Deck 12: Personality Disorders

Question 1

Why did early editions of the DSM classify alcoholism and drug abuse as sociopathic personality disorders?

A)They were considered signs of mental illness.
B)They were considered a sign of moral weakness.
C)They were considered criminal behaviours.
D)They were considered symptoms of psychosis.

Answer 1

They were considered a sign of moral weakness.

Question 2

Jack has been experiencing hallucinations, panic, and paranoid delusions.What type of substance has he most likely taken too much of?

A)amphetamine
B)alcohol
C)Seconal
D)Xanax

Answer 2

amphetamine

Question 3

Alcohol use and aggression are positively correlated.Which of the following is NOT a factor that determines aggressive behaviour?

A)the person's previous history of violence
B)the person's IQ (measured intelligence)
C)quantity and timing of alcohol consumed
D)the person's expectations about drinking

Answer 3

the person's IQ (measured intelligence)

Question 4

Which approach is most likely to help people with gambling disorder?

A)a brief treatment program
B)an inexpensive treatment
C)a psychodynamic treatment
D)a long treatment program

Question 5

Your shy and introverted friend tells you that she has discovered a wonder drug that produces feelings of euphoria and it is not addictive.When you realize that she is talking about cocaine, what should you tell her?

A)In the long term, she will want to be reclusive and antisocial.
B)If she continues to use it, she will exhibit extreme symptoms of depression, which are common to two-thirds or more of cocaine abusers.
C)If she continues to use it, she will gradually develop an inability to resist taking more over time.
D)Unlike other recreational drugs, the mellowing and calming effect she achieves will not last over repeated use.

Question 6

What are the noted research differences between how Canadian college and university students use alcohol compared to American students?

A)More American female students drink alcohol than Canadian female students, but male students in both countries drink at about the same rate.
B)More American than Canadian students drink alcohol, but more Canadian students are binge drinkers.
C)More Canadian than American students drink alcohol, but more American students are binge drinkers.
D)More Canadian female students drink alcohol than American female students, but male students in both countries drink at about the same rate.

Question 7

Dr.Gomez is concerned with a recent report showing high rates of benzodiazepine use in his community.Why might Dr.Gomez find this problematic?

A)Their use is positively correlated with violent behaviour.
B)It has long been known that they are not appropriate for reducing tension and anxiety from everyday stresses and strains.
C)They are more dangerous than barbiturates.
D)They are largely ineffective at relieving symptoms of anxiety.

Question 8

Which of the following may be an outcome of mild to moderate alcohol use across the lifespan?

A)It can result in mild dementia.
B)It can result in moderate dementia.
C)It has no effect on cognitive functioning.
D)It may have a protective effect on cognitive decline as we age.

Question 9

In the 1950s, Olds and Milner used electrical stimulation on the brains of rats.What did he discover?

A)that rats lost memory of previously learned skills
B)that rats have completely different neurotransmitter systems from humans
C)the aggressive centre of the brain
D)the pleasure centre of the brain

Question 10

Which of the following theories uses both positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement to explain why the "crash" that follows the initial euphoria of drug use is not a deterrent to further drug use?

A)amotivational theory
B)substance-related self-schema theory
C)opponent-process theory
D)expectancy theory

Question 11

Although most psychoactive substances interact with specific substances in the brain cells, the effects of some substances are much more complex because several different neurotransmitter systems are affected.What substance affects several neurotransmitter systems?

A)alcohol
B)marijuana
C)opiates
D)tranquilizers

Question 12

Which of the following does NOT account for cultural differences in the rates of alcohol use problems?

A)different attitudes toward drinking
B)availability of alcohol
C)physiological reactions
D)comorbid psychological disorders

Question 13

Which of the following pairs an organic brain syndrome associated with long-term alcohol abuse and its symptoms and causes?

A)dementia-loss of intellectual abilities caused by a deficiency of the vitamin called thiamine
B)Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome-loss of intellectual abilities caused by the toxic effects of alcohol on the brain
C)dementia-confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech caused by the toxic effects of alcohol on the brain
D)Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome-confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech caused by a deficiency of the vitamin called thiamine

Question 14

Linea has gambling disorder.When she undergoes an fMRI as part of a research study, what parts of her brain are most likely to be functioning in an abnormal way?

A)ventromedial prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex
B)orbitofrontal cortex and medial temporal cortex
C)medial temporal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus
D)parahippocampal gyrus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 15

A newer prescription drug for pain is oxycodone.Why has it been featured prominently in the news?

A)because of its potential for the treatment for cancer
B)because of its potential for the treatment of AIDS
C)because of its potential for the treatment of withdrawal symptoms of heroin
D)because of its potential for abuse and lethal overdose

Question 16

Max runs a group therapy session for people with alcohol disorders.What else do some members of the group likely have?

A)schizophrenia
B)mood and anxiety disorders
C)a sociopathic personality disturbance
D)abuse of marijuana

Question 17

Manuel has gambling disorder.Tests have shown he has poor executive control.What impact will this have on the course of Manuel's disorder?

A)better response to treatment and a lower chance of relapse
B)better response to treatment and a higher chance of relapse
C)worse response to treatment and a lower chance of relapse
D)worse response to treatment and a higher chance of relapse

Question 18

What percentage of the adult Canadian population has attended an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting at one time or another?

A)1
B)3
C)5
D)10

Question 19

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a combination of problems that can occur in a child whose mother drank alcohol while pregnant.Which of the following is a symptom of FAS?

A)autism spectrum disorder
B)congenital deafness
C)cognitive deficits and behaviour problems
D)excessive fetal growth

Question 20

Dylan has been using and abusing marijuana for more than 10 years.He is considering quitting because he has begun to experience which of the following?

A)psychological dependence even with occasional use
B)rapid development of tolerance
C)physiological addiction to tobacco smoke
D)paranoia and hallucinations

Question 21

What might be the common factor among abused psychoactive drugs?

A)their identical effect on neurotransmitters at the synapse
B)the suppression of the nervous system
C)the similar way in which they are metabolized in the body
D)their ability to activate the "pleasure pathways" of the brain

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT one of the categories that includes the effects of cannabis?

A)depressant
B)stimulant
C)opioid
D)hallucinogen

Question 23

Sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic drugs affect the brain by acting on one of the neurotransmitter systems.Which neurotransmitter system is it?

A)serotonin system
B)GABA system
C)dopamine system
D)norepinephrine system

Question 24

Candace rarely drinks alcohol, but she became very intoxicated at the office party.That evening she was slurring her speech and did a striptease in front of her boss.Jason has had his driver's licence suspended three times over the past two years for driving while intoxicated, yet he never drinks on the job.Which of the following levels of involvement with alcohol would best apply to Candace and Jason?

A)Candace, substance use disorder; Jason, substance use
B)Candace, substance use; Jason, substance intoxication
C)Candace, substance use; Jason, substance use disorder
D)Candace, substance intoxication; Jason, substance use disorder

Question 25

How effective are controlled drinking approaches to alcohol abuse?

A)It works long term for about 30 percent of alcoholics.
B)People using this method stick to treatment at higher rates than those who attempt to abstain from alcohol entirely.
C)The program does not work long term.
D)The program is as effective as Alcoholic Anonymous.

Question 26

Approximately what percentage of Canadians who consume alcohol can be categorized as problem drinkers?

A)3
B)9
C)14
D)18

Question 27

How do both amphetamines and cocaine produce their desired effects?

A)by indirectly stimulating the internal reward centre or pleasure pathway of the brain
B)by directly stimulating the internal reward centre or pleasure pathway of the brain
C)by enhancing the activity of GABA in the septal-hippocampal system
D)by increasing beta-endorphin release

Question 28

What drug was implicated in the friendly fire death of four Canadian soldiers by two U.S.pilots in Afghanistan in 2002?

A)alcohol
B)sedatives
C)Rohypnol
D)amphetamines

Question 29

Jason uses mescaline repeatedly over several days.What is the most likely outcome?

A)He will overdose and may die.
B)The drug will completely lose its effectiveness.
C)He will experience severe withdrawal symptoms when he stops.
D)He will experience at least one "bad trip."

Question 30

How does the use of the testosterone-derived, anabolic-androgenic steroids differ from the use of other illicit drugs?

A)There is no desirable high with steroid use.
B)Steroids can be taken orally or by injection.
C)Twice as many young males abuse steroids for body size and performance as those who abuse drugs that produce a high.
D)The high produced from steroid use is more intense than that experienced with other drugs.

Question 31

Where are the natural opioids, enkephalins, and endorphins found?

A)in DNA
B)in the adrenal glands
C)in the pituitary gland
D)in the brain

Question 32

Occasionally Jared acts on aggressive impulses by assaulting others or destroying property.Jared likely meets the criteria for which disorder?

A)kleptomania
B)gambling disorder
C)intermittent explosive disorder
D)pyromania

Question 33

Which term refers to the study of how genes work to influence addiction?

A)psychopathology
B)functional genomics
C)molecular genetics
D)genetic variation

Question 34

Which the following is NOT a symptom of withdrawal from alcohol?

A)delirium tremens
B)hallucinations
C)hypersomnia
D)nausea and/or vomiting

Question 35

At low doses, barbiturates relax the muscles and can produce feelings of well-being.However, large doses can have results similar to which of the following?

A)heavy drinking
B)opiates
C)stimulants
D)hallucinogens

Question 36

What were amphetamines originally used to treat?

A)neurasthenia
B)irregular heart rhythms
C)hysteria
D)asthma and as a nasal decongestant

Question 37

Carol has been addicted to narcotics for many years.Recently, she has been trying to quit and has not used any drugs for the last week.As part of her withdrawal from narcotics, which of the following is Carol unlikely to experience?

A)fever and chills
B)nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
C)aches and pains
D)increase in blood pressure

Question 38

Alan Marlatt, the creator of the relapse prevention treatment model, believed that relapse occurs because of which of the following?

A)inadequate interpersonal relationships
B)a failure of cognitive and behavioural coping skills
C)lack of motivation
D)lack of self-control

Question 39

What was the Temperance Movement?

A)It allowed for the benefits of moderate drinking while morally condemning the heavy use of spirits.
B)It advocated for the increase of alcohol education in schools.
C)It increased organized crime and bootlegging because of prohibition.
D)It was the repeal of prohibition near the beginning of the Depression era.

Question 40

What is the purpose of abstinence in a harm reduction approach to substance abuse?

A)Abstinence is assumed to be the natural result of improved cognitive and behavioural coping skills after therapy.
B)Abstinence can be the final goal, but it does not have to be.
C)Abstinence is an unrealistic goal for a person with a history of dependence problems.
D)Abstinence is a key requirement for the user.

Question 41

Which drug was nicknamed the "date rape drug"?

A)Valium
B)Xanax
C)Ativan
D)Rohypnol

Question 42

Which of the following is classified as a benzodiazepine?

A)Halcion
B)Seconal
C)Amytal
D)Rohypnol

Question 43

Heroin and methadone are cross-tolerant.What does this mean?

A)They act on the same neurotransmitter receptors and, thus, a person addicted to one drug may become addicted to the other.
B)They each produce the same level of high in users.
C)They each produce a significantly different type and level of high in users.
D)They do not act on the same neurotransmitter receptors; however, the level of tolerance developed will automatically cause a generalization to the other drug.

Question 44

Barrett and colleagues (2006) found that administering nicotine (through tobacco smoke) leads most smokers to increase their alcohol consumption.According to the researchers, which of the following reasons may explain the cause?

A)Using both substances simultaneously may maximize the effects of both smoking and alcohol on the dopamine reward system.
B)Smoking becomes a conditioned stimulus for the alcohol and increases cravings for alcohol.
C)Alcohol maximizes the pleasurable effects of smoking on the dopamine reward system.
D)Nicotine may make drinking alcohol more rewarding in terms of its effect on the dopamine reward system.

Question 45

Which statement best describes the risks associated with opioid withdrawal?

A)No one should stop taking any opioid "cold turkey."
B)Opioid withdrawal is only dangerous if a person has been taking the substance for more than six months.
C)Opioid withdrawal is uncomfortable and unpleasant, so people continue to use the drugs.
D)Opioid withdrawal is more dangerous than alcohol withdrawal.

Question 46

Why was the use of Rohypnol popular among adolescents in the 1990s?

A)It has the same effect as alcohol without the tell-tale odour.
B)It is a sexual stimulant.
C)It can be taken in fairly high doses without any withdrawal symptoms.
D)It produces a longer and more intense "high" than marijuana.

Question 47

Dr.Reid is studying the efficacy of Gamblers Anonymous.What has she found to be necessary for the program to work?

A)The group leader must be a former gambler.
B)The gambler must have a desire to quit gambling before they start treatment.
C)The gambler must be financially stable
D)The treatment must occur in a psychiatric facility.

Question 48

Yan has kleptomania.She feels a sense of tension before she shoplifts.After she shoplifts, what does she feel?

A)paranoia
B)relief
C)more tension
D)anger

Question 49

What was demonstrated by the Conrod and colleagues' (2000) study on substance use treatment in substance-abusing women?

A)Matching treatment to the client's level of motivation is important for treatment success.
B)Covert sensitization is an effective treatment method for substance use.
C)Individuals with anxiety sensitivity have less effective treatment outcomes.
D)Reinforcers are necessary for success in substance use treatment.

Question 50

When a person is physiologically dependent on a drug, what will he or she most likely experience?

A)an increased likelihood that use will resume after a period of abstinence
B)both tolerance and withdrawal
C)withdrawal symptoms if the drug is withdrawn
D)tolerance to the effects of the drug

Question 51

Nick has been an alcoholic for many years.He has also experienced major depression and manic episodes.Approximately what percentage of alcoholics also have an additional psychiatric disorder?

A)10
B)25
C)50
D)99

Question 52

In the 1950s, Dr.Humphrey Osmond experimented with the hallucinogenic drug LSD as a treatment for which of the following?

A)sleep disorders
B)pain
C)anxiety disorders
D)alcoholism

Question 53

What does the term "anxiolytic" mean?

A)anti-seizure
B)anxiety-reducing
C)calming
D)sleep-inducing

Question 54

In a study of health inequalities in Canada, smoking prevalence was NOT found to be related to which of the following?

A)socioeconomic status
B)gender
C)age
D)Indigenous background

Question 55

Joseph meets the criteria for five symptoms of substance use disorder.What range would he fall under for this disorder?

A)mild
B)moderate
C)severe
D)extreme

Question 56

What does research data show is the relationship between gene(s) and substance abuse?

A)No one gene causes substance abuse or dependence.
B)One dominant gene is found in 90% of people with substance abuse disorders.
C)One recessive gene is found in 90% of people with alcohol or nicotine dependency.
D)No genes have been found to be linked to substance abuse.

Question 57

Which term refers to the disturbing but common habit of using multiple substances?

A)comorbid substance use
B)polysubstance use
C)substance dependence
D)multisubstance use

Question 58

The hallucinogenic drug LSD is produced synthetically in laboratories.However, a naturally occurring derivative has caused outbreaks of illness throughout history.What is this naturally occurring derivative?

A)lysergic acid amide
B)ergot
C)psilocybin
D)mescaline

Question 59

What physiological reaction appears to prevent some persons from becoming alcohol dependent?

A)ADA response
B)skin-flushing response
C)red cell syndrome
D)meta-alcohol syndrome

Question 60

A 2003 study by Galambos and colleagues examined the influence of parenting behaviours and of peers on children's adjustment in early adolescence.What did the results of this study suggest?

A)Positive peer counselling can overcome negative peer influences on alcohol and drug use in adolescents.
B)Parenting can exert an important influence on adolescents' use of alcohol and drugs, despite negative peer influences.
C)If negative peer influences are strong enough, parenting style is unrelated to alcohol and drug use.
D)Parenting can exert an important influence on adolescents' use of alcohol and drugs provided that positive peer influences are in place.

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT a factor that may trigger urges and cravings for a drug?

A)availability of the drug
B)contact with things associated with drug taking
C)attempting the avoid the drug at all costs
D)having a small dose of the drug

Question 62

What is the mortality rate in an opioid-addicted population compared to the general population?

A)1 to 2 times higher
B)3 to 5 times higher
C)6 to 20 times higher
D)21 to 25 times higher

Question 63

Safe injection sites (SISs) are an example of which type of treatment approach?

A)contingency management
B)relapse prevention
C)antagonist treatment
D)harm reduction

Question 64

Yesterday, you took a couple of aspirin tablets.In behaviourist terms, what is aspirin?

A)a positive reinforcer
B)a neutral reinforcer
C)a negative reinforcer
D)a variable reinforcer

Question 65

What does the term "hypnotic" mean?

A)sleep-inducing
B)calming
C)anxiety-reducing
D)anti-seizure

Question 66

Which substance distorts sensory experiences, feelings, and perceptions?

A)"benzos"
B)opiates
C)"roofies"
D)hallucinogens

Question 67

It seems that a valuable part of therapy for substance use may be contingency management.In contingency management, what do the clinician and the client do together?

A)They develop a skills-training program to resist social, media, and peer pressure to use drugs.
B)They identify and correct aspects of the client's life that might contribute to substance use or interfere with efforts to abstain.
C)They focus on the learned aspects of dependence-that is, the failure of cognitive and behavioural coping skills.
D)They select specific behaviours for change and reinforcers that will reward success.

Question 68

The integrative approach to substance abuse reflects the concept of equifinality.Which statement best explains this concept?

A)Neurobiological factors determine whether substance abuse will develop.
B)A genetic factor alone is the cause of substance abuse.
C)For any particular individual, substance abuse may arise from multiple and different causes.
D)Psychological factors are the primary determinants of whether or not a person becomes a drug addict.

Question 69

Which substance was attributed to almost three-quarters of the accidental opioid-related deaths in 2018?

A)heroin
B)Fentanyl
C)OxyContin
D)codeine

Question 70

Ellery and colleagues (2005) showed that ingestion of alcohol led to increased risk-taking tendencies among regular gamblers when they were using a video lottery terminal, relative to gamblers ingesting a non-alcoholic control beverage.What does this finding suggest?

A)People addicted to alcohol may also be prone to engage in other risk-taking behaviours.
B)Gamblers addicted to alcohol may be more likely to engage in aggressive behaviours when they are drinking.
C)Risk-taking tendencies may contribute to alcohol addiction.
D)Alcohol may contribute to the high co-occurrence of alcohol and gambling disorders.

Question 71

Caffeine's effect on the brain seems to be related to the involvement of which of the following?

A)serotonin
B)norepinephrine
C)adenosine
D)GABA

Question 72

What did DeWit and colleagues (2000) find regarding their study of 6000 lifetime drinkers who drank at an early age (ages 11-14)?

A)Drinking at an early age resulted in more severe withdrawal symptoms than drinking at later ages.
B)Drinking at an early age seemed to lead to more responsible drinking habits at later ages.
C)Drinking at an early age caused more frequent blackouts than drinking at later ages.
D)Drinking at an early age was predictive of later alcohol-related disorders.

Question 73

Why do some drugs produce an anxiolytic (anxiety-relieving) effect?

A)They act directly on the dopamine system.
B)They increase the activity of GABA in the septal-hippocampal region.
C)They stimulate the "pleasure pathways" of the brain.
D)They negatively reinforce drug-taking behaviour.

Question 74

What was Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) previously marketed for?

A)weight loss
B)appetite suppressant
C)muscle growth
D)tranquilizer

Question 75

Why is the withdrawal pattern from cocaine considered to be atypical?

A)The pattern of withdrawal is the opposite of all other psychoactive drugs.
B)Withdrawal causes extreme phases of depression.
C)Withdrawal causes apathy and boredom leading to more use.
D)During withdrawal individuals feel mellow and calm.

Question 76

Amphetamines have been prescribed to treat numerous conditions and disorders.Which of the following is NOT one of these conditions?

A)narcolepsy
B)attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
C)nasal congestion
D)depression

Question 77

Which of the following analgesic substances is NOT classified as an opiate?

A)morphine
B)cocaine
C)heroin
D)codeine

Question 78

Which of the following does NOT correctly identify the specific effect of alcohol on a particular neurotransmitter system?

A)dopamine system-slurred speech
B)glutamate system-alcoholic blackouts
C)serotonin system-alcoholic cravings
D)GABA system-anti-anxiety effect

Question 79

Nicotine appears to stimulate which receptors in the midbrain reticular formation and the limbic system?

A)nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
B)serotonergic receptors
C)norepinephrine receptors
D)GABA receptors

Question 80

In behaviourist terms, when is a drug considered a negative reinforcer?

A)when it "punishes" the user with aversive withdrawal symptoms
B)when it stops a person from feeling bad
C)when it makes a person feel good
D)when it has a high risk of physiological dependency