Deck 8: Eating and Sleep-Wake Disorders

Question 1

In 1989, Abramson and his colleagues revised Seligman's theory of learned helplessness, which had focused on specific attributions as the crucial factor in depression.What did Abramson and his colleagues change the focus to?

A)repressed anger
B)lack of control
C)a sense of hopelessness
D)a feeling of failure

Answer 1

a sense of hopelessness

Question 2

Jamie is six years old and has been diagnosed with dysthymic disorder.What disorder is Jamie highly likely to develop as he gets older?

A)cyclothymia
B)mania
C)major depressive disorder
D)bipolar disorder

Answer 2

major depressive disorder

Question 3

According to Martin Seligman, people become anxious and depressed because they believe that they have no control over the stress in their lives.Which model of depression is this?

A)learned helplessness theory
B)control theory
C)hopelessness bias theory
D)cognitive-behavioural theory

Answer 3

learned helplessness theory

Question 4

When is the gender difference in the prevalence of depression the greatest?

A)childhood
B)adolescence
C)middle adulthood
D)old age

Question 5

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) helps depressed patients resolve relationship problems.Which of the following issues is NOT a likely focus of IPT?

A)death of a loved one
B)deficits in social skills
C)marital conflict
D)problems in past relationships

Question 6

Sima experiences "dysphoric" mania.What type of manic episodes will Sima experience?

A)manic episodes related to a medical condition
B)very mild manic episodes
C)extremely severe manic episodes
D)manic episodes accompanied by depression or anxiety

Question 7

Sonita has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder but is also hearing voices telling her she is evil and sinful.Which specifier will Sonita likely be given?

A)psychotic features
B)melancholic features
C)mixed features
D)atypical features

Question 8

Although all symptoms are important, which symptoms does evidence suggest are the most central indicators of a full major depressive episode?

A)loss of interest in activities
B)downcast mood
C)inability to experience pleasure
D)physical changes and low behavioural activation

Question 9

Why is the antidepressant medication lithium also referred to as a mood stabilizer?

A)It increases the availability of both dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain
B)It increases thyroid functioning, which results in improved mood stabilization
C)It helps to prevent manic episodes
D)It elevates serotonin levels, which prevents depression

Question 10

Research has revealed that stressful life events are common to all individuals; however, some individuals will become depressed while others will not after an event.Which factor influences this likelihood?

A)the level of trauma
B)the meaning of the event
C)how bad the event was
D)the age of the individual

Question 11

In severe cases of depression in which the episode lasts five years or longer, approximately what percentage of patients can be expected to recover?

A)18
B)38
C)53
D)98

Question 12

According to the text, what is the average length of a major depressive episode if left untreated?

A)5 months
B)7 months
C)9 months
D)12 months

Question 13

Recent research has noted that neurotransmitter activity in the hypothalamus regulates the release of hormones that affect the HPA axis.This discovery has led to the focus on the role of which substance in the endocrine system?

A)cortisol
B)serotonin
C)neurohormones
D)dopamine

Question 14

Allison's family has been told Allison has the most severe form of depression.Which disorder has Allison been diagnosed with?

A)cyclothymia
B)persistent depressive disorder
C)profound depression
D)major depressive disorder

Question 15

How are MAO inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants similar?

A)They both result in the pooling of neurotransmitters at the synapse.
B)They both have an effectiveness rate of about 60%.
C)They are both more effective in men than women.
D)They both result in similar side effects including increased sex drive and loss of appetite.

Question 16

Assuming that the prescribed medication is effective, what is the advantage of combining medication and psychosocial treatments for patients with depression?

A)Patients may benefit from both rapid drug action and the psychosocial protection against recurrence or relapse.
B)Depressed patients can usually stop taking their antidepressant medication after several sessions of psychosocial treatment.
C)The same psychologist can provide the psychosocial therapy and prescribe the necessary medication.
D)The therapeutic effects of medication are gradual, allowing the patient to learn coping skills while the drugs begin working.

Question 17

Current research into neurotransmitter systems has produced the "permissive hypothesis." What does this hypothesis state?

A)The norepinephrine system regulates serotonin levels; if norepinephrine is low, depression will occur.
B)The absolute levels of neurotransmitters are more significant in mood regulation than the overall balance of the various neurotransmitters.
C)Low levels of serotonin are sufficient to explain the etiology of mood disorders.
D)When serotonin levels are low, other neurotransmitter systems become dysregulated and contribute to mood irregularities.

Question 18

Anne has major depression and her friend Gail is experiencing mania.Both are refusing drug treatment.If both Anne and Gail began feeling symptoms on the same day, what can you predict about when the symptoms will end?

A)Anne's symptoms will go away first.
B)Gail's symptoms will go away first.
C)Anne's and Gail's symptoms will end around the same time.
D)When untreated, the duration of both depression and mania is highly variable so a prediction cannot be made.

Question 19

Consider Aaron Beck's depressive cognitive triad.Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that individuals think negatively about?

A)their future
B)their past
C)themselves
D)their immediate world

Question 20

There is some evidence to suggest that many famous creative people have suffered from bipolar disorders.What has this finding led researchers to speculate?

A)Mania is at the heart of all creativity.
B)The genetic vulnerability to mood disorders is associated with a predisposition to creativity.
C)Creative endeavours may create sufficient stress such that they contribute to the development of mood disorders.
D)The same gene that causes bipolar disorder causes creativity.

Question 21

Darren wants to help reduce suicides in his town.He decides to try to find ways to tackle something that is associated with approximately one-quarter to one-half of all suicides.What might Darren's plan be?

A)to reduce alcohol use among citizens
B)to reduce gun ownership among citizens
C)to reduce work stress among citizens
D)to reduce divorce among citizens

Question 22

What do the symptoms present in the seasonal pattern specifier of a depressive disorder resemble?

A)a mix of anxiety and depression
B)persistent depressive disorder
C)atypical features
D)melancholic features

Question 23

A student who has been doing very well in class receives a minor critical comment on an essay she wrote.The student thinks, "This is terrible.I'm probably going to fail the course." What is this type of cognitive error in thinking?

A)overgeneralization
B)internalization
C)globalizing
D)arbitrary inference

Question 24

In which country do we see an atypical pattern of those who die by suicide, with women being more likely to die by suicide than men?

A)China
B)Canada
C)United States
D)Taiwan

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a goal achieved by psychosocial treatments used for bipolar disorder?

A)managing marital and job difficulties
B)helping families understand symptoms
C)increasing compliance with medication regimens such as lithium
D)learning how to recognize and prevent manic symptoms from developing

Question 26

It has been 60 days since Diana's mother died.Diana has good days and bad days but is starting to adjust to the loss.What is Diana suffering from?

A)integrated grief
B)pathological grief
C)complicated grief
D)pathological grief reaction

Question 27

If a person has symptoms of major depression, anxiety, or panic, what are you more likely to find in their family than in the family of someone without depression, anxiety, or panic?

A)people with major depression but not panic
B)people with major depression or panic but not anxiety
C)people with major depression, anxiety, or panic
D)people with panic or anxiety but not depression

Question 28

According to recent research on the development of depression, what type of vulnerability to depression do dysfunctional attitudes (a negative outlook) and hopelessness attributions (explaining things negatively) constitute?

A)cognitive vulnerability
B)biological vulnerability
C)sociological vulnerability
D)behavioural vulnerability

Question 29

Evidence suggests that even infants may show signs of depression.How early have depressive symptoms been documented in infants?

A)two days old
B)one month old
C)three months old
D)six months old

Question 30

Research has found that low levels of a neurotransmitter may be related to increased risk of suicide.What is that neurotransmitter?

A)serotonin
B)norepinephrine
C)adrenalin
D)GABA

Question 31

It can be difficult to diagnose depression in older adults because the presentation of mood disorders is often complicated by another variable.What is that variable?

A)substance abuse
B)symptoms of menopause
C)the presence of medical illnesses or symptoms of dementia
D)family members who are unwilling to admit there are psychological problems in their elderly relatives

Question 32

An individual with bipolar disorder has cycles that last a couple of days.Which specifier is likely to be given in this case?

A)rapid cycling specifier
B)ultra-rapid cycling specifier
C)ultra-ultra-rapid cycling specifier
D)circadian based cycling specifier

Question 33

Andrew has been diagnosed with mania.Which of the following symptoms might Andrew be exhibiting?

A)grandiosity
B)visual hallucinations
C)hypersomnia
D)hypoactive behaviour

Question 34

Dr.Jones is asked by a patient about her chances of experiencing peripartum depression.What should Dr.Jones tell her?

A)She has a 1 in 30 chance
B)She has a 1 in 20 chance
C)She has a 1 in 8 chance
D)She has a 1 in 5 chance

Question 35

Where does a great deal of what we know about the risk factors for suicide come from?

A)clinical experience
B)psychological autopsies
C)neurochemical analyses
D)twin and adoption studies

Question 36

Hannah and Greg are the same age and were both laid off from their jobs recently.What can you predict about the likelihood of each of them developing depression?

A)Hannah is more likely to develop depression than Greg.
B)Greg is more likely to develop depression than Hannah.
C)Hannah and Greg are equally likely to develop depression.
D)Whether Hannah or Greg is more likely to develop depression will depend entirely on their genetic makeup.

Question 37

Dr.Thompson is observing Reid's behaviour and notes that Reid is displaying a "flight of ideas." What does Dr.Thompson mean when she uses this phrase?

A)extremely creative thinking
B)inability to concentrate
C)talking about grandiose plans
D)rapid speech expressing many subjects at once

Question 38

Which statement best describes what is known regarding drug treatment for depression?

A)Drug treatments for mood disorders are effective for adults, but drug treatments are seldom effective with children.
B)Drug treatments that are effective for adults are equally effective for children.
C)Drug treatments for mood disorders that are effective for adults are even more effective for children.
D)Drug treatments for mood disorders are effective for adults but have sometimes caused sudden deaths in children.

Question 39

Mack almost always draws conclusions that emphasize the negative rather than the positive.What is Mack exemplifying?

A)overgeneralization
B)learned helplessness
C)cognitive triad
D)arbitrary inference

Question 40

Which of the following is a side effect of tricyclic antidepressants?

A)sexual dysfunction
B)insomnia
C)excessive urination
D)weight loss

Question 41

What was the major concern about including premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) in the DSM-5?

A)It is just a normal monthly physiological cycle as part of being female.
B)It would be very stigmatizing.
C)It should be considered a physical disorder not a psychological disorder.
D)The impairment in functioning is not significant enough to be considered disordered.

Question 42

The best evidence that genes have something to do with mood disorders comes from twin studies What have studies shown regarding the impact of genetics and the environment on mood disorders?

A)Shared environmental factors have a great deal of influence.
B)Unique nonshared events interact with biological vulnerability to cause depression.
C)The heritability of depression is low, approximately 10 percent.
D)If one twin responds poorly to treatment, the chances of his or her twin presenting with a mood disorder is greater.

Question 43

Marieke has persistent depressive disorder while Jackie has major depressive disorder.How will the experiences of the two women differ?

A)Marieke will have episodic symptoms of depression.
B)Marieke will have longer-lasting symptoms of depression.
C)Marieke will have more severe symptoms of depression.
D)Marieke will have temporary symptoms of depression.

Question 44

Which concerning fact is NOT a reason that researchers sought a new diagnosis for children in the framework of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

A)From 1995-2005 the diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children increased 40-fold.
B)Children diagnosed with bipolar disorder often show no evidence of mania.
C)There is no evidence of excessive rates of bipolar disorder in their families.
D)They were not being treated as doctors realized bipolar was not an accurate diagnosis.

Question 45

Wendy usually says, "It's all my fault," when anything goes wrong.Which dimension of the depressive attributional style is she reflecting?

A)hopeless
B)global
C)stable
D)internal

Question 46

Which personality disorder is impulsive suicidal behaviour often a symptom of?

A)borderline personality disorder
B)obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
C)paranoid personality disorder
D)schizoid personality disorder

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a nondrug approach suggested for treatment-resistant depression?

A)interpersonal therapy
B)deep brain stimulation
C)transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
D)vagus nerve stimulation

Question 48

Jackie is 18 years old and is demonstrating mania symptoms after experiencing a major depressive episode.Based on her age, what diagnosis is most likely?

A)bipolar I
B)bipolar II
C)cyclothymia
D)rapid-cycling bipolar

Question 49

Mike has bipolar I disorder.Which medication has most likely been prescribed for him?

A)an antidepressant
B)lithium
C)Prozac
D)valproate

Question 50

Isaac has bipolar I disorder and does not take medication.He has just started a manic episode.How long will the episode likely last?

A)two to four weeks
B)four to eight weeks
C)two to six months
D)six to nine months

Question 51

Kelly has just been prescribed a tricyclic antidepressant for her depression.When can she expect to start feeling benefits from the medication?

A)immediately
B)within 24 hours
C)two to eight weeks from now
D)three months from now

Question 52

Children diagnosed with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder were often misdiagnosed with which of the following disorders?

A)conduct disorder
B)ADHD
C)depression
D)bipolar disorder

Question 53

When is the rapid-cycling specifier added to the diagnosis of bipolar disorder?

A)when the patient has had at least two episodes within a year
B)when the patient has had at least four episodes within a year
C)when the patient has had at least six episodes within a year
D)when the patient has had at least eight episodes within a year

Question 54

Which risk factor has psychologist Ian Gotlib indicated may put adolescents at high risk of developing depression?

A)family history
B)limited activity due to illness or injury
C)poor friend groups
D)poor eating and sleeping patterns

Question 55

What do we call the phenomenon in which individuals who are biologically vulnerable to depression tend to place themselves in high-risk, stressful environments?

A)humoral theory
B)the cognitive-behavioural model
C)a stress-depression linkage effect
D)the gene-environment correlation model

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT typically involved in therapeutic approaches used to help the bereaved?

A)re-experiencing the emotions associated with the death
B)talking about the deceased loved one
C)examining unexpressed hostility toward the loved one
D)finding meaning in the loss

Question 57

According to several studies, which of the following has been found to show a strong association with depression in women?

A)a tendency to engage in activities that take their minds off negative feelings
B)a history of childhood sexual abuse
C)the size of their extended families
D)brain damage

Question 58

How do individuals with recurrent major depression and those who experience a single episode of depression differ?

A)They differ in terms of gender prevalence; more males have the recurrent episode type.
B)They differ in terms of gender prevalence; more females have the single episode type.
C)They differ in the severity of symptoms.
D)They differ in terms of family history of depression.

Question 59

Which class of drugs includes the antidepressant medications known as imipramine (Tofranil) and amitriptyline (Elavil)?

A)tricyclics
B)tranquilizers
C)MAO inhibitors
D)SSRIs

Question 60

Which herbal treatment has recently gained considerable interest as a treatment for depression?

A)milk thistle
B)St.John's wort (hypericum)
C)gingko biloba
D)saw palmetto

Question 61

If Sarah has a low level of serotonin in her system, can we expect her to show symptoms of depression?

A)Yes, if the levels of other neurotransmitters are low as well.
B)Only if the levels are low compared to other neurotransmitters.
C)No, low levels of serotonin are linked to mania, not depression.
D)No, serotonin is not linked to depression.

Question 62

Sarah has major depressive disorder, and her doctor says that she is the average age for someone with major depression.How old is Sarah most likely to be?

A)15
B)25
C)35
D)45

Question 63

Although electroconvulsive therapy has been a controversial issue for decades, it is an effective treatment for depression.In which of the following cases is it especially effective?

A)when patient response to antidepressant medication is poor
B)when patients are noncompliant in taking their antidepressant medication
C)when symptoms of depression are mild
D)when a bipolar patient is currently experiencing a manic episode

Question 64

In newer models of bipolar disorder what is the general viewpoint of the condition?

A)Bipolar disorder is an evolving condition, proceeding through different at-risk stages with mild symptoms early and progressing to a later chronic disorder.
B)Bipolar disorder follows different stages with a severe acute onset, followed by mild symptoms later in life.
C)Many individuals can suffer from unipolar mania alone.
D)Most manic episodes are accompanied by depression or anxiety.

Question 65

Ambrose has just been prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).Which of the following medications may have been prescribed to Ambrose?

A)Prozac
B)hypericum
C)Thorazine
D)Valium

Question 66

David is with his sister Debbie, who is having a hypomanic episode.He is trying to estimate how many days he will need to take off work to stay with Debbie, what estimate would you give him?

A)two days
B)four days
C)six days
D)twelve days

Question 67

Jane is diagnosed with bipolar II disorder.What can we most likely expect her to experience?

A)She will experience hypomanic episodes and major depressive episodes.
B)She will experience manic episodes and major depressive episodes.
C)She will experience hypomanic episodes alternating with mild depressive symptoms.
D)She will experience hypomanic episodes predominantly.

Question 68

What distinguishes bipolar I disorder from bipolar II disorder?

A)Only bipolar I disorder includes episodes of clinical depression.
B)Only bipolar I disorder has episodes of mania.
C)Only bipolar II disorder is linked to cyclothymic disorder.
D)Only bipolar I disorder involves periods of hypomania.

Question 69

What is the most concerning issue with tricyclic antidepressants?

A)They can cause sexual dysfunction.
B)They can cause blurred vision.
C)They can be lethal if taken in excessive doses.
D)They can cause constipation.

Question 70

Jack has experienced recurrent episodes of major depressive disorder.In the intervals between the episodes, he does not seem to return to "normal." In fact, during those periods, he has been diagnosed as dysthymic.What condition does Jack most likely have?

A)bipolar disorder
B)atypical depression
C)persistent depressive disorder
D)double depression

Question 71

Which disorder puts adolescents at a higher risk for aggression, sexual promiscuity, and accidental injury?

A)bipolar disorder
B)major depression
C)cyclothymia
D)dysthymia

Question 72

Dr.Hammond is frustrated because he is having the same problem with the medical treatment he prescribed for three different patients with bipolar disorder.What is the most likely source of Dr.Hammond's frustration?

A)His patients are taking too much medication during a severe manic state.
B)His patients are stopping the medical treatment and becoming depressed.
C)His patients are having problems with addiction to the medication while in a manic state.
D)His patients often stop taking the medication to bring on a manic state.

Question 73

Hannah has just been diagnosed with depression.How long is her depressive episode likely to last?

A)three months
B)up to nine months
C)two years
D)more than two years

Question 74

Which behaviour is NOT likely to lead to hospitalization for mania?

A)recurrent thoughts of suicide
B)self-destructive buying sprees
C)taking extreme physical risks
D)persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy

Question 75

Victoria has had a history of depressive episodes in the past.Recently, her mother died.What would you predict about Victoria?

A)Victoria's past clinical history is unrelated to the development of an abnormal grief reaction.
B)Victoria would be more likely to develop a pathological grief reaction than someone without a past history of depression.
C)If Victoria had a lot of repressed anger toward her mother, she is more likely to develop an abnormal grief reaction.
D)Victoria would have a grief reaction that is considered within normal limits unless she had previously attempted suicide.

Question 76

Tracy is taking an MAO inhibitor and has been advised by her physician to avoid certain foods because the combination can cause severe hypertensive episodes, and occasionally death.What foods did she likely advise Tracy to avoid?

A)sugar
B)anything with caffeine
C)protein
D)foods containing tyramine

Question 77

Recent research suggests that it might be possible to "psychologically immunize" at-risk children against depression.What intervention was provided to form the basis of this position?

A)Children who were at risk for depression were given art therapy before they entered puberty.
B)Children who were at risk for depression were given family counselling before they entered puberty.
C)Children who were at risk for depression were taught cognitive and social problem-solving skills before they entered puberty.
D)Children who were at risk for depression were treated with psychoanalytic therapy before they entered puberty.

Question 78

Jackie has depression and is having a particularly hard time with anhedonia.What does this mean?

A)Jackie cannot concentrate.
B)Jackie feels of worthless.
C)Jackie can't experience pleasure.
D)Jackie has an altered pattern of sleep.

Question 79

Last year, Debbie experienced a three-month period of depressed mood, feelings of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, recurrent thoughts of death, sleep difficulties, and loss of energy.Four weeks ago, she began to experience the same severe symptoms.What is Debbie's most likely diagnosis?

A)major depressive disorder, recurrent
B)dysphoric mania
C)persistent depressive disorder, recurrent
D)major depressive disorder, chronic

Question 80

Patient X has rapid cycling bipolar I disorder.Patient X is most likely to be which of the following?

A)an adolescent
B)male
C)elderly
D)female