-old Jaxon most likely receive for treatment of his tantrums at bedtime and constant waking during the night?

A)cognitive relaxation
B)graduated extinction
C)paradoxical intention
D)progressive relaxation

Question 77

You predict that the person in a case study related to insomnia was older based on the prescription the person was given.What was that prescription most likely to be?

A)benzodiazepines
B)nonmedical treatments
C)stimulants
D)antidepressants

Question 78

In the study by Miller and colleagues (2002), what percentage of patients with schizophrenia reported sleep disturbances before the onset of their psychotic episode?

A)22
B)37
C)46
D)62

Question 79

What does the term "primary" in the diagnosis of primary insomnia refer to?

A)the fact that two co-occurring disorders are not present
B)the fact that the sleep disorder is a major cause of other medical or psychiatric conditions that the individual is experiencing
C)the fact that the sleep disturbance is not due to another medical or psychiatric condition
D)the fact that the person has never been diagnosed with insomnia before

Question 80

What does research suggest about crossing time zones and the likelihood of jet lag?

A)Travelling more than two time zones eastward usually affects people the most.
B)Travelling less than three time zones eastward is usually tolerated better.
C)Travelling any number of time zones westward is tolerated better than travelling eastward.
D)Travelling in either direction is not tolerated well.